cell energy production, structure and support plant vs animal cells
TRANSCRIPT
Cell Energy Production, Structure and Support
Plant vs Animal Cells.Plant vs Animal Cells.
Plant Cells.Plant Cells. Plant cells have rigid and thick Plant cells have rigid and thick
cell wallscell walls. These walls . These walls ______________ the plant cell and the plant cell and help the cell maintain its help the cell maintain its _________________. (The . (The polysaccharide cellulose is used polysaccharide cellulose is used in the construction of plant cell in the construction of plant cell walls.)walls.)
________________ such as such as chromoplast and photosynthetic chromoplast and photosynthetic chloroplasts are found in plant chloroplasts are found in plant cells.cells.
A large central A large central _________________ is found in mature plant cells. is found in mature plant cells. Enzymes in the vacuole can be Enzymes in the vacuole can be used for digestion or the uptake used for digestion or the uptake of water to increase plant cell of water to increase plant cell size.size.
Pla
stid
sPla
stid
s These are the organelles
These are the organelles
that are similar to
that are similar to chlorophyll in their
chlorophyll in their ______________________
______________________
abilitiesabilities. They can occur in
. They can occur in
bands or as a random
bands or as a random
distribution of granular
distribution of granular
massesmasses Not found in animals
Not found in animals
Pla
stid
sPla
stid
s
Plastids can function as
Plastids can function as
chemical factories and
chemical factories and
____________________
____________________ for for
food and color pigments
food and color pigments
Plastids are the site of
Plastids are the site of
photosynthesis in
photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells A A chloroplast is one
chloroplast is one
form of a plastid
form of a plastid Other forms of plastids
Other forms of plastids
include include ____________________
____________________
(color pigment) and
(color pigment) and
______________________
______________________
(white pigment or
(white pigment or storage for starch)
storage for starch)
Chlo
ropla
sts
Chlo
ropla
sts
- - Convert solar energy to
Convert solar energy to
chemical energy in sugar
chemical energy in sugar
molecules.molecules.- Internal structure is much
- Internal structure is much
more successful than
more successful than
anything yet produced by
anything yet produced by
human ingenuity.
human ingenuity.
Internal membranes partition a
Internal membranes partition a
chloroplast into three major
chloroplast into three major
compartments:
compartments: 1. _______________________________
2. _______________________________
- between outer and inner
- between outer and inner
membranes of chloroplast
membranes of chloroplast
3. _______________________________
- space enclosed by
- space enclosed by
intermembrane space contains thick
intermembrane space contains thick
fluid called
fluid called stroma and a network of
and a network of
tubules and hollow disks formed of
tubules and hollow disks formed of
membranes
membranes- - granum (plural grana)
(plural grana)
occurs in stacks and are the
occurs in stacks and are the
chloroplasts’ solar power packs
chloroplasts’ solar power packs
- The individual ‘blocks’ that
- The individual ‘blocks’ that
make up a granum are called
make up a granum are called
thylakoids- The collective inner
- The collective inner
membrane space of a chloroplast is
membrane space of a chloroplast is
referred to as a
referred to as a lumen or specifically
or specifically
a thylakoid lumen
a thylakoid lumen
Chlo
ropla
sts
Chlo
ropla
sts
Mit
och
ondri
a
Mit
och
ondri
a
FunctionFunction- - make ATP energy from
make ATP energy from
cellular respiration
cellular respiration sugar + Osugar + O
22 ATP ATP fuels the work of life
fuels the work of life
StructureStructure- __________ membrane
- __________ membrane ATP
in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells
Mit
och
ondri
a
Mit
och
ondri
a
(sin
gula
r –
(sin
gula
r –
mit
och
ondri
on)
mit
och
ondri
on)
TheThe ___________________________________ of of
the cellthe cell Carry out processes of cellular
Carry out processes of cellular
respiration in which the chemical
respiration in which the chemical
energy of foods
energy of foods such as sugars
such as sugars is is
converted to
converted to the chemical energy of a
the chemical energy of a
cellular fuel molecule called
cellular fuel molecule called ATPATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
(adenosine triphosphate)
Mit
och
ondri
a
Mit
och
ondri
a
Is enclosed by two membranes but only has
Is enclosed by two membranes but only has
two compartments:
two compartments: •• _________________ membrane
encloses the second compartment
encloses the second compartment
containing fluid called a
containing fluid called a mitochondrial
_____________ where many of the
chemical reactions of cellular respiration
occur• • folds called ______________ (contain
enzyme molecules that make ATP)
greatly increase the membrane’s surface
area and enhancing the mitochondria’s
ability to produce ATP• • Mitochondria can self-replicate and adapt
to the demands of the tissue the cell is in
- has its own DNA- Scientists hypothesize that millions of
years ago, free-living prokaryotes were
engulfed, but not digested by larger
prokaryotes
Mit
och
ondri
a a
re
Mit
och
ondri
a a
re
in b
oth
cells
in b
oth
cells
!!!!animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
MitochondriaMitochondria make energy from _______________ + Omake energy from _______________ + O22
cellular _____________________cellular _____________________ sugar + Osugar + O2 2 ATP ATP
ChloroplastsChloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlightmake energy + sugar from sunlight
____________________________________________________
sunlight + COsunlight + CO22 ATP & sugar ATP & sugar
ATP = ___________________ energyATP = ___________________ energy
sugar = _________________ energysugar = _________________ energy
build leaves & roots & fruit build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugarsout of the sugars
Plants make Plants make energy two energy two
waysways!!
