Influenwithano

Neelima Received

Withania soancient meattributed tThe presenbiochemicagrowth, biogrowth in cAM inoculanitrogen, pwithaferin withanolideyield of bio Keywords IntroducWithania Solanaceaone of thnumber (Anonympropertiessedative aal., 2000Ayurvedictreatment debilities,problems importancpresence which are(Ichikawaroots inmicroorgamycorrhizAuthor’sHislop SchoRoad, Civil E-mail: nee

EnvironmentISSN 0972-3Abstracted an

Copyright by AAll rights of re

nce of Glolides con

Ratti and

d: 21.11.2012

omnifera L. Dudicinal plant, uto the presence

nt set of pot exal parameters aochemical paracomparison to ated plants as cphosphorus anA and withanoe content of W.logically impor

s: Ashwagand mycorrhiza

ction somnifera

ae), commonlhe most valu

of phaous, 1962). s of this planand anti-convu). The plantc recipes and

of neurol, arthritis and(Gupta and

ce of W. somof steroidal

e present in tha et al., 200nteract withanisms in the zal fungi forms Address ool of BiotechnoLines, Nagpur-(

elimaratti2010@

t Conservation Jou3099 (Print) 2278-5nd Indexed

ASEA eproduction in any

lomus inttent of Wi

d Avinash U

2

unal (Ashwaganused in the Indie of steroidal laperiment was d

and withanolideameters and wuntreated plan

compared to nod potassium a

olide a content somnifera. Th

rtant secondary

dha, Glomus il fungi

a (L.) Dly known as Aued medicinaarmaceutical

The ethnopnt include adulsion activitt is recommd has been elogical diso

d stress and bRana, 2007)mnifera is alactones call

he leaves and 6; Misra et h a widesoil, among

m an importan

ology, Hislop Co(Maharashtra)

@gmail.com

urnal 14(1&2) 75-85124 (Online)

y form reserved Environment

traradicesithania som

Upadhyay

Andha) also knoian traditional ctones called wdesigned to inves content of W.withanolide connts. Significant on inoculated plas compared t

by mycorrhizae results sugges

y metabolites in

intraradices,

Dunal (FamAshwagandhaal plants with

applicatipharmacolog

daptogenic, aies (Budhiraj

mended in memployed in rders, geria

behaviour rela. The medici

attributed to led withanoliroots of the hal., 2008).Pl

e variety these arbuscunt componen

ollege, Temple

80, 2013

75 t Conservation

on growmnifera L

Abstract own as Indian system of medi

withanolides whvestigate the eff

W. somnifera. Thntent in plant. increase in heiglants was obserto that of nonation was obsersted that G. intW. somnifera.

Withanolides

mily a, is h a ions ical

anti-a et any the

atric ated inal the

ides herb lant

of ular t of

soil mdevelopand havby supnutrienthost plaBeneficgrowth,environreportedfungi shthus thethe funget al., 1The seprerequlevels ofungi (Spresent Glomuscontent environ

n Journal

wth, biocDunal (A

ginseng, of theicine. The medi

hich are presentfect of Glomus

he results showeMycorrhizal t

ght, root lengthrved. AM fungin-mycorrhizal prved. Mycorrhiztraradices is a b

s, Withania so

microflora. Ap a symbiotic ve been reporpplying phots from the soant (Bolan, 19cial effects , nutrient

nmental stred (Koide andhow a preferee extent to whgal species in987).

election of euisite for inocof compatibiliSmith and Re

study was s intraradices

of Withaninmental condi

chemical Ashwagand

Accep

e family Solanaicinal important in the leaves a

intraradices ined significant etreatment showh, and total dryi considerably eplants. A conszal inoculation beneficial biofer

omnifera, Arb

Arbuscular mrelationship

rted to enhancosphate, nitroil and translo991). of AM symuptake, an

sses have d Mosse, 2004ential colonizhich the host nvolved in the

efficient AMculation since ity between head, 1997). Th

to investigas on the growia somnifera itions.

