cell cycle notes
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Learning Objective: I can describe how cells divide and the different phases of the cell cycle.
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Essential Question for this Unit: What is the process cells undergo before they become specialized?
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A little History Until the late 1600s, scientists used to think new cells came from
Spontaneous Generation (nonliving things giving rise to living things)
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1668: Maggots come from flies! Francesco Redi discovered that maggots came from flies, not from
decaying meat
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1675: Microorganisms become a thing! Microorganisms were discovered- which reopened debate about where
living things come from
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1864- Microorganisms come from other microorganisms! Louis Pasteur proved that microorganisms came from other microorganisms
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Theory of Biogenesis All life comes from other life
Thanks Pasteur.
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Ready for some Chromosomes? Chromosomes- rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
DNA- the genetic code for organisms Chromatin- a loosely coiled DNA strand Chromatid- a single strand of coiled DNA (replicated, condensed chromosome)
Centromere- holds the two chromatids together
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DNA- the genetic code for organisms in a double helix
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Chromosomes- rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
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Quiz Time! Use your notes!What are chromosomes? A. rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
B. the genetic code for organisms
C. a loosely coiled DNA strand
D. a single strand of coiled DNA
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What are chromosomes? A. rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
B. the genetic code for organisms
C. a loosely coiled DNA strand
D. a single strand of coiled DNA
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What is DNA?A. rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
B. the genetic code for organisms
C. Structure that holds the two chromatids together
D. a loosely coiled DNA strand
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What is DNA?A. rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
B. the genetic code for organisms
C. Structure that holds the two chromatids together
D. a loosely coiled DNA strand
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What is a Centromere?
A. A structure that holds two chromatids together?
B. a single strand of coiled DNA (replicated, condensed chromosome)
C. a loosely coiled DNA strand
D. the genetic code for organisms
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What is a Centromere?
A. A structure that holds two chromatids together
B. a single strand of coiled DNA (replicated, condensed chromosome)
C. a loosely coiled DNA strand
D. the genetic code for organisms
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What is Chromatin?
A. A structure that holds the two chromatids together
B. a single strand of coiled DNA (replicated, condensed chromosome)
C. a loosely coiled DNA strand
D. rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
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What is Chromatin?
A. A structure that holds the two chromatids together
B. a single strand of coiled DNA (replicated, condensed chromosome)
C. a loosely coiled DNA strand
D. rod-shaped structures composed of DNA and proteins
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What is this?
A. DNA
B. A Chromosome
C. A Centromere
D. A Chromatin
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What is this?
A. DNA
B. A Chromosome
C. A Centromere
D. A Chromatin
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What structure is labeled A? A. DNAB. A centromereC. A chromatidD. A chromosome
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What structure is labeled A? A. DNAB. A centromereC. A chromatidD. A chromosome
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What are the structures labeled B?A. A chromosomeB. A centromereC. A chromatidD. DNA
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What are the structures labeled B?A. A chromosomeB. A centromereC. A chromatidD. DNA
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Now that you’ve got the basics…
Let’s move on to the cell cycle
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Cell Cycle Overview Interphase
G1 Phase S Phase (Synthesis) G2 Phase
Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Cytokinesis
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
MitosisPro
MetaAna
Telo
Cytokinesis
Draw this!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeW8HaCUtOQ
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Cells that Divide Stem cells divide to become specialized cells
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Cells that DON’T divide Most cells!
Specialized cells like neurons, cardiac cells, and muscle cells have already divided and won’t ever divide again
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Interphase1. Interphase- starts right after cell division; longest phase of a cell’s “life”
a. G1 Phase- Cell grows
b. S Phase- DNA is copied into sister chromatins
c. G2 Phase- Cell grows and prepares for cell division (mitosis)
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
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Mitosis The division of the nucleus (PMAT)
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Prophase1. Nucleoli disintegrates2. Chromatin condenses into chromatids and chromosomes3. Centrioles migrate to ends of the cell4. Spindle fibers form from centrioles
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
Nucleoli (disappearing)
Chromosomes
Draw these!
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Metaphase Chromosomes move to the center of cell
Centrioles and spindle fibers
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Anaphase Chromatids separate into
individual chromosomes
Migrations towards poles (sides of cell) begins
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Telophase Nuclear membrane
reforms
Chromatin lengthen
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Cytokinesis The division of the cell into
daughter cells Plasma membrane pinches
together in animal cells Cell plate appears in plant cells
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Animal Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow forms
Membrane splits in two
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Plant Cytokinesis Cell plate forms
Membrane splits
Cell plate becomes cell wall
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Cells that Divide Stem cells divide to become specialized cells
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Cells that DON’T divide Most cells!
Specialized cells like neurons, cardiac cells, and muscle cells have already divided and won’t ever divide again
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THE BIG PICTURE The Goal: Create more
identical cells
In humans, a cell with 46 chromosomes will divide into two daughter cells, both with 46 chromosomes
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
MitosisPro
MetaAna
Telo
Cytokinesis