cell guided notes- accel - brown biology
TRANSCRIPT
Microsoft Word - Cell Guided Notes- Accel.docx• Cells are
the basic unit of
_______________________ and _____________________
in living things.
• All cells come from __________________________________________________________.
Prokaryotic cells contain DNA in a concentrated
region called the _____________________________.
the cell and provides protection and support.
• Cell membranes are composed of a ______________________________________________________-
a double layer sheet that provides a flexible structure and forms a strong barrier
between the cell and its surroundings.
• The phospholipid bilayer is embedded with diverse __________________________ that aid
the cell in transportation across the membrane.
SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO
• As you ___________ the cell size, you ____________ the surface area to volume ratio, which
___________ the efficiency of transport across the cell membrane.
o Examples: ____________________________________________________________________________
• Nucleus- contains DNA, which includes most of the genes in
the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by the
___________________________________________________.
• _____________________________________- structures that carry
long DNA molecule.
o Each eukaryotic species has a distinct number of chromosomes.
o _______________________________- the DNA and protein making up chromosomes.
o Nucleolus- helps synthesize _____________________________.
o Ribosomes exist as either ______________ ribosomes (suspended in cytoplasm or
_____________________ ribosomes (attached to the Rough ER or nuclear envelope)
• Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes. Functions in
______________________________________________, and
with the nuclear envelope.
• Golgi Apparatus- modifies, sorts, and packages
__________________________ and other materials from the
endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell, or for
secretion outside of the cell.
water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
o In many ______________________________________, there is a large,
central vacuole filled with liquid.
generate __________ by extracting energy from food.
Contain the green pigment ________________________________.
• Cells have three different structures that aide in their movement:
o ___________________- hair-like projections from the cell that allow for movement.
o _______________________- a whip like structure that helps to propel the cell in an
aqueous environment. (commonly found on bacteria)
internal organization.
o The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that help the cell to
maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in ________________________.
• _______________________________- threadlike structures made of a protein called actin.
• _______________________________- hollow structures made up of tubulin. They help
maintain cell shape and help with ________________________________________________.
• _____________________________ are also formed from tubulin.
o Centrioles are only found in _______________________________________________.
• Most cell walls are made of _________________________________________ and __________________.
Plant cell walls are composed mostly of ___________________________. a tough
carbohydrate that can provide rigidity to the plant.
• The main function of the cell wall is to provide ______________________ and
_________________________________ to the cell
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• Fluid Mosaic Model- membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various
__________________________________)
bilayer. (Ex: integrins)
entire membrane.
• ________________________ Proteins- loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Not
embedded at all.
molecules to move through.
them across the membrane.
DIFFUSION
• Diffusion- movement of molecules of any substance until they spread out evenly in
the available space. (equilibrium).
• Diffusion is a ______________________________ process, needing no energy input.
• Rule of Diffusion: in the absence of a force, a substance will diffuse from _____________
concentration to __________ concentration.
by the concentration of other substances.
• Diffusion is a form of ______________________________________________- movement that does
not require the cell to use energy.
• Osmosis- the diffusion of _____________________. Water diffuses from the region of
lower solute concentration (higher free water concentration) to the area of higher
solute concentration (lower free water concentration)- until equilibrium is reached.
o Osmosis is a method of _____________________ transport
(water in = water out)
• ___________________________- concentration outside the cell is greater than inside the cell.
(water leaves)
• ___________________________- concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell.
(water enters)
(or help) the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane.
• Still requires movement from an area of ______________________
concentration to ________________________ concentration.
• Does not require _______________________.
• Frequently involves _________________________ molecules.
• Active Transport- moves solute from low to high concentration. Requires __________
(usually _____________). Uses carrier proteins.
o Active transport allows a cell to have an internal concentration different from
its surroundings.
transport that exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane.
• Membrane Potential – the difference in _________________ across the cell membrane.
(ranges from -50 to -200 mV)
o The inside of the cell is ______________________ relative to the outside.
membrane. Requires energy.
forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
• Phagocytosis- cell ___________________
• Pinocytosis- cell _____________________
• Unicellular Organism- organism with _____ cell.
o Do everything a multicellular organism can do (grow, respond to
environment, transform energy, reproduce, etc).
o Outnumber multicellular organisms.
• Multicellular Organisms- have _________________ cells.
o Require ____________________________________________________- where cells develop in
different ways that allow them to perform unique tasks.
• ________________________- groups of similar cells that perform a particular function.
• ________________________- groups of tissues working together.
• _______________________________________- a group of organs that work together to perform
a specific function.
exterior body surfaces.
• ___________________________- provides support for the body and connects all body parts.
• ___________________________- transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
• ___________________________- enables the body to move.
can reproduce indefinitely and under appropriate
conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
BACTERIAL CELL
_________________________.
_______________________________________.
• Contain _____________________ to help with locomotion.