changes dha)

pted: 8.02.20

aceae is an impnce of W. somniand roots of thenoculation on genhancement onwed better vegy weight (biomenhanced the lesiderable incresignificantly af

rtilizer for incr

buscular

mycorrhizal with higher p

ce the plant grrogen and ocating them

mbiosis on nd tolerancebeen extens

4). However, zation to hostbenefit depen

e symbiosis (M

M fungi is athere are dif

host plants andhe objective oate the effe

wth and withanunder contr

and

13

portant ifera is e herb. rowth,

n plant etative ass) of

evels of ease in ffected reasing

fungi plants, rowth other to the

plant e to sively these

ts and nds of Miller

a key fferent d AM of the

ect of nolide rolled

MaterialPlant mintraradicGlomus rhizosphethe fungusterilized intraradicas inoculrhizosphespores/g oharvested and leaf w40°C for 7and heighharvestingPlant groSurface sDunal obMandsaurcontainingwith 10 intraradicchlamydosowing. Sfungi servin each glasshous± 2°C anseedlings plant in a(pH 8.0, organic c0.87%). treatment.Roots of for AM coand HaymAnalysis micronutcrude cytMacro anstem, rootmethod oalkaline pmodified content wLowry (1by the age

l and Methomaterial andces intraradices

ere soil of thes was maintaisoil. A 90-da

ces maintainelum. The in

eric soil of theof soil was us

after 90 daywas recorded7 days. Fresh

ht of the plantg. owth conditioterilized seedbtained fromr (M.P) weg sterilized sg of soil-ba

ces) contaiospores of G.Seeds sown inved as controtray and we

se with day/nid 45–60% rewere transp

a pot (6″ sizeEC 0.062

arbon 0.79%There were. Plants werthe seedling

olonization byman (1970).

of phosphatrients, prottokinin contend micronutt and leaf partof Jackson (phosphatase method of

was estimated951). Chloro

e old method

ods d treatmen

was isolae plant and pined on Rhodays-old soil ped on Rhodesnfected root e Rhodes grased as inocul

ys. Dry weighd after dryingh weight of rots was record

ons ds of Withanm College oere sown insoil. The trayased AM inoning appro. intraradicesn sterilized s

ols. Twenty sere grown fight regimes elative humidlanted in eare) filled withms/cm, avai

%, nitrogen 0.e five replicre watered wgs were perioy standard m

atase activittein, chloroent and withatrients were ts of the plant(1973). Assaactivity waBergmeyer

d by the stanophyll contenof Arnon (19

Environment

nt of Glom

ated from ure inoculum

des grass rootpot culture ofs grass was u

fragments ss containinglum. Plants wht of shoot, rg in an oven

oot, shoot, leaed at the time

nia somniferaof Horticultun earthen t

y was inoculaoculant (Glomoximately 2s at the timesoil without Aseeds were sofor 30 days of 12 h at 30

dity. Germinarthern pots,

h autoclaved ilable P 0.1206%, potassicates for ewhen necessaodically checkethod of Phil

ty, macro aophyll conteanolides

analyzed frt by the standay of acid as done by

(1974). Protndard methodnt was estima949). Crude

Ratt

76 t Conservation

mus

the m of

s in f G. used and

g 25 were root n at aves e of

a L. ure, tray ated mus 250 e of AM own

in 0°C ated one soil 2%, ium ach ary. ked lips

and ent,

rom dard and the

tein d of ated

cytokinThiagarextractenon-myet al., done byliquid cPercentspores/The roolactoglyHaymanlength methodwere isand dec1963) a ResultEffect oInoculaaffectedalkalinecontentfungi length, compar1). Percof AM and 30AM fucontrol.mycorrhhave rparametmedicinBagyaraobtaineinoculatcolonizinoculat188.14/1). Theplants.Effect oThere wb, totphatase

ti and Upadhyay

n Journal

nin was estrajan and Ahmed from leaf ycorrhizal pla

(2004) and y reverse phachromatographtage root c/100 g soil ot samples wycerol by stn, 1970). Thwas evaluat

