cell architecture. cell theory mathias schleiden and theodore schwann prokaryotic cell eukaryotic...
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Cell Architecture
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CELL THEORY
• Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
• Prokaryotic cell
• Eukaryotic cell – plant cell and animal cell
• Figure 9-1
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Animal cell substructures
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Single and Double Membrane Substructures
• Single Membrane Structures– Plasma Membrane– Endoplasmic Reticulum– Golgi Apparatus– Lysosome– Peroxisome– Endosome
• Double membrane structures – Nucleus and Mitochondria
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Plant Cell Substructures
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Single and Double Membrane Substructures
• Single Membrane Structures– Plasma Membrane– Endoplasmic Reticulum– Golgi Apparatus– Lysosome– Peroxisome– Endosome
• Double membrane structures – Nucleus and Chloroplast
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Plasma Membrane Chapter10 Fig.10-1
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EM OF A THIN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE
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How do endosomes work?
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Lysosomes
• Internal compartment is very different form the cytosol –more acidic pH
• Degrades substances that are obsolete• Phagocytosis and Endocytosis• All lysosmal enzymes are acid hydrolases• Tays Sach’s disease – defect in enzyme
catalyzing a step in the lysosomal breakdown of gangliosides.
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Autophagy
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Plant Vacuoles
• Similar to lysosomes – degradative enzymes• Concentration of solutes is larger inside the
vacuole than outside• Stores small molecules and is permeable to
water• Elongation of the plant is related to water
uptake by the vacuole
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EM OF A PLANT CELL
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Peroxisomes
• 0.2-1.0 micrometer in diameter• Oxidases• Catalase
2H₂O₂ -----> 2H₂O + O₂
• Main site of fatty acid peroxidation• Various toxic molecules that enter the body
are degraded here
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Mitochondrial vs. Peroxisomal Oxidation
Fig. 12-12
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth ER:– Synthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids– Metabolism of Carbohydrates– Detoxify Drugs and Poisons
• Rough ER:– Synthesis of Secretory Proteins, Membrane and
Organelle Proteins
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ROUGH ER IS MADE OF RIBOSOMES
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RIBOSOMES
• Composed of rRNA and protein• Site of protein synthesis• Proteins are marked for different organelles
or for secretion• Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus• Free Ribosomes
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PROTEIN MODIFICATION IN THE ER
SECRETED PROTIENS– GLYCOSYLATION– DISULFIDE BOND FORMATION
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HORMONE SECRETING CELL FROM RAT PITUITARY
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Golgi Apparatus
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Golgi - Function
• Flattened membrane vesicles or sacs• Cis, medial and trans -Golgi• Proteins targeted for different points in the
cell are modified differently• Secretory proteins• Plasma membrane proteins• Membrane or soluble proteins to other
organelles
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HOW SECRETORY PROTEINS ARE TRANSPORTED?
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ORGANELLES WITH DOUBLE MEMBRANES
• MITOCHONDRIA– Power house of the cell– Site of cellular respiration– Organic molecules are used fro ATP synthesisNUCLEUS
contains chromosomes, DNA and RNACHLOROPLAST
Site of Photosynthesis
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EM OF A MITOCHONDRION
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STRUCTURE OF A MITOCHONDRION
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OUTER MEMBRANE AND INNER MEMBRANE
• OUTER MEMBRANE– 50% lipid and 50% protein– Porin proteins (MW of 10,000)
INNER MEMBRANE- CRISTAE
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POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL
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Nucleus
• Inner membrane and outer membrane• Outer membrane is continuous with rough ER• The intermembrane space is continuous with
the lumen of the ER• Nuclear pores and nucleoporins• Heterochromatin• Ribosomal RNA assembly
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HETEROCHROMATIN
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CHLOROPLAST
• Double membraned organelle• Length is 10µm and thickness of 0.5-2 µm• Sacs - Thylakoids• Stacks are grana• Matrix space called Stroma• Photosynthesis
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MITOCHONDRIAAND CHLOROPLAST
• ATP production• Move around in the cell • Contain their own DNA• Some of their proteins are encoded in the
nucleus
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EM OF A PLANT CHLOROPLAST
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