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Page 1: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

CELLS

Page 2: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

The Basic Unit: Cells

Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things

A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of over 300 billion cells!

Whole body estimate? 60 trillion Not all cells are alike; some are specialized

(they perform functions that no other cells do

Blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, gland cells

Page 3: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

The Cell Theory

Robert Hooke (1665) – the first to use the word “cell” to describe what he saw

Observed a piece of cork through a microscope

What he actually saw were the walls of dead plant cells

Later scientists observed living things – they observed protoplasm

One made observation of plants. Another of animals

Page 4: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

The Cell Theory

All of these observations were combines to form the modern cell theory: All cells come from preexisting cells All living things are made of cells and of the

products of cells The functions of living things are performed

by the cells they are made of

Page 5: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Cellular Functions

All cells use energy All cells manufacture materials All cells respond to their environment All cells reproduce themselves

Page 6: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Answer the following questions: Who was the first English scientist to use

the word “cell”? According to the cell theory, can

anything not made of cells be alive? Explain your answer.

What happens when a cell stops using energy?

Page 7: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Answer the following questions: Who was the first English scientist to use

the word “cell”? According to the cell theory, can

anything not made of cells be alive? Explain your answer.

What happens when a cell stops using energy?

Page 8: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Molecules and Life

The smallest unit that can be alive is the cell – but there are smaller structures within a cell

The smaller structures are essential for organism survival

Molecule – made up of atoms Most molecules belong to 1 of 4 categories:

Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids (fats)

Page 9: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Molecules and Life

Molecules from these categories: Are used to build cells Store energy Regulate cell activities Store genetic information

Page 10: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches They are made of only carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Simple sugar: glucose (C6H12O6) Other examples: cellulose, starch,

glycogen

Page 11: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Proteins

They are very diverse and involved in almost everything a living cell does!

They may: Store food Fight disease (antibodies) Help your muscles move Enzymes

Made up of amino acids There are 20 common amino acids (the

arrangement is important, especially for enzymes)

Page 12: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Nucleic Acids

How does a cell know which amino acids to line up to build the proper protein? This information is stored in the cell’s DNA

Nucleic acids contain all the instructions that living cells need to make proteins and maintain life.

Made up of smaller molecules: nucleotides Two major kinds of nucleic acids:

DNA RNA

Page 13: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Nucleic Acids

Three things you need to know about nucleic acids: The arrangement of the nucleotides in DNA

forms a code The DNA code determines which amino

acids will be in a protein The RNA helps in protein synthesis by using

the coded instructions in DNA

Page 14: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Lipids

Fats and lipids are the same things Too much can be unhealthy…but they

are important to maintaining good health.

It serves as energy storage Membranes contain lipids Lipid molecules in a membrane:

Structural Communicative Transportive

Page 15: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Warm-up

Finish your lab write up from Friday Label the next two pages in your

interactive notebooks: Left: Membranes what? 10/4/10 Right: Membranes 10/4/10

Page 16: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Membranes

Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, a thin covering that forms the outer boundary of the cell

Membranes sense and respond to changes in the surrounding environment

Membrane structure: Composed of molecules of lipids and proteins The most accurate model: Fluid mosaic model

Lipid molecules form a flexible (fluid), two-layered film in which proteins are embedded

Page 17: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Membrane Properties

Selective Permeability: This means only certain molecules can go

through the cell membrane Molecules of water, oxygen, and carbon

dioxide are small enough to pass, but others are too large (starch and protein)

One of the main ways that substances can pass through is by passive transport Movement of substances across a membrane

without using energy

Page 18: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Membrane Properties

Diffusion A movement of molecules from an area of

high concentration to low until it reaches equilibrium

Osmosis The diffusion of water through a selectively

permeable membrane Active transport

Another way substances move across the membrane – but REQUIRES ENERGY!

Movement from area of low concentration to high OR when molecules are too big to pass

Page 19: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Leeuwenhoek

Let’s read the Facet together… The Father of Microscopy He called the organisms he viewed

“animalcules” (or beasties)

COMPLETE IDEAS 4A

Page 20: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Answer the following ?’s

The thin covering that cells have is the ___________

Name the membrane model that is considered to be the most accurate.

What did Leeuwenhoek call the organisms he views with his microscopes?

Does osmosis require a cell to expend energy?

What type of transport requires energy?

Page 21: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Cell are like tiny factories in many ways Factories have: headquarters, power

supplies, manufacturing equipment, clean-up crews, and shipping departments

All cells have three basic parts: Cellular boundaries The cytoplasm Genetic material

Page 22: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Cell boundaries Plants – cell walls Animal cell – cell (plasma) membrane

Keep things in and out; controls what allows to go in and out

Cytoplasm A thick fluid that contains many organelles Organelles – the parts of the cell that perform

many functions needed to keep the cell alive Genetic Material

Nucleus – compact, roundish structure that functions as the control center of the cell. This contains the genetic info (DNA)

Page 23: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Mitochondria – the cell’s powerhouse; site

of energy production

Page 24: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Endoplasmic Reticulum – ER for short; a

maze of passageways; it connects the nucleus to the cell membrane; functions as the cell’s delivery system.

