cell structure and function - weebly...cell structure and function chapter 3 cell theory 3.1 key...
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![Page 1: Cell Structure and Function - Weebly...Cell Structure and Function Chapter 3 CELL THEORY 3.1 Key Concept •Cells are the Basic unit of life Cell Theory •Due to the invention and](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041104/5f03e51b7e708231d40b4bb5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 3
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CELL THEORY 3.1
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Key Concept
• Cells are the Basic unit of life
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Cell Theory
• Due to the invention and improvement of the microscope
• Many scientists contributed
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Cell Theory
• A unifying concept of biology
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Three Principles of C.T.
1. All organisms are made of cells.
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Three Principles of C.T.
2. All cells are produced by other existing cells.
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Three Principles of C.T.
3. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
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All Cells
• Share certain characteristics: – cells tend to be microscopic
– all cells are enclosed by a membrane
– all cells are filled with cytoplasm
cell membrane
cytoplasm
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Cell Types
• Two basic types of cells: – prokaryotic cells - eukaryotic cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
• Examples: – bacteria
– blue-green algae
• Lack a nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Examples: – plant cells
– animal cells
• Have a nucleus
• Have membrane-bound organelles
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CELL ORGANELLES 3.2
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Key Concept
• Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.
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Cells Have an Internal Structure
• The cytoskeleton – supports and shapes the cell
– helps position and transport organelles
– provides strength
– assists in cell division
– aids in cell movement
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Nucleus
• Stores genetic information
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Make proteins and membranes
• Two types: – Rough ER
• contain ribosomes
– Smooth ER • no ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus
• Packages proteins for secretion outside of the cell
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Ribosomes
• Link amino acids to form proteins
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Vesicles
• Membrane-bound sacs that hold materials
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Mitochondria
• Supply energy to the cell
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Vacuole
• Fluid-filled sacs that hold materials
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Lysosomes
• Contain enzymes to digest materials
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Centrioles
• Tubes found in the centromeres – help divide DNA
– form cilia and flagella
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Plant Cells
• Have cell walls – provides rigid
support
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Plant Cells
• Have chloroplasts – convert solar energy to chemical energy
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CELL MEMBRANE 3.3
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Key Concept
• The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment.
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Cell Membranes
• Composed of two layers • Two major functions:
– forms a boundary between the inside and outside of the cell
– controls passage of materials
cell membrane outside cell
inside cell
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Structure of C.M.
• Phospholipid bilayer • Other molecules are embedded in the
membrane • Called the fluid mosaic model
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Selectively Permeable
• Allows only certain substances in or out
Some molecules
can cross the
membrane while
others cannot.
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DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS 3.4
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Key Concept
• Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.
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Passive Transport
• Does not require energy input from a cell – allows molecules to move across a cell
membrane • Two types:
– diffusion – osmosis
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Diffusion
• No energy required
• Moves from high to low concentration
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Osmosis
• Diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane
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Types of Solutions
• Isotonic
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
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Isotonic
• Equal concentration of dissolved particles
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Hypertonic
• Higher concentration of dissolved particles outside the cell
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Hypotonic
• Higher concentration of dissolved particles inside the cell
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Transport Proteins
• Allow some molecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
• Called facilitated diffusion
HIGH
LOW
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, AND EXOCYTOSIS
3.5
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Key Concept
• Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.
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Active Transport
• Requires energy input from a cell – ATP
• Substances go from low to high concentration
• Occurs through transport protein pumps
• Used to maintain homeostasis
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Active Transport
• Many models & mechanisms
ATP ATP
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Endocytosis
• Transport of materials inside the cell – can be large material – or large quantities of materials
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
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Exocytosis
• Transport of materials outside the cell