cell transport. what is the function of the cell membrane? regulates what enters and leaves the cell...
TRANSCRIPT
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CELL TRANSPORT
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE?
•Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Provides protection
• Provides support
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE?
• Semipermeable barrier that allows for passage of materials in and out of the cell
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE?
• “selects” materials for passage based on:
1.Size of molecule
2.Concentration differences
3.Polarity of molecules
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STRUCTURE
• FLUID MOSAIC•Membrane is constantly changing and molecules are able to move
• FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS
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STRUCTURE
1. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
*a double layer of lipids• HYDROPHOBIC TAIL•Afraid/dislikes of water
• HYDROPHILIC HEAD• Loves water
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STRUCTURE
The interior and exterior have polar (hydrophilic) regions which come in contact with water.
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STRUCTURE
The “middle” has a nonpolar (hydrophobic) zone which makes it difficult for materials to pass through.
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STRUCTURE
2. PROTEINS*act as tunnels (or channels) for materials to pass through the hydrophobic middle of the membrane*two types
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STRUCTURE
• INTEGRAL PROTEINS• Found embedded within the
lipid bilayer
• PERIPHERAL PROTEINS• Found on the interior or
exterior of the lipid bilayer
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STRUCTURE
3. CHOLESTEROL*embedded within the “tails” of the bilayer to help maintain fluidity (flexibility) of the cell membrane
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STRUCTURE
4. CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS*long chains of sugars that are connected to the exterior surface*main function: cell identification or recognition
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STRUCTURE
When attached to lipids they are called….
GlycolipidsWhen attached to proteins
they are called…Glycoproteins
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Passive Transport Active Transport
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TRANSPORT
• PASSIVE
•No energy is being used.
•Moves WITH the concentration gradient.
• (High to Low)
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TRANSPORT
• ACTIVE
•Energy MUST be used.
•Moves AGAINST the concentration gradient
• (Low to High)
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
1. DIFFUSION•The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach an EQUILIBRIUM.
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
2. OSMOSIS
• The diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane.
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
OSMOSIS—3 Effects
• Isotonic
•Hypertonic
•Hypotonic
*Will discuss later
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
3. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• Molecules still move from higher to lower concentration.
• Diffusion… using carrier
proteins.
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• The movement of materials AGAINST a concentration gradient…• Moving from lower
concentration to higher concentration.• Requires ENERGY!!!
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Solute Pumping•Sodium-Potassium Pump•“pumps” Sodium (Na) out and Potassium (K) in
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pump_works.html
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
BULK TRANSPORTENDOCYTOSIS• Taking material INTO the cell
EXOCYTOSIS• Taking
material OUT of the cell
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ENDOCYTOSIS—2 TYPES
•PHAGOCYTOSIS
“Cell eating”
•PINOCYTOSIS
“Cell drinking”
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THE EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS
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ISOTONIC
• ISO = same• The water and
solute concentrations inside and outside of the cell are the same.
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ISOTONIC
• RESULT: Equal movement of water into and out of the cell…normal cells-- EQUILIBRIUM
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HYPERTONIC
• HYPER = over, above• The solution
outside the cell contains more solutes (which means less water).
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HYPERTONIC• RESULT: Water
moves from a greater concentration (inside cell) to lesser concentration (outside cell)…cells CRENATE (they shrink).
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HYPOTONIC
• HYPO = under, below• The solution
outside the cell contains less solutes (which means more water).
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HYPOTONIC• RESULT: Water
moves from a greater concentration (outside cell) to lesser concentration (inside cell)…cells LYSE (they swell, and possibly burst).
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MWl3DCa2uM
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CELL COMMUNICATION
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WHY CELLS COMMUNICATE
• To share information
• To coordinate activities
• To find mates
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METHODS OF COMMUNICATION• DEPEND ON:•Whether target is specific or
general
•Whether target is close or far away
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HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE
1. Sending signals
• Direct contact between membranes
• Hormones (chemical)
• Nerves (electrical)
• Environmental (light)
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HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE
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HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE
2. Receiving Signals
• Receptor proteins (bind to signal molecules)
• Responds only to signals important for its function
• Relays info to cell
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HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE
3. Responding to Signals
• Change membrane permeability (open/close protein channels)
• Activate enzymes (cause chemical reactions)
• Forms a secondary messenger (acts to signal responses inside cytoplasm)
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HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE