cell structure and function chapter 4 part 1. impacts, issues: food for thought a strain of e. coli...
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Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 4 Part 1
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Impacts, Issues:Food For Thought
A strain of E. coli bacteria that causes severe illness or death occasionally contaminates foods such as ground beef and fresh vegetables
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4.1 The Cell Theory
The cell theory, a foundation of modern biology, states that cells are the fundamental units of life
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Measuring Cells
One micrometer (μm) is one-thousandth of a millimeter
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Fig. 4-2a, p. 54
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Fig. 4-2b, p. 54
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Fig. 4-2c, p. 54
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Animalcules and Beasties
Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to describe small organisms seen through a microscope, which he called animalcules and beasties
Hooke was the first to sketch and name cells
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Development of the Microscope
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Fig. 4-3a, p. 55
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Fig. 4-3a (right), p. 55
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Fig. 4-3a (right), p. 55
sample holder
lens
focusing knob
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Fig. 4-3b, p. 55
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Fig. 4-3b, p. 55
oil lamp water flask
specimen
focusing knob
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The Cell Theory Emerges
In 1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the basic concepts of the modern cell theory• All organisms consists of one or more cells• A cell is the smallest unit with the properties of life• Each new cell arises from division of another,
preexisting cell• Each cell passes its hereditary material to its
offspring
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4.2 What Is a Cell?
Cell• The smallest unit that shows the properties of life
All cells have a plasma membrane and cytoplasm, and all start out life with DNA
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The Basics of Cell Structure
Eukaryotic cell• Cell interior is divided into functional
compartments, including a nucleus
Prokaryotic cell• Small, simple cells without a nucleus
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All Cells Have Three Things In Common
Plasma membrane• Controls substances passing in and out of the cell
DNA containing region• Nucleus in eukaryotic cells• Nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells
Cytoplasm• A semifluid mixture containing cell components
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Fig. 4-4a, p. 56
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Fig. 4-4a, p. 56
plasma membrane
DNA
cytoplasm
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Fig. 4-4b, p. 56
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Fig. 4-4b (1), p. 56
cytoplasm
DNA in nucleus
plasma membrane
b Plant cell (eukaryotic)
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Fig. 4-4b (2), p. 56
cytoplasm
DNA in nucleus
plasma membrane
c Animal cell (eukaryotic)
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Cell Size
Surface-to-volume ratio restricts cell size by limiting transport of nutrients and wastes
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Animation: Surface-to-volume ratio
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Preview of Cell Membranes
Lipid bilayer• A double layer of phospholipids organized with
their hydrophilic heads outwards and their hydrophobic tails inwards
• Many types of proteins embedded or attached to the bilayer carry out membrane functions
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Basic Structure of Cell Membranes
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Fig. 4-6a, p. 57
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Fig. 4-6a, p. 57
hydrophilic head
two hydrophobic tails
A A phospholipid, the main type of lipid in cell membranes.
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Fig. 4-6b, p. 57
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Fig. 4-6b, p. 57
one layer of lipids
one layer of lipids
B A lipid bilayer has two layers of lipids, the tails of which are sandwiched between the heads. Proteins (not shown) typically intermingle among the lipids.
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Fig. 4-6c, p. 57
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Fig. 4-6c, p. 57
fluid
lipid bilayer
fluid
C The hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids bathe in the watery fluid on both sides of the bilayer.
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Animation: Lipid bilayer organization
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4.1-4.2 Key Concepts:What All Cells Have In Common
Each cell has a plasma membrane, a boundary between its interior and the outside environment
The interior consist of cytoplasm and an innermost region of DNA
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4.3 How Do We See Cells?
We use different types of microscopes to study different aspects of organisms, from the smallest to the largest
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Modern Microscopes
Light microscopes• Phase-contrast microscopes • Reflected light microscopes• Fluorescence microscopes
Electron microscopes• Transmission electron microscopes• Scanning electron microscopes
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Light and Electron Microscopes
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Fig. 4-7a, p. 58
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Fig. 4-7a, p. 58
path of light rays (bottom to top) to eye
prism that directs rays to ocular lens
ocular lens
objective lenses
specimen stagefocusing
knob condenser lens
illuminator
light source (in base)
A A compound light microscope has more than one glass lens.
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Fig. 4-7b, p. 58
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Fig. 4-7b, p. 58
incoming electron beam
condenser lens
specimen on grid
objective lens
projective lens
phosphor screen
B Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Electrons passing through a thin slice of a specimen illuminate a fluorescent screen. Internal details of the specimen cast visible shadows, as in Figure 4.8 d .
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Animation: How a light microscope works
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Animation: How an electron microscope works
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Different Microscopes, Different Characteristics
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Fig. 4-8a, p. 59
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Fig. 4-8b, p. 59
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Fig. 4-8c, p. 59
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Fig. 4-8d, p. 59
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Fig. 4-8e, p. 59
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Fig. 4-8, p. 59
a) Light micrograph. A phase-contrast micro-scope yields high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as cells.
b) Light micrograph. A reflected light micro-scope captures light reflected from opaque specimens.
c) Fluorescence micro-graph. The chlorophyll molecules in these cells emitted red light (they fluoresced) naturally.
d) A transmission electron micrograph reveals fantastically detailed images of internal structures.
e) A scanning electron micro-graph shows surface details of cells and structures. Often, SEMs are artificially colored to highlight certain details.
Stepped Art
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Resolving Power
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Fig. 4-9, p. 59
human eye, no microscopelight microscopes
electron microscopes hummingbirdshumans
lipids virus most animal cells and plant cellsmitochondria,
chloroplasts
most bacteriasmall
molecules frog eggproteins
0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1 m 10 m 100 m
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4.3 Key Concepts:Microscopes
Microscopic analysis supports three generalizations of the cell theory: • Each organism consists of one or more cells and
their products • A cell has a capacity for independent life • Each new cell is descended from a living cell
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4.4 Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria and archaea are the prokaryotes (“before the nucleus”), the smallest and most metabolically diverse forms of life
Bacteria and archaea are similar in appearance and size, but differ in structure and metabolism
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General Prokaryote Body Plan
Cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane• Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) or proteins (in
archaea) and coated with a sticky capsule
Flagellum for motion
Pili help cells move across surfaces• Sex pilus aids in sexual reproduction
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General Prokaryote Body Plan
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Fig. 4-10, p. 60
flagellum
capsulecell wallplasma membrane
cytoplasm, with ribosomesDNA in nucleoid
pilus
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Animation: Typical prokaryotic cell
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Archaeans
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Fig. 4-11a, p. 60
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Fig. 4-11b, p. 60
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Fig. 4-11c, p. 60
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Bacteria
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4.5 Microbial Mobs
Although prokaryotes are all single-celled, few live alone
Biofilm• Single-celled organisms sharing a secreted layer
of polysaccharides and glycoproteins• May include bacteria, algae, fungi, protists, and
archaeans
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A Biofilm
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4.4-4.5 Key Concepts:Prokaryotic Cells
Archaeans and bacteria are prokaryotic cells, which have few, if any, internal membrane-enclosed compartments
In general, they are the smallest and structurally the simplest cells
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4.6 Introducing Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic (“true nucleus”) cells carry out much of their metabolism inside membrane-enclosed organelles
Organelle• A structure that carries out a specialized function
within a cell
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotes: Animal and Plant Cells
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Fig. 4-14a, p. 62
vacuole
plasma membrane
mitochondrion
nucleus
1 µm(a) Human white blood cell.
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Fig. 4-14b, p. 62
cell wall
central vacuole
plasma membrane
chloroplast
mitochondrion
nucleus
1 µm
(b) Photosynthetic cell from a blade of timothy grass.
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Animation: Cell membranes
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Animation: Cytoskeletal components
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Animation: Overview of cells
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Animation: Structure of a mitochondrion I
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Animation: Structure of a mitochondrion II