Cell-Cell Signaling

Neurotransmitters

Ligand-Gated Na+ Channel

Post-synaptic membrane

Target Cell

Signal Transduction Pathway of Target Cell

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-MAP Kinase Pathway

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Activation

(RTK)

(GEF)

RTKs Bound to Signal Molecule

(GEF)

Activation of Ras Protein

Kinase Cascade

Kinase Cascade

Target Proteins

(MKKK)

(MKK)

TumorProgression

Pg. 729

ColonizeNew Tissues

Pg. 727

Tumor Growth

Pg. 736

Normal Ras and Oncogenic Ras

Normal Ras Oncogenic Ras

Post-Translational Modfication of Ras

Ras

FTase

Therapy for “Ras-Positive” Tumors

Ras

FTaseFTase Inhibitors

Pathways Disrupted in Cancer Cells

Signal Transduction Pathways and Cell Differentiation

Specialized cell type(neuron, skin cell, red blood cell, etc.)

Stem Cell

Blood Cell Formation

Red Blood Cell Development

EPO

Synthesis of proteins that stimulate Red Blood Cell development

Negative Regulation of JAK/STAT Pathway

Seven-Pass ReceptorsAdrenalineGlucogonTSH, LH

Cell TypesHeart muscleSkeletal muscleThyroidOvaryKidneyIntestinal epithelia

ContractionGlycogen breakdownHormone secretionWater retentionIon transportPg. 546

Activation of Galpha Subunit

Synthesis of cyclic AMP

ATP

cyclic AMP

Adenylyl Cyclase

Pg. 550

TargetsIon ChannelsTranscription FactorsEnzymes

Cholera Toxin

G.I. Tract

G∂ “ON”

Actin Microtubules Intermediatefilaments

Cytoskeletal Structures

Chapter 17

Tubulin Dimer

GTP

GTP

GFP-Tagged Centrosomes

Centrosome Structure

TaxolColchicine

(Pacific Yew)

(Autumn crocus)

Microtubule “Poisons”

Tubulin Dimer

GTP

GTP Taxol

Microtubules

Vesicle Transport

Chromosome segregation(mitotic spindle)

Cilia/Flagella

Microtubule “Motor” Proteins

Microtubule “Motor” Proteins

Actin Filaments

Actin Monomer

Arp2/3 (Actin Related Proteins)

Arp2

Arp3

Gelsolin Protein

New minus end

Myosin-II

Muscle Cell

Sarcomere

Contraction of a Sarcomere

Resting Muscle

Ca2+

Binds Troponin C

Tropomyosin blocksaccess to actin filament

Muscle Cell

Muscle Relaxants

Pancuronium Baclofen

Ligand for Seven-pass receptorInhibits Ligand-gated ion channels

Muscle Cell

Pancuronium

Muscle cell membrane can not be de-polarized

Muscle Relaxants

Pancuronium Baclofen

Ligand for Seven-pass receptorInhibits Ligand-gated ion channels

Baclofin

Muscle CellMembrane

Muscle CellMembrane

Muscle cell membrane can not be de-polarized

Cytokinesis

Myosin II - GFP

Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis

CytokinesisCytokinesis G1

“Contractile Unit” in Cytokinesis

Fig. 17-41

Plasma Membrane

Cytosol

Mitotic Cell Cycle

DNAReplication

G1 S G2

G1

M-Phase

G1 S G2

G1

M-Phase

Binding site forOrigin Recognition Complex (ORC)

(ORC)

(G1 Phase)

(G2 Phase)

Semi-Conservative DNA Replication