d of Giovanneolated from tcanting methand quantified

s and Discuof AM fungi ation of G.d plant growe phosphatas

of W. somninoculation root length

red to that of cent increase inoculated pl%, respectivungi inocula. Percent inchizal plant wreported sigters due tonal plants (Eaj, 2003). d by Haldar ated with Gloation and nted with Glom/100 g rhizosre was no AM

of AM fungi was a increastal chlorop

e,alkaline pho

timated by mad (1994). W

f and root ofants by the m

their qualitaase analytical hy (HPLC).

colonization

were stained wtandard methhe percentageted by the etti and Mossethe soil samp

hod (Gerdemad by eelworm

ussion on plant gro intrarad

wth, nutrient ses, protein nifera (Table significantly and dry w

non-mycorrhin shoot lenglants over coely. Total dr

ated plants crease in totwas 106.03%gnificant inco mycorrhizaaranna et al.Similar typeand Ray (200mus fasciculanumber of mus intraradisphere soil, rM fungi colo

on biochemise in chlorophphyll, protesphatase and

the methoWithanolidesf mycorrhiza

method of Khative analysis

high perform

and numbe

with trypan blhod (Phillipse of infectedgridline int

eae (1980). Sples by wet siann and Nicocounting slid

owth dices signific

content, acidand withano1-2, Fig. 1)enhanced

weight of plahizal control (gth and root lontrol was 24ry weight/plawas higher tal dry weig

%. Earlier worease in gral inoculatio, 2002; Bobye of result 6) in W. somnatum. Percenspores in p

ices was 63.8espectively (

onisation in co

ical changes hyll a, chloroein, acid kinetinb cont

d of s were al and hajuria s was mance

er of

lue in s and d root ersect

Spores ieving olson, de.

cantly d and olides . AM shoot

ant as (Table length .94%, ant of

than ght of orkers rowth

on in y and

was nifera

nt root plants

84 and (Table ontrol

ophyll

phos tent

Treatme

Control MycorrhiP<0.05

± = Stand

Table

Treatments

Control MycorrhizP<0.05

Figure 1.of Withan

Table 1: E

nts Height

34.48±2izal 43.08±3

0.0033 dard Deviation

e 2: Effect o

s Protein content leaf (µg/mg fresh wt)

0.23±0.0al 0.46±0.0

1.06E-08

. Withaferin nia somnifera

Effect of G. in

(cm)

2.90 3.65

n

of G. intrara

Protein content root (µg/mg fresh wt)

2 0.15±0.001 0.26±0.00

8 8.81E-10

A and Witha

Environment

ntraradices in

Root length (cm) 6.0±0.38 7.8±0.49 0.0002

adices inocusom

Alkaline phosphatae activity root (µm nitrophen/g fresh wt/min)

04 1.13±0.0807 2.32±0.09

1.94E-08

hanolide A co

Influence of G

77 t Conservation

noculation on

Dry wt/pla(g) 2.32±0.334.78±0.322.17E-06

lation on bimnifera

as

p-nol

Acid phosphatactivity ro(µm p-nitropheng fresh wt/min)

8 26.47±2.09 61.09±0.7

4.32E-12

ontent in my

Glomus intraradice

n Journal

n growth of W

ant Percent RColoniza-- 63.84±3.28.59E-11

iochemical c

ase oot

nol/

Chl a (mg/g frwt)

03 0.757±073 0.810±0

2 0.081

ycorrhizal an

es on growth

Withania som

Root ation

No. og soi--

28 188. 8.9E

changes of W

fresh Chl b (mfresh w

0.04 0.442±00.04 0.612±0

7.1E-06

nd non-myco

mnifera

of spore/100 il

14±4.09 -14

Withania

mg/g wt)

Total (mg/gwt)

