CE01000-3 Operating Systems

Lecture 21

Operating Systems Protection with examples

from Linux & Windows

Overview of lecture

In this lecture we will look at: Goals of Protection Domains of Protection Access Control Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix Access Control Lists & Capability Lists Windows approach Unix/Linux approach

Protection

Computer system consists of a collection of components - hardware or software

We want each component to be accessed through a well-defined set of operations.

Protection problem - ensure that each component is accessed correctly and only by those processes that are allowed to do so.

Protection is the mechanism for controlling access to computer resources.

Goals of protection

Goals of Protection are:  Increase reliability of systems that use shared

resources Prevent mischievous activity Detect malfunctions before they contaminate

the system.

Domains of protection

An access rights grants the authority to perform an operation on some object.

A domain is a set of objects and access rights within which a process operates.

Domains can share access rights; multiple domains can have some access to the same object.

Domain Structure

Access-right = <object-name, set-of-rights>set-of-rights is a subset of all valid operations that can be performed on the object.

Example Domain Implementations

Unix consists of 2 types of domain: User Superuser/root

Domain determined by user-id Domain switch accomplished via file system.

Each file has associated with it a domain bit (setuid bit).

When file is executed and setuid = on, then user-id is set to owner of the file being executed. When execution completes user-id is reset.

Access Control Matrix (ACM)

For each domain list all objects and access rights to them

Represented as a matrix (Access Control Matrix) with entry i,j representing access rights within domain i to object j Normally conceived of as access rights of user i

to object j

Access Control Matrix (ACM)

Figure 1

Use of ACM

If a process in Domain Di tries to do “op” on object Oj, then “op” must be in the access matrix.

Can be expanded to include changes to protections themselves Operations to add, delete access rights. Special access rights:

owner of Oi- - can change any access right for object in any domain

copy access right from Oi to Oj

control – Di can modify Djs access rights transfer – switch from domain Di to Dj

Access Control Matrix With Domains as Objects

Use of domains as objects allows us to encode in ACM the special operation of switching between domains

Policy/Mechanism

Access Control Matrix design separates mechanism from policy. Mechanism

Operating system defines ACM + rules. It ensures that the matrix is only manipulated by

authorized agents and that rules are strictly enforced. Policy

Administrator/User dictates policy. Who can access what object and in what mode.

Problem with matrix implementation of ACM

Could use simple matrix, but this leaves a lot of waste space as most entries are empty (no access rights to object)

Access Control List (ACL) implementations of ACM

Access Control List (ACL) = for each object list set of <Domain, Access rights>

Equivalent to column of ACM without null entries.

Defines who can perform what operation on the object

Domain 1 = Read, WriteDomain 2 = ReadDomain 3 = Read

ACL implementations of ACM

When process wishes to access some object, it makes a request to OS and the OS checks the ACL to see if the domain the process belongs to has the access rights requested

Capability implementation of ACM

Capability List = for each Domain list set of <object, Access rights>

Equivalent to row of ACM without null entries Capability List defines for each domain, what

operations are allowed on what objects.Object 1 – Read

Object 4 – Read, Write, Execute

Object 5 – Read, Write, Delete, Copy

Capability implementation of ACM

Individual capability can be seen as a token or key that grants/authorises access to an object in the appropriate mode

When process wishes to access some object it presents the Capability to OS

Simple possession of capability means access is permitted

Comparison ACL v. Capability List

Advantage of ACL is that it is easy to control access rights to given objects – simple direct manipulation of ACL associated with object

BUT – difficult to modify access rights that belong to a

given domain (users) – this would need OS to search through all ACLs of all objects on system to find and change access rights for specific domain

Every access request must be checked – involving search through ACL

Comparison ACL v. Capability List (Cont.)

Advantage of Capability list – easy to control access rights of given domains (users) in system – direct manipulation of capabilities in Capability list

BUT – difficult to modify access rights that belong to a given

object – this would need OS to search through Capability list of all domains (users) in system to find and change all the capabilities for a given object

Overhead of creating capability tokens

Combined systems

Most systems use a combination of ACL and capability based approaches

When a process first references an object, an ACL is checked.

If successful, a capability is given to the domain so that the process can use it thereafter.

Windows approach

Windows uses a variation on the above combined approach. It uses an ACL associated with each object with an Access token which is, however, generated at logon

Access Control List Windows objects have a security descriptor

(a default security descriptor is used if one is not provided)

The security descriptor contains a list of entries in an Access Control List (ACL)

The entries in the ACL specify whether members of a given security group can or cannot carry out given operations on the object

Access Token

When a user logons to system as part of the authentication of the user, an Access token is created by the Security Reference Monitor

The Access Token specifies the access permissions, etc. that the user or applications run by that user have within the operating system

Access Token (Cont.) whenever a user attempts to access anything

in the operating system, the access token is passed to the security monitor in the NT Executive to check whether the user has the appropriate permissions, has gone over quota, etc.

The Access Token contains a Security ID. The Security ID. contains information about

various security groups that the user belongs to

Access Token (Cont.)

Object Type

Object Body Attributes

Services

Security IDGroup IDsPrivileges

Default ownerPrimary groupDefault ACLCreate tokenOpen tokenQuery info

Access Token

Security reference monitor Security reference monitor provides a

uniform mechanism for ensuring security throughout the operating system

When a process calls the object manager to open a handle to an object, the process stipulates the types of operation it wants to perform on the object (known as the desired access rights) e.g. opening a file object as read only

Security reference monitor (Cont.)

When a process opens a handle to an object the object manager calls the security reference monitor

The security reference monitor checks the Access Token of the process to determine the process’ Security ID. i.e. what security groups it belongs to.

Security reference monitor (Cont.)

Then it checks the object's Access Control List to determine whether members of a given security group can or cannot carry out the relevant operation requested

If the access required is ok, then the security reference monitor returns a set of granted access rights that the process is allowed

These access rights are then stored in the object handle for the object

Security reference monitor (Cont.)

Subsequently whenever a process attempts to use the handle to perform some operation on an object, the object manager checks the granted access rights to see if the operation to be performed is allowed

Unix/Linux protection (Cont.) Example:-rwxr-xr-x 1 user1 grp1 10152 Sep 21 17:04 fs

-rw-r----- 1 user1 grp1 329 Sep 21 17:04 fs.c

The fs file may be executed by anyone on the system, but the source file may only be read by the owner or by people in the group grp1. Both files may only be modified by the user user1.

Unix/Linux protection (Cont.)

Or, specify absolute permissions in octal 4=r, 2=w, 1=x e.g. 755=rwxr-xr-x, 640=rw-r-----

e.g. chmod 755 filename

References

Operating System Concepts. Chapter 14.