Cells

Basic Biological Principles(Bio.A.1)

All living things:are made of cellsobtain and use energygrow and developreproduce on their ownrespond to their environmentadapt to their environment

Characteristics of Living Things

Cell TheoryAll living things are made up of cells.

Cells are the basic units of both structure and function in living things.

New cells are made only from existing cells.

LIFE IS CELLULAR

All cells have:Plasma membrane (cell membrane) – thin layer that surrounds cells

Cytoplasm – gel like material inside cells (the “juice”)

Genetic material (DNA and/or RNA)

Ribosome – organelle where proteins are made

BASIC CELL STRUCTURE

Some cells have:Cell wall – a more rigid structure on the outside of some plasma membranes

Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (brain of the cell)

Mitochondria – a membrane-bound organelle where energy is released (respiration)

Chloroplasts – a membrane-bound organelle (a type of plastid) where glucose is made (photosythesis)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins

Golgi apparatus – a membrane-bound organelle that packages and processes proteins

Vacuole – a membrane-bound organelle that stores water and nutrients

All cells fall into two categories of cells:1. Prokaryotes

Includes bacteria and Archaea2. Eukaryotes

Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (like amoebas and paramecium)

DIVERSITY OF LIFE

All Cells

Prokaryotes

Archaea Bacteria

Eukaryotes

Protists Fungi Animals Plants

No membrane-bound organelles (“little organs” in cells)

No nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplastsHave DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma

membrane, and cell wallUnicellularFossil evidence shows that bacteria have

been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years

CHARACTERISTIC OF PROKARYOTES

Bacterium

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kimicontrol.com/microorg/Bacillus%20anthracis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kimicontrol.com/edu-e.html&h=400&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=2&sig2=piJEag5SpagL3v_bkluC5g&um=1&usg=__dYsCWoo86qqm-Di6yfTY8yxbdco=&tbnid=rGlrYkHhifgOEM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&ei=aVvmSI2eOKPcNNO_lPwL&prev=/images?q=bacillus&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4GGLJ_enUS269US270&sa=N

Plasma membrane-covering of ALL cells, lets material into and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm-gel like substance found outside of the nucleus that holds the organelles in place

Cytoskeleton-gives cell shape and holds organelles in place

Ribosomes-make proteinOrganelles that are membrane bound (ex.

mitochondria and chloroplasts)Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have

been on the earth for approximately 1 billion years.

Can be unicellular or multicellular

CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTES

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve)

Tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell)

Organ – groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function (ex. brain or heart)

Organ systems – groups of organs that work together to perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or nervous system)

Body – groups of organ systems

Levels of organization in multicellular organisms