cell design and function · cell theory the cell theory states the following: 1. all organisms are...
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Cell Design and Function
Chapter 7
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Cell Theory The Cell Theory States the Following: 1. All organisms are composed of
one or more cells. 2. The Cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from pre-existing
cells through Mitosis or Meiosis.
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The Two Basic Cell Types • Prokaryotes: the cells of most
unicellular organisms like bacteria lacking membrane-bound structures.image
• Eukaryotes: Most multicellular organisms that contain membrane-bound structures. image
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CELLULAR ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTION
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The Plasma Membrane • Maintains
homeostasis • creates a barrier
for the cell. • Protection • semi-permeable
image
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Plasma Membrane • Border of the cell. • Regulates what can enter and exit
the cell.
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The Phospholipids • The head is polar and hydrophilic
(hydro = water, phil = like, love). • Attached to the "head" of the
molecule are 2 fatty acid chains which are nonpolar and hydrophobic (phob = dislike). (TAIL)
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Plasma Membrane 3 Proteins are also found in the cell
membrane:
1. Channel Proteins: These proteins create a tunnel through the membrane to move materials in and out past the nonpolar region.
Example- Tunnel from one place to another
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Plasma Membrane 2. Receptor Proteins: These
proteins stretch through the membrane and send information they receive outside the cell in the cell interior.
Example: Satellite dish on house
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3. Marker Proteins: These proteins act like nametags and serve to identify the cell
Example: Basketball Team Concepts
Plasma Membrane
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The Nucleus • Contains the genetic
info. (DNA) • Assembles
Ribosomes • Central Processing
Unit • Nuclear Envelope
and pores
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The Ribosomes • A small, NON-membrane bound
organelle. • Located in the cytoplasm and the rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). • Produced in the nucleolus. • rRNA functions to assemble proteins
from amino acids. • Composed of both DNA and RNA.
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Ribosomes
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The Mitochondrion • Produces cellular energy for the cell in
the form of ATP. (=Adenosine-P-P-P). • Contains highly folded internal
membranes called cristae. • Contains it’s own DNA (theorized to have
once been a single-celled organism) • Contains an inner and outer compartment
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The Mitochondrion (cont’d) • Divides asexually (fission) similarly to that of
a prokaryotic organism. • The # of mitochondria in a cell is determined
by that cell’s energy needs. • (Ex: Muscle cells contain more mitochondria
than do skin cells.)
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The Golgi Apparatus • Contains a single membrane. • Is a stack of vessicles involved in
packaging macromolecules for transport through the cell.
• Golgi vessicles are involved in transporting material out of cell.
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The Golgi Apparatus
BACK AK Small Vessicle
Large Vessicle
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The Golgi Apparatus • Vessicle Contents: 1) hormonal/enzyme contents of
lysosomes. 2) Peroxisomes that breakdown toxic
hydrogen peroxide. 3) Secretory vessicles that transport
material via exocytosis. image
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum • Attached to the nucleus to form a transportation network for protein distribution. Two Types:
1) Smooth ER: Ribosome-free and produces lipids and membrane proteins.
2) Rough ER: w/ribosomes and produces other proteins.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The Differences Between Plant
and Animal Cells
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Ok, I understand animal cells now, but what about Plant cells?
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Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
• Larger than Animal Cells • Contain a Cell wall made of
cellulose (glucose polymer). • Contain 1 large sap vacuole. • Contain Chloroplasts with
chlorophyll pigment. • Photosynthesize = obtain
their energy from the sun.
DO NOT contain cell walls.
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Plant Cell Characteristics
Fig. Chloroplast Interior
image
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Now I understand it. Cells are the basic units of all living organisms. Plant cells are different from animal cells only in a few ways. Plant cells have cell walls and animal cells don’t, And Animal cells have many small vacuoles, while Plant cells have one large one. That’s easy.