0.024 1.212±0.029 2.012±6 9.13E

orrhizal roots

chl g fresh

±0.02 ±0.18

E-06

s

in AM fumycorrhizfungi inccontent Chlorophyinoculatedpresent rworkers content i2000).AMincreased phosphatafresh wt mof non-mactivity phosphatamycorrhizwas 130.7than that oare in agrobserved and alkalicompared(1998) oalkaline pwere clocolonisatidue to inoacid phosproots of phosphoruplants maphosphatain enhanMycorrhizimprove P

Table

S = Ste

Treatme

Control

Mycorrh

P<0.05

ungi treated pzal plants (Tacreased 66.0as compareyll a was d plants thaesults are inwho reporte

in mycorrhizM fungi c

production ases (expressemin-1 of root tmycorrhizal p

was domase in both tzal plants. A79% higher of control (Tareement withincreased act

ine phosphatad to nonmycoobserved thaphosphatase

osely correlaion of roots. Soculation of Aphatase activProsopis jul

us in mycorray be due toase enzymes nced growtzal fungi hP availability

e 3: Effect of

em; R = Root;

ents S

l 1.1 0.0

hizal 1.90.11.607

E

plants comparable 2). Inocu1% of total

ed to that 7.0% high

an that of n agreement ed increasedzal plants (Molonization

of acid aed as µm p-ntissue) as complants. Acid

minated ovthe mycorrhiAcid phospha

in AM inocable 2). The p several authtivity of acidase in mycorrorrhizal rootst acid phosactivities in

ated to leveSelvaraj (199AM fungi G. ity increased liflora. Highrhizal Withano the increaswhich ultima

th responsehave been

y by solubilis

f G. intraradi

; L = Leaf

Nitrogen R

17± 1.43± 102 0.02 0

97± 2.31± 210 0.07 06E- 5.55E- 3

09 -

Environment C

red with non-ulation of AMl chlorophyll

of controlher in AMcontrol. Thewith earlier

d chlorophyllMorte et al.

significantlyand alkalineitrophenol g-1

mpared to thatphosphatase

er alkalinezal and non-atase activityculated plantspresent resultshors who alsod phosphataserhizal roots as. Fries et al.sphatase and

maize rootsels of AMF98) found that

fasciculatumin leaves ander uptake of

nia somniferased levels ofately resulted

e of plantreported to

ing inorganic

ices inoculatConc

Ph L .40±

0.04 2.25± 0.09 3.85E -08

R

78 Conservation Jo

-M

l .

M e r l ,

y e 1 t e e -y s s o e s ,

d s F t

m d f a f d .

o c

phosphoruorganic a1995). Ealkaline pan importthe releasarbusculePhosphorwhich ispolyphospphosphataexpressedmycorrhizincrease t2). Proteinearly twplants. M80.14% pnon-mycoeffect of content Catharanmosseaeprotein ireported iGianinazz Effect of The effecphosphoruin Tablphosphorumycorrhizthat of

tion on nutriecentration of nhosphorus S R 0.11± 0.14±0.02 0.030.28± 0.31±0.06 0.03 0.000 1.39E242 -05

Ratti and Upadhy

ournal

us which is macids and phoEarlier workephosphatase itant role in pose of inorg

es to root cerus translocats normally phate can bease.Leaf and as µg protzal inoculatedthan the non-in content o

wo-fold than Mycorrhizationprotein conteorrhizal plantf mycorrhizahas been

nthus roseus(Ratti et al.,in the mycoin many plantzi, 1989).

AM fungi onct of AM fuus and potase 3. Concus and potasszal plants wa

non-mycorr

ent content onutrients (%) Potass L ± 0.18± 0.03 ± 0.37± 0.07

E 0.000 427

yay

mediated throuosphatases (Gers have suin mycorrhizaoly P degradaanic phospha

ells (Ezawa eted from extpresent in te hydrolysed

nd root ptein mg-1 fred plants show-mycorrhizal f mycorrhizathat of non

n increased ent in leaf as (Table 2). T

al fungi on reported on

s inoculated, 2010). Accorrhizal roots (Gianinazz

n nutrient coungi in the tosium contentcentration osium in root

as significantlrhizal ones

of Withania s

sium S R 2.10± 1.53± 0.05 0.04 3.52± 3.21± 0.04 0.03 2.64E- 7.14E-11 13

ugh release ofGeorge et al.uggested thaal root playedation and thusate (Pi) fromet al., 2001)ternal hyphaethe form of