Page 25: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Ribosomes – tiny organelles directing the

assembling of proteins; serve as major building materials of cells; scattered throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the ER; These make PROTEINS!

Page 26: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Golgi Apparatus – chemicals from the

cytoplasm are collected here; believed to be connected with the ER; packages chemicals and distributes them throughout the cell

Page 27: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Vacuoles – look like bubbles and serve as

containers inside the cytoplasm of some cells; may contain food, water, wastes, fats, or chemicals being

Page 28: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Lysosomes – tiny-enzyme filled capsules;

circulate in the cytoplasm and us their enzymes as a demolition crew; dissolve away cellular structures not needed; also help keep foreign invaders out.

Page 29: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Chloroplasts – ONLY IN PLANT CELLS;

contain chlorophyll (which captures energy from sunlight and the energy is then used to make sugar through a process called photosynthesis)

Page 30: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Nucleus – compact, roundish structure;

functions as the control center; contains genetic information of the cell; surrounded by a nuclear membrane; contains chromosomes (composed of DNA)

Page 31: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Cilia and Flagella Cilia – short, hair like structures on the

outer part of a cell Flagella – a single, whiplike tail Both provide for movement

LABEL THE TWO diagrams I gave you on the set of handouts. Look on page 56 for help!

Page 32: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Typical Parts of Cells

Cilia and Flagella Cilia – short, hair like structures on the

outer part of a cell Flagella – a single, whiplike tail Both provide for movement

LABEL THE TWO diagrams I gave you on the set of handouts. Look on page 56 for help!

Page 33: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

WARM-UP

TODAY IS A REVIEW DAY. YOU WILL ACCOMPLISH THE FOLLOWING:

IDEAS 4B, 4C, 4D Then you will work on the Chapter Review found in

your books p. 63 and What did you learn. This will be completed on a separate sheet of notebook paper.

YOU should have plenty of time to complete. THESE ARE INDEPENDENT ASSIGNMENTS. IF you choose not to work in class, you have that much more homework!

WE will grade these assignments first thing tomorrow.

TALKING means you are not following directions. SO, let’s get to work!

Page 34: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

WARM-UP

TODAY IS A REVIEW DAY. YOU WILL ACCOMPLISH THE FOLLOWING:

IDEAS 4B, 4C, 4D Then you will work on the Chapter Review found in

your books p. 63 and What did you learn. This will be completed on a separate sheet of notebook paper.

YOU should have plenty of time to complete. THESE ARE INDEPENDENT ASSIGNMENTS. IF you choose not to work in class, you have that much more homework!

WE will grade these assignments first thing tomorrow.

TALKING means you are not following directions. SO, let’s get to work!

Page 35: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

WARM-UP

Turn to the next two pages in your interactive notebook:

Left page: “Cellular organization, what?” Right Page: “Cellular organization”

We will pass back your work from yesterday and we are going to go over Ideas 4A-D and take a grade as well as Chapter Review questions.

Page 36: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Cellular Organization

Most cells need other cells to survive Exception: paramecium; unicellular; feeds itself

Larger organisms divide the functions they need to survive among many cells.

Tissue: a group of cells working together to perform a specific function

Organ: groups of different kinds of tissues that work together to accomplish a particular function

There is a division of labor among the tissues and organs or multicellular organisms

Page 37: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Answer the following questions:

A group of cells that perform a particular function is called a _______________

______________ means that the functions of an organism are performed by different parts of its body

Complete Ideas 5A

Page 38: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Warm up:

Complete Ideas 5A

Page 39: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Warm up:

Get your interactive notebook and label the next two pages as following:

“Activities of cells, what?” and date (LEFT)

“Activities of cells” and date (RIGHT)

Page 40: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration – the breakdown of an energy source (sugar) by cells to obtain useable energy.

This process requires many enzymes, which serve as catalysts

Catalysts – substances that help change other substances without being permanently changed themselves

Page 41: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Cellular Respiration

Sugar is the most common energy source in cellular respiration

It takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

Sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

Two types of cellular respiration: Aerobic respiration – requires oxygen; make

more useable energy Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen

Page 42: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Cellular Respiration

Two types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation): Alcoholic fermentation

Bread dough rising; leaven; yeast Lactic acid fermentation

Yogurt, cottage cheese, buttermilk Muscles – lactic acid build up can cause muscle

soreness

Page 43: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Photosynthesis

The process that most producer organisms use to change light energy into chemical energy (producer organisms make their own food)

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy sugar + oxygen

Light is changed to energy (sugar) Occurs in the chloroplast, which contain

chlorophyll Chlorophyll, a green pigment, that absorbs light

energy and uses it to power photosynthesis.

Page 44: CELLS. The Basic Unit: Cells Cells – tiny living structures that make up all living things A human liver – which weighs about 3 lb, is made up of

Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts: Have two membranes Contains things that look like stacks of

coins

Complete Ideas 5B, C, and D – what you do not finish, you will finish for homework! So, let’s stay on task!


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