cell theory all organisms are composed of cells the cell is the smallest unit of living matter ...

BIOLOGY UNIT 3

CELL THEORY All organisms are composed of cells

The cell is the smallest unit of living matter

Cells arise from pre-existing cells

Information is passed on to cells in the form of DNA

PROKARYOTIC v EUKARYOTIC

Prokaryotic Cells(Bacteria)

Eukaryotic Cells(Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)

Average diameter 0.5 – 5µm (10 times smaller in diameter) (100 – 1000 times smaller in volume) DNA is circular and lies free in the cytoplasm (circular chromosome in the nucleoid) (rings of accessory DNA called

plasmids) Smaller ribosomes NO Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES Cell wall present (made of cross-linked

peptidoglycan) No true nucleus present Other structures may include: flagellum,

capsule, mesosome, pili)

Often up to 40 µm in diameter (size can vary) (10 times larger in diameter) (100 – 1000 times larger in

volume) DNA is not circular and is contained in the

nucleus (chromosomes) Larger ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum present (may contain

ribosomes) CONTAINS MEMBRANE BOUND

ORGANELLES single membrane eg: lysosomes, golgi body,

vacuoles double membrane eg: nucleus, mitochondria no membrane eg: ribosomes May have cell walls eg. Plants NUCLEUS present with nucleus containing

DNA

The Importance of compartmental organisationo Allows cells to carry out a variety of different functions at the same timeo The membranes of the organelles have important roles themselves and often contain many of the necessary proteins

• Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Structure > Prokaryotic Cells

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_section_59&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

https://www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_section_59&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

https://www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_section_59&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

PLANT CELLS v ANIMAL CELLS

Plant Cells Animal Cells NO CELL WALL NO CHLOROPLASTS MAY CONTAIN SMALLER

TEMPORARY VACUOLES

Mitochondria Cell Membrane Nucleus + Nucleolus Golgi Body ER Ribosomes Lysosomes Cytoplasm Centrioles

CELLULOSE CELL WALL CHLOROPLASTS (Containing

chlorophyll) LARGE PERMANENT VACUOLE Mitochondria Cell membrane Nucleus + Nucleolus Golgi Body ER Ribosomes Lysosomes Cytoplasm Centrioles

PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CELL

ORGANELLESCELL MEMBRANELOCATION: - surrounding the cell and below the

cell wall in plants

FUNCTION: - gives the cell shape and Protection from the exterior world. Regulates the movements of substances into and out of the cell. Has fluid type movement due to the PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER and contains various proteins

PLANT CELLS:- Yes

ANIMAL CELLS:- Yes

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- Yes

RIBOSOMES(no membranes)

LOCATION:- Free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

FUNCTION:- Comprise of a complex ribosomal RNA and protein and are the site of polypeptide/protein synthesis

PLANT CELLS:- Yes

ANIMAL CELLS:- Yes

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- No

Mitochondria

LOCATION:- In the cytoplasm enclosed by a double membrane

FUNCTION:- Responsible for energy production via ATP. Site of Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. Contain mitochondrial DNA. Matrix and folded cristae are sites for cellular respiration

PLANT CELLS:- Yes

ANIMAL CELLS:- Yes

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- No (only very high powered light microscope)

Golgi Apparatus(single membrane)

LOCATION:- In the cytoplasm, associated with the smooth ER, often close to the nucleus

FUNCTION:- Flattened sacs (cisternae) are constantly being formed from one end by vesicles which bud off from the smooth ER and broken down at the other end to form Golgi vesicles. Collects, processes and sorts molecules (esp. Proteins and lipids) ready for transport in the Golgi vesicles. Used to make lysosomes.

PLANT CELLS:- Yes

ANIMAL CELLS:- Yes

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- No (only very high powered light microscope)

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMLOCATION:- Throughout the whole cytoplasm often closely associated with the nuclear envelope.

FUNCTION:- Rough endoplasmic reticulum houses ribosomes. Membranes form a system of flattened sacs (cisternae) which can go on to form the golgi apparatus. The rough ER transports proteins formed by ribosomes throughout the cell.