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
Str
uct
ura
l Support
Str
uct
ura
l Support
of
Cells
com
es
of
Cells
com
es
from
the
from
the
Cyto
skele
ton
Cyto
skele
ton
A supportive meshwork
A supportive meshwork
of fine fibers that
of fine fibers that extend throughout the
extend throughout the
cytoplasmcytoplasm Three fibers make up
Three fibers make up
the cytoskeleton:
the cytoskeleton: microfilaments
microfilaments (thinnest), (thinnest), microtubules (thickest),
microtubules (thickest),
and intermediate
and intermediate filaments (in between
filaments (in between
thickness)thickness)
Microtubules and Microtubules and Microfilaments.Microfilaments.
Microfilaments.Microfilaments.
Intermediate Intermediate FilamentsFilaments
MicrotubulesMicrotubules
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments Solid Solid helical rods composed composed
of a of a globular protein called called __________________
Usually forms in a Usually forms in a twisted double chain of actin of actin moleculesmolecules
Can help cells Can help cells change _________ and ________________ by assembling at one end and by assembling at one end and disassembling at the other in disassembling at the other in a form of amoeboid crawlinga form of amoeboid crawling
Microfilaments can interact Microfilaments can interact with protein filaments such as with protein filaments such as the protein myosin in muscle the protein myosin in muscle cells that cells that aid in muscle aid in muscle contractioncontraction
Inte
rmedia
te
Inte
rmedia
te
Mic
rofila
ments
Mic
rofila
ments
Made of Made of ________________
proteins rather than
rather than
globular ones and have a
globular ones and have a
ropelike structure structure Serve mainly as
Serve mainly as __________________ rods for for
bearing tension
bearing tension Also help Also help ____________________
organelles such as the
such as the
nucleolus being held in
nucleolus being held in
place by a ‘cage’ of
place by a ‘cage’ of
intermediate filaments
intermediate filaments
Mic
rotu
bule
s
Mic
rotu
bule
s
Straight, Straight, hollow tubules
that provide
that provide _________________ for for
organelles and to act as
organelles and to act as
______________ along which
along which
organelles can move
organelles can move
within the cytoplasm
within the cytoplasm A lysosome might move
A lysosome might move
along a microtubule to
along a microtubule to
reach a food vacuole
reach a food vacuoleMay May serve as a guide for
serve as a guide for
chromosomes when cells
chromosomes when cells
dividedivide, and are the basis
, and are the basis
for ciliary and flagellar
for ciliary and flagellar
movementmovement
Cilia
and
Cilia
and
Fla
gellum
Move
Fla
gellum
Move
When
When
Mic
rotu
bule
s B
end
Mic
rotu
bule
s B
end
Cilia and flagellum
Cilia and flagellum have similar structure
have similar structure
and mechanisms of
and mechanisms of
movementmovementCilia are generally
Cilia are generally _____________ and
and occur in occur in _____________
numbersnumbers Flagellum are typically
Flagellum are typically
_____________ and less and less
numerousnumerousComposed of a core of
Composed of a core of
microtubules wrapped
microtubules wrapped
in an extension of the
in an extension of the
plasma membrane
plasma membrane
Cilia
and
Cilia
and
Flagellu
mFla
gellu
m
Pla
nt
Cell
Wall
Pla
nt
Cell
Wall
Str
uct
ure
Str
uct
ure Plasma membrane
Secondary cell wall
Primary cell wall
(cellulose)
Middle lamella
(pectin)
Animal Cell.Animal Cell. Animal cells can Animal cells can
have flagellum while have flagellum while plant cells (with a plant cells (with a few exceptions) lack few exceptions) lack flagellum.flagellum.
Animal cells also Animal cells also have have centriolescentrioles that that are not found in plant are not found in plant cells. (Centrioles are cells. (Centrioles are used in mitosis to used in mitosis to help construct the help construct the mitotic spindle.)mitotic spindle.)