• Many bacterial cells also contain ______________, which help them attach onto other
surfaces.
• All cells come from __________________________________________________________.
Prokaryotic cells contain DNA in a concentrated
region called the _____________________________.
the cell and provides protection and support.
• Cell membranes are composed of a ______________________________________________________-
a double layer sheet that provides a flexible structure and forms a strong barrier
between the cell and its surroundings.
• The phospholipid bilayer is embedded with diverse __________________________ that aid
the cell in transportation across the membrane.
SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO
• As you ___________ the cell size, you ____________ the surface area to volume ratio, which
___________ the efficiency of transport across the cell membrane.
o Examples: ____________________________________________________________________________
• Nucleus- contains DNA, which includes most of the genes in
the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by the
___________________________________________________.
• _____________________________________- structures that carry
long DNA molecule.
o Each eukaryotic species has a distinct number of chromosomes.
o _______________________________- the DNA and protein making up chromosomes.
o Nucleolus- helps synthesize _____________________________.
o Ribosomes exist as either ______________ ribosomes (suspended in cytoplasm or
_____________________ ribosomes (attached to the Rough ER or nuclear envelope)
• Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes. Functions in
______________________________________________, and
with the nuclear envelope.
• Golgi Apparatus- modifies, sorts, and packages
__________________________ and other materials from the
endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell, or for
secretion outside of the cell.
water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
o In many ______________________________________, there is a large,
central vacuole filled with liquid.
generate __________ by extracting energy from food.
Contain the green pigment ________________________________.
• Cells have three different structures that aide in their movement:
o ___________________- hair-like projections from the cell that allow for movement.
o _______________________- a whip like structure that helps to propel the cell in an
aqueous environment. (commonly found on bacteria)
internal organization.
o The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that help the cell to
maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in ________________________.
• _______________________________- threadlike structures made of a protein called actin.
• _______________________________- hollow structures made up of tubulin. They help
maintain cell shape and help with ________________________________________________.
• _____________________________ are also formed from tubulin.
o Centrioles are only found in _______________________________________________.
• Most cell walls are made of _________________________________________ and __________________.
Plant cell walls are composed mostly of ___________________________. a tough
carbohydrate that can provide rigidity to the plant.
• The main function of the cell wall is to provide ______________________ and
_________________________________ to the cell
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• Fluid Mosaic Model- membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various
__________________________________)
bilayer. (Ex: integrins)
entire membrane.
• ________________________ Proteins- loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Not
embedded at all.
molecules to move through.
them across the membrane.
DIFFUSION
• Diffusion- movement of molecules of any substance until they spread out evenly in
the available space. (equilibrium).
• Diffusion is a ______________________________ process, needing no energy input.
• Rule of Diffusion: in the absence of a force, a substance will diffuse from _____________
concentration to __________ concentration.
by the concentration of other substances.
• Diffusion is a form of ______________________________________________- movement that does
not require the cell to use energy.
• Osmosis- the diffusion of _____________________. Water diffuses from the region of
lower solute concentration (higher free water concentration) to the area of higher
solute concentration (lower free water concentration)- until equilibrium is reached.
o Osmosis is a method of _____________________ transport
(water in = water out)
• ___________________________- concentration outside the cell is greater than inside the cell.
(water leaves)
• ___________________________- concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell.
(water enters)
(or help) the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane.
• Still requires movement from an area of ______________________
concentration to ________________________ concentration.
• Does not require _______________________.
• Frequently involves _________________________ molecules.
• Active Transport- moves solute from low to high concentration. Requires __________
(usually _____________). Uses carrier proteins.
o Active transport allows a cell to have an internal concentration different from
its surroundings.
transport that exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane.
• Membrane Potential – the difference in _________________ across the cell membrane.
(ranges from -50 to -200 mV)
o The inside of the cell is ______________________ relative to the outside.
membrane. Requires energy.
forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
• Phagocytosis- cell ___________________
• Pinocytosis- cell _____________________
• Unicellular Organism- organism with _____ cell.
o Do everything a multicellular organism can do (grow, respond to
environment, transform energy, reproduce, etc).
o Outnumber multicellular organisms.
• Multicellular Organisms- have _________________ cells.
o Require ____________________________________________________- where cells develop in
different ways that allow them to perform unique tasks.
• ________________________- groups of similar cells that perform a particular function.
• ________________________- groups of tissues working together.
• _______________________________________- a group of organs that work together to perform
a specific function.
exterior body surfaces.
• ___________________________- provides support for the body and connects all body parts.
• ___________________________- transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
• ___________________________- enables the body to move.
can reproduce indefinitely and under appropriate
conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
BACTERIAL CELL
_________________________.
_______________________________________.
• Contain _____________________ to help with locomotion.
• Many bacterial cells also contain ______________, which help them attach onto other
surfaces.