PLANT CELLS:- Yes

ANIMAL CELLS:- Yes

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- No

CHLOROPLASTS(double membrane)

LOCATION:-Within the cytoplasm, particularly in the cells at the surface of leaves in plants

FUNCTION:- The site of photosynthesis. The light-dependant stage taking place in the thylakoids and involves the absorbtion of blue and red light wavelengths that eventually energise the electron transport system. The light-independant stage occurs in the stroma and produces sugar molecules via the Calvin-Benson cycle. Contains its own DNA.

PLANT CELLS:- YES

ANIMAL CELLS:- NO

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- YES

CENTRIOLES

LOCATION:- Found in the cytoplasm, usually near the nucleus

FUNCTION:- Arranged at right angles to each other and comprising of microtubules. The centrioles help organise chromosomes via poles during cell replication. They ARE NOT found in most higher plants.

PLANT CELLS:- Variable (not in higher plants)

ANIMAL CELLS:- YES

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- NO

CILIA & FLAGELLA

LOCATION:- Anchored in the cell membrane and extending outside of the cell

FUNCTION:- Flagella are often limited to 1 per cell and cilia may be many. They are structures used in locomotion, particularly in water

PLANT CELLS:- NO

ANIMAL CELLS:- YES

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- Occasionally (depending on the preparation)

CELLULOSE CELL WALL

LOCATION:- Surrounds the plant cell and sits outside the plasma membrane

FUNCTION:- Provides rigidity and strength, supports the cell against changes in turgor (water pressure)

PLANT CELLS:- YES

ANIMAL CELLS:- NO


LYSOSOMES(single membrane)

LOCATION:- Throughout the cytoplasm

FUNCTION:- Contain digestive enzymes which aid in the digestion of foreign matter (eg. Bacteria) as well as the cells own organic material. The digestive enzymes function best at pH 5 (acidic) and therefore cause minor damage if small amounts are leaked. Large amounts may cause cell death via autodigestion

PLANT CELLS:- YES (variably, vacuoles have lysosomal function)

ANIMAL CELLS:- YES

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- NO

VACUOLE(single membrane)

LOCATION:- Free in the cytoplasm

FUNCTION:- In plants they are large and permanent and involved in storage and support. In animal cells they are smaller and can be formed via phagocytosis (FOOD VACUOLES) to be then digested by lysosomes. Also used for storage of water, wastes and soluble pigments

PLANT CELLS:- YES (large & permanent)

ANIMAL CELLS:- YES (smaller & often numerous)

LIGHT MICROSCOPE:- YES (plant cell) NO (animal cell)

NUCLEUS(double membrane)

LOCATION:- within the cytoplasm, position variable

FUNCTION:- The control centre of the cell containing the nuclear material (DNA). Surrounded by a porous envelope, allowing RNA into and out of the nucleus.

PLANT CELLS:- YES

ANIMAL CELLS:- YES


Cell Surface Size

• Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.

• When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell's increasing volume, a cell will either divide or die.

• The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to 1,

V = lxwxh = 1x1x1 = 1mm3 SA = lxwx6 = 1x1x6 = 6mm2 SA:V = 6:1

• The cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1.

V = lxwxh = 2x2x2 = 8mm3 SA = lxwx6 = 2x2x6 = 24mm2 SA:V = 24:8 = 3:1


Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_03.png View on Boundless.com

SURFACE AREA to VOLUME RATIO IN CELLS

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_03.png

https://www.boundless.com/image/fig-ch04-02-03?campaign_content=book_1514_section_59&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

SURFACE AREA to VOLUMEDue to Surface Area:Volume

Ratios, Cells are limited in their size.

The greater the volume of a cell the more requirements necessary. Howver, the surface area ratio will be lower and therefore exchanging materials with its surroundings will be less efficient. Meaning the cell cannot survive

The same principal applies to multi-cellular organisms that exchange materials (eg. O2/CO2) through their skin such as insects

This is why insects cannot be the size of an Elephant!


