CEE 370 Lecture #12 10/2/2019

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CEE 370Environmental Engineering

Principles

Lecture #12Environmental Biology I: Biochemical Fundamentals

Reading: Mihelcic & Zimmerman, Chapter 5

Updated: 2 October 2019 Print version

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Why study microorganisms Biodegradation!

They are the engines of our wastewater treatment system They are often used to purify drinking water They account for natural attenuation of pollutants

They may interfere in treatment systems Indicators of environmental degradation Some are disease causing agents Future biotechnology

Can we harness and engineer their biochemical engines? Molecular biology

Genomics Proteomics

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What is the next lowest category below “Phylum”

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A. KingdomB. DisciplineC. DomainD. ClassE. Order

phylogenyDomainsArchaeBacteriaEucaryotes – nucleus, organelles

Kingdoms of EucaryotesProtists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Other: KPCOFGS

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Procaryotes

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Environmental MicrobiologyTypes of MicroorganismsBacteriaVirusesProtozoaRotifersFungi

MetabolismMicrobial DiseaseMicrobial Growth

Biochemical Molecules Carbohydrates: polysaccharides & sugars Sources of energy, structural components, markers

for identification & communication Nucleic Acids Transmit information across generations – the

blueprint, code for protein synthesis Proteins & amino acids Site of reactions, transport, storage, structure,

defense Lipids Storage of energy, membrane functions

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CarbohydratesPolyhydroxy aldehydes and ketonesEmpirical formula: CH2O

Monomer: sugarsLinear chain and ring formsexample: glucose

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Types of sugarsPosition of carbonylTerminal: aldehyde – an aldoseMid-chain: ketone – a ketose

Number of carbonsThree – trioseFive – pentoseSix - hexose

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Polymeric carbohydratesDisaccharidesExample: sucroseD-glucose + D-fructose

PolysaccharidesExample: StarchAmylose unit

Linear array of Glucose units

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Glycosidic bonds

Large polysaccharides Glycogen Long-term

storage in animals & fungi

Core protein surrounded by glucose chains

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Lipids I

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Hydrophobic – not very soluble in waterFatsGlycerol + fatty acids bound by ester

linkages

Lipids II

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PhospholipidsMajor components

of cell membranesComposed of a

glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

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Steroids

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OthersVery important and will be discussed in

lecture on genetics (#10)Proteins, amino acidsBases, Nucleic acids, DNA, RNA

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