d by alkalinerotein levesh weight ofwed a greaterplants (Table

al plants wasn-mycorrhiza103.10% and

and root overThe beneficia

total proteinn plants ofd with G

cumulation ofts has beeni-Pearson and

ontent otal nitrogent is presentedof nitrogenand leaves ofly higher than

(Table 3)

somnifera

L 3.37± 0.06 5.55± 0.07 - 1.65E -11

f , t d s

m . e f e l f r e s l d r l n f

G. f n d

n, d n, f n .

Myco60.71root aPhospmyco121.4The rthe r(1992hyphaincreawhichabsorpions Transroot c(RyanusuallincreafungasignifcompPercemyco64.69compEffecMycowithaThe cand 5mycorespecconten4.26 m1). Peand Wthat oAM isoflaal., 20that Genhanparamsecon AcknThe Scien

orrhizal infe% and 61.54as comparedphorus contenrrhizal plants

43% higher results of thereported find2), who havae growing base the absorph result in a ption, especialike phospho

sport of P intocells is an impn et al., 2007ly attributed tased soil exal associatificantly increared to that nt increase rrhizal plan% in leaf ared to that ot of AM fung

orrhizal inocuanolide contenconcentration 5.67 mg g-1

rrhizal anctively. Simnt was 2.67 mg g-1 dry wercent increasWithanolide-Aof non-mycorr

fungi has avone content008). ResultsG. intraradicnced plant grmeters and inndary metabol

nowledgemeauthors are

nce and Techn

estation incr4% nitrogen id to non-mycnt in stem, les was 154.55%than non-my present stud

dings of Jacve reported tbeyond the rptive surface greater efficially slowly dorus (Kotharo host plants aportant functi7). Increased to increased

xploration byion. Mycoeased potassi

of non-mycin potassiu

nts was 67.and 109.80%

of non-mycorrgi on withanoulation signifnt of W. somof withaferin

1 dry weighnd mycorrmilarly the

mg in non-mwt. in mycorrhse in WithafeA was 59.55 rhizal plants. been reportt in red clov of the presences inoculatirowth, changncreased biolites in W. som

ents grateful to

nology, Govt

Environment

reased 68.38n stem, leaf corrhizal plaeaf and roots%, 105.56% ycorrhizal ondy coincide wckobsen et that the funrhizospheric area of the ro

iency of nutridiffusing mineri et al., 199and its releaseion of AM fuP absorption

surface area y the root Aorrhizal fuium content corrhizal plaum content .62% in ste% in roots rhizal plants.olide contentficantly affecmnifera (Fig. n-A was 3.53 ht root in nrhizal plawithanolide

mycorrhizal hizal plants (rin-A was 60as comparedThe potentiaed to enhaer (Khaosaadnt study indicon significan

ged biochemologically actmnifera.

Department t. of India, N

Influence of G

79 t Conservation

8%, and nts. s of and nes. with

al., ngal soil oot, ient eral 91). e to

ungi n is and AM ungi

as nts.

of em,

as

t cted

1). mg

non-ants,

A and (Fig 0.62 d to al of ance d et cate ntly ical tive

of New

Delhi fScientisMandsa134 acc RefereAnonymou

37–3 Arnon D1

Poly1-15

Bergmeye

New Boby V U

ColeMicr

Bolan NS

fung134,

Budhiraja

witha Earanna N

arbuof Ra697.

Ezawa T

polypintraPhyt

Fries L L

Phosendo

George E,

mycofrom270.

Gerdeman

endodeca46: 2

Gianinazz

aspecin my

Giovannet

for mroots

Gupta GL

a rev Halder S,

fasciJ Exp

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n Journal

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