Cell Structure

What makes an organism a prokaryote?

A) They have plasma membranes to protect them from their surrounding environment.

B) It's cellular components are found within cytoplasm.

C) Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles.

D) They contain DNA and ribosomes within the cell.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless - Key Term. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Cell Structure

What makes an organism a prokaryote?

A) They have plasma membranes to protect them from their surrounding environment.

B) It's cellular components are found within cytoplasm.

C) Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles.

D) They contain DNA and ribosomes within the cell.

http://www.boundless.com/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/



Cell Structure

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?

A) DNA

B) cell membrane

C) cell wall

D) endoplasmic reticulum

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Cell Structure

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?

A) DNA

B) cell membrane

C) cell wall

D) endoplasmic reticulum





Cell Structure

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A) nucleus

B) vacuoles

C) mitochondrion

D) ribosomes

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comOpenStax OER. "Eukaryotic Cells." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

Cell Structure

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A) nucleus

B) vacuoles

C) mitochondrion

D) ribosomes



http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latest


Cell Structure

Eukaryotic cells contain the following:

A) all of these answers

B) a nucleus that is not surrounded by a membrane

C) circular chromosomal structures within a membrane-bound nucleus

D) structures that specialize in energy production


Cell Structure

Which of the following are correct regarding diffusion through the lipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane?

A) Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together.

B) Only materials that are relatively small and non-polar can go through easily.

C) Polar molecules are repelled by the non-polar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

D) All of these answers are correct.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comOpenStax OER. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/

Cell Structure

Which of the following are correct regarding diffusion through the lipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane?

A) Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together.

B) Only materials that are relatively small and non-polar can go through easily.

C) Polar molecules are repelled by the non-polar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

D) All of these answers are correct.



http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/


Cell Structure

If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, which nucleus-synthesized organelles would be affected?

A) Proteins

B) Chromosomes

C) Ribosomes

D) DNA


Cell Structure

A primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells is:

A) to produce ATP that powers the cell.

B) to synthesize proteins from mRNA.

C) to contain the cell's hereditary material.

D) to transport proteins outside of the cell.


Cell Structure

In mitochondria, the process of using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide as a waste product is due to what cellular reaction?

A) It is a by-product of cellular respiration.

B) It is due to mitochondria's generation of iron and sulfur clusters.

C) It is a result of important cofactors of many enzymes.

D) It is due to the associative reaction of anaerobic eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes.


Cell Structure

What is an important difference between plant cells and animal cells?

A) Heterotrophs capture light energy to produce their own food.

B) Animal and bacterial cells contain chlorophyll, but it is not bound within organelles.

C) Animal cells are able to capture light energy through stroma.

D) Plants are able to make their own food through the use of chloroplasts, which enable photosynthesis.


Cell Structure

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________.

A) organ

B) organelle

C) cell

D) macromolecule

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comOpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest

Cell Structure

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________.

A) organ

B) organelle

C) cell

D) macromolecule



http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest


Cell Structure

The ________ is the basic unit of life.

A) organism

B) cell

C) tissue

D) organ

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comOpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest

Cell Structure

The ________ is the basic unit of life.

A) organism

B) cell

C) tissue

D) organ



http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest


Cell Structure

Which of the following best describes traits associated with an electron microscope?

A) The microscope stains the electrons in a specimen.

B) The microscope uses visible light to identify cell structures.

C) The microscope allows for a maximum magnification of 1000 times the original size.

D) The microscope uses a beam of electrons to provide high resolving power and high magnification.


Cell Structure

Which of the following is a core component of the cell theory?

A) All energy flow occurs within the cell.

B) The cell is the basic unit of life.

C) Both the cell is the basic unit of life and all new cells arise from existing cells.

D) All new cells arise from existing cells.

cell theory all organisms are composed of cells the cell is the smallest unit of living matter ...

Documents

cell shape

cell walls

various proteins plant

preexisting cells information

cell theoryall organisms

double membrane function

vacuoles double membrane

times smaller