_____________ vacuole vacuole
Cell Surfaces Support, Protect, and Join Cell Surfaces Support, Protect, and Join CellsCells(FYI)(FYI)
Most cells have more than just a plasma membrane Most cells have more than just a plasma membrane surrounding it to protect it from its environmentsurrounding it to protect it from its environment
In plants, In plants, rigid cell walls not only protect the cells but rigid cell walls not only protect the cells but provide skeletal support that keeps the plants upright on provide skeletal support that keeps the plants upright on landland and are typically 10-100 ties thicker than plasma and are typically 10-100 ties thicker than plasma membranes. The cells walls are composed mainly of the membranes. The cells walls are composed mainly of the polysaccharide cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharide cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteinspolysaccharides and proteins
Some plant cell walls also contain a multilayered Some plant cell walls also contain a multilayered arrangement of polysaccharides that work to ‘glue’ arrangement of polysaccharides that work to ‘glue’ adjacent cells together such as in woodadjacent cells together such as in wood
To communicate with adjacent cells, plants must have To communicate with adjacent cells, plants must have some type of cell junctions (example is some type of cell junctions (example is plasmodesmataplasmodesmata [singular plasmodesma] that are a [singular plasmodesma] that are a small channelsmall channel between between adjacent plant cells and function to allow plant tissues to adjacent plant cells and function to allow plant tissues to share water, nourishment, and chemical messages)share water, nourishment, and chemical messages)
Animal cells are generally more flexibleAnimal cells are generally more flexible than plant cells and than plant cells and are usually covered by a sticky layer of polysaccharides and are usually covered by a sticky layer of polysaccharides and proteins that helps hold tissues together in tissues (lining of proteins that helps hold tissues together in tissues (lining of digestive tract helps prevent stomach cells from being digestive tract helps prevent stomach cells from being broken apart from enzymes and acids used for digestion)broken apart from enzymes and acids used for digestion)
Cell JunctionsCell Junctions
Cells are connected by cell Cells are connected by cell junctions that come in three junctions that come in three different types: different types:
_________________ junctions attach adjacent cells to each attach adjacent cells to each other or to an extracellular other or to an extracellular matrix (substance which matrix (substance which tissue is embedded) allow tissue is embedded) allow materials to pass along the materials to pass along the spaces between cellsspaces between cells
_________________ junctions bind cells together forming a bind cells together forming a leak proof sheet such as in leak proof sheet such as in the digestive tractthe digestive tract
_________________ junctions are channels similar to are channels similar to plasmodesmata in plants by plasmodesmata in plants by allowing water and other allowing water and other small molecules to flow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells between neighboring cells (example is in embryos (example is in embryos where communication and where communication and flow of nutrients is necessary flow of nutrients is necessary for sustaining life)for sustaining life)
Cell SurfacesCell Surfaces In plant cells, small In plant cells, small
openings called openings called plasmodesmata aid aid in in _________________ with other cells and with other cells and the environmentthe environment
Chemicals and Chemicals and ______________ are are taken through these taken through these openings and openings and ______________ are are removedremoved
All L
ife F
orm
s on
All L
ife F
orm
s on
Eart
h S
hare
Eart
h S
hare
Fundam
enta
l
Fundam
enta
l Featu
res
Featu
res
Life forms consist of
cells, each enclosed by a
, each enclosed by a
membrane that maintains
membrane that maintains
internal conditions very
internal conditions very
different from its
different from its surroundings
surroundingsHaving DNA as a genetic
as a genetic
materialmaterialCarrying out
metabolism, which , which
involves the inter-
involves the inter-conversion of different
conversion of different
forms of energy and of
forms of energy and of
chemical materials
chemical materials
Cell
Com
munic
ati
on a
nd
Cell
Com
munic
ati
on a
nd
Rela
tionsh
ips
Rela
tionsh
ips
For
Main
tain
ing L
ife O
verv
iew
For
Main
tain
ing L
ife O
verv
iew
Cate
gori
zing C
ell
Cate
gori
zing C
ell
Str
uct
ure
wit
h
Str
uct
ure
wit
h
Funct
ion
Funct
ion
Category 1 – Manufacture
• • Includes not only synthesis of molecules but also
Includes not only synthesis of molecules but also
transport within the cell
transport within the cell
• • Structure depends heavily on a network of
Structure depends heavily on a network of
metabolically active membranes
metabolically active membranes
Category 2 – Breakdown
• • Includes three organelles that break down and
Includes three organelles that break down and
recycle materials harmful or no longer needed to
recycle materials harmful or no longer needed to
the cellthe cell• • All organelles are composed of single membranous
All organelles are composed of single membranous
sacs, inside which materials can be broken down
sacs, inside which materials can be broken down
Category 3 – Energy Processing
• • Two organelles utilized in energy production
Two organelles utilized in energy production
• • Expanses of metabolically active membranes within
Expanses of metabolically active membranes within
the organelle make it possible to perform complex
the organelle make it possible to perform complex
energy conversions that power the cell
energy conversions that power the cell
Category 4 – Support, Movement, and
Communication Between Cells
• • For movement to occur, there must be a rigid support
For movement to occur, there must be a rigid support
against which a force can be applied and
against which a force can be applied and
communication between these surfaces interact
communication between these surfaces interact
with one another, forming a communication
with one another, forming a communication
• • These four categories of organelles form an
These four categories of organelles form an
integrated team and the properties of life at the
integrated team and the properties of life at the
cellular level emerge from the coordinated
cellular level emerge from the coordinated
functions of the team members
functions of the team members
End of Cell Structure and Function