cells the fundamental units of life. cell theory 1.all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CELLS
The Fundamental Units of Life
![Page 2: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization for all organisms.
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
![Page 3: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cells Are Small• Most are too small to be
seen with the unaided eye…so Microscopes are used.
• A Light Microscope uses visible light shone through glass lenses.
• A “thin section” of specimen is required.
• van Leeuwenhoek
![Page 4: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Principles of Microscopy
• LIGHT
• REFRACTION
• MAGNIFICATION
• RESOLUTION
![Page 5: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RESOLUTION
![Page 6: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cells!
![Page 7: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CELLS
• Eukaryotic Cells (animals, plants, fungi, protists)
– Complex & relatively large.– Membrane-bound nucleus & organelles.– 80-S Ribosomes.
• Prokaryotic Cells (archaea, bacteria)
– Simple & relatively small.– NO Membrane-bound nucleus & organelles.– 70-S Ribosomes.
![Page 8: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CELLS
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
![Page 9: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Organelles = “little organs” (not really)
Membrane-bound
![Page 10: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ORGANELLES
• Nucleus– Isolates the DNA & provides access to its
hereditary information.– The “control center” of the cell (Transcription).
![Page 11: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope (a double membrane) with Pores.
2. Nucleolus• rRNA• Proteins• Ribosomes
3. Nucleoplasm with Chromatin/Chromosomes.
![Page 12: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ribosomes
• Not true organelles, more “structures”.
• Protein factories.
• 2 sub-units.
• Free (in cytoplasm), more for intracellular activities.
• Bound (on E.R.), often for extracellular activities (secretion) & packaging within certain organelles.
![Page 13: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Endomembrane System
• Synthesis of Proteins & their transport.
• Packaging of Proteins for transport out of the cell (secretion) or to other areas of the cell.
• Modification of Proteins.
• Transport of lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, etc.
![Page 14: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Endomembrane System
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)– Rough E.R.– Smooth E.R.
2. Golgi Apparatus
3. Vesicles– Lysosomes
(also, nuclear envelope, vacuoles, and plasma membrane)
![Page 15: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Network of interconnected membranes
(continuous with the nuclear envelope).
• Flattened or tubular.
![Page 16: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rough E.R.
• The site of protein manufacture & initial modification, particularly of secretory proteins.
• Formation (budding) of Transport Vesicles.
![Page 17: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Smooth E.R.
• Modification of proteins & formation of Lipids.– Lipid-derived hormