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Chapter 4:  TISSUES

• Epithelial Tissue   lining, covering, glandular tissue> Function  protect, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion 

• Connective Tissue  most widespread tissue type of the body> Function  protect, support, binding connects body parts

• Muscle Tissue  > Function  contracts & shortens (movement)

• Nervous Tissue  makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves> Function  communication/control

cell - basic unit of lifeIX.  Tissues Intro

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> Characteristics 

1.  Cells fit closely together (desmosomes & tight junctions)

2.  One free surface or edge (apical); covered with microvilli, cilia, or     smooth surface

3.  Lower surface rests on a basement membrane

4.  Avascular, it depends on diffusion from capillaries in underlying     connective tissue for food & O2

5.  Regenerate quickly

X.  Epithelial Tissue

X.  Epithelial Tissue cont'd

• Classification:  by arrangement & shape

> Arrangement:

– Simple:  1 layer of cells

– Stratified:  more than 1 layer

> Shape:

– Squamous:  flattened

– Cuboidal:  cube shape "like dice"

– Columnar:  shaped like columns

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• Simple Epithelium  for absorption, secretion, & filtration

A.  Simple Squamous  absorption, secretion, filtration- Air sacs of lungs, capillaries, serous membranes

B.  Simple Cuboidal  lines glands and ducts (secretion & absorption)- Salivary glands, pancreas, kidney tubules

C.  Simple Columnar  tall cells fit closely together (secretion&absorption)- In addition: Goblet cells line the digestive tract, mucus membranes

D.  Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar  "false impression" of being      stratified

 Secretion of mucus (goblet cells) and lined with cilia- Line the respiratory tract

X.  Epithelial Tissue cont'd

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• Stratified Epithelium  for protective purposes

A.  Stratified Squamous  "most common" Several layers of squamous found on top of cuboidal or columnar on the basement membrane Skin, esophagus

B.  Stratified Cuboidal  very rareC.  Stratified Columnar  very rare

• Transitional Epithelium  highly modified, stratified squamous Cells have the ability to slide past one another (allows for stretching) Found in Urinary System

• Glandular Epithelium  make and secrete specific products Endocrine  no ducts, produce hormones, diffuse into bloodstream Exocrine  ducts are present, sweat and oil glands

X.  Epithelial Tissue cont'd

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> Characteristics1.  Most are vascularized tissue, having it's own blood supply

 Exceptions  tendons, ligaments, cartilage

2.  Have nonliving substances secreted outside the cells calledextracellular matrix (ECM)

3.  Heal slowly

**Depending on the type of connective tissue the matrix can be liquid, gellike, semisolid, or very hard

XI.  Connective Tissue

ground substanceprotein fibers: collagen, elastic,

reticular fibers...

A.  Bone Tissue  cells are found in cavities called lacunae Surrounded by hard matrix, with large amounts of collagen fibers

B.  Cartilage Tissue  rubbery matrix & also consists of large amounts ofcollagen & elastic fibers- Types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage- Found where ribs connect to the sternum, ends of long bones

C.  Dense Connective Tissue  made of almost exclusively collagen fibers- Types: dense regular, dense irregular, dense elastic- Makes up tendons & ligaments, dermis of skin

D.  Loose Connective Tissue: 1.  Areolar Tissue  fluid type of matrix

 Helps cushion and protect body organs

2.  Adipose Tissue  stores "fats", insulates, protects, & energy storage Found in subcutaneous layer under skin

3.  Reticular Tissue  major component of lymphatic system Found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

E.  Blood  fluid matrix, referred to as our vascular tissue Consists of plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and blood clotting proteins

XI.  Connective Tissue cont'd

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> Characteristics1. Elongated cells = fibers2. Highly specialized cells that have ability to contract/shorten to    produce movements

A.  Skeletal Muscle  (voluntary)– Multinucleated, striated, long cylinder shaped, arranged in bundles– Cells that are attached to bones

B.  Cardiac Muscle  (involuntary)– Single nucleus, striated, long cylinder shaped but with branching 

ends, arranged in a figure 8– Connected by intercalated disks– Cells that are only found making up the heart

C.  Smooth Muscle  (involuntary)– Nonstriated, spindle shaped that are pointed at ends, arranged in 

pairs– Found surrounding hollow organs

*Slow controlled contractions called peristalsis

XII.  Muscle Tissue

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> Characteristics1. Cells are called neurons2. Irritability and conductivity    functions3. Cytoplasm extensions can be    drawn out up to 3 feet long4. Make up nerves, brain, and    spinal cord

XIII.  Nervous Tisssue

XIV.  Tissue Repair• Regeneration  replacement by same type of cells (no scar tissue) • Fibrosis  replacement by connective tissue (scar tissue)

**The type of repair that occurs is dependent upon:> Type of tissue that is damaged> Severity of injury

• Steps to Repair:

1. INFLAMMATIONa. Injured cells release inflammatory chemicalsb. Capillaries dilate, become permeable to WBCs which will clean    up mess (phagocytosis) c. Clotting proteins rush to injured area causing formation of a scab

*Signs of inflammation: swelling, heat, redness, pain

2.  ORGANIZATIONa. Clot is replaced by granulation tissue (delicate pink tissue rich in     capillaries and contains fibroblasts, collagen, phagocytes)b. Fibroblasts produce dense network of collagen fibers "scar     tissue" aka "fibrous tissue" 

      c. Phagocytes/Macrophages: "Janitors" eat blood clot 

3.  REGENERATION and/or FIBROSIS a. Depends on tissue b. Skin regenerates quicklyc. Cardiac muscle replaced by fibrosis connective tissue

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Epithelial Tissue good regeneration

Fibrous Connective Tissue good regeneration

Bone Tissue good regeneration

Skeletal Muscle Tissue poor regeneration, if at all

Cardiac Muscle Tissue replaced only by scar tissue

Nervous Tissue replaced only by scar tissue

Attachments

Cell Organelle & Transport Quiz 201516 2.docx

Anatomy & PhysiologyName/Hr:__________________________

Match the following functions with the corresponding organelle:

____1. Functions in ATP production (powerhouse)a. Golgi

____2. Assembles & packages materials to be secretedb. Lysosomes

____3. Uses digestive enzymes to break down materials in the cellc. Mitochondria

____4. Synthesize ribosomesd. Nucleolus

____5. Site of protein synthesise. Ribosomes

Multiple Choice:

6. Which of the following junctions allows cells to communicate by allowing nutrients and ions to pass from cell to cell?

a. gap junctionsb. Golgi junctionsc. desmosomes d. tight junctions

7. The plasma membrane consists primarily of

a. sugars and starchc. lipids and proteins

b. proteins and starchd. lipids and sugars

8. Microvilli

a. are responsible for protein synthesis

b. are found in cells that do not function in absorption

c. function in movement

d. help increase the surface area of the plasma membrane

9. Osmosis

a. does not require any cellular energyd. both a and b

b. moves water up the concentration gradiente. both a and c

c. is the diffusion of water

10. In the figure below, which of the following environments is the red blood cell in?

a. isotonicc. hypertonic

b. hypotonicd. at equilibrium

For questions 11 & 12, use the diagram to the right.

11. The solution outside the bag would be referred to as…

a. hypotonicc. isotonic

b. hypertonicd. idontknowtonic

12. Which of the following statements below is NOT true?

a. The glucose will move into the bag

Beaker

10% NaCl

15% Glucose

Bag

5% NaCl

35% Glucose

b. Water will travel out of the bag

c. The NaCl will travel out of the bag

d. Water will travel into the bag

Organic Compound

Monomer(s)

XC: Unit 2 - List the 4 organic compounds we discussed in class. What are the building blocks/monomers for each compound?

SMART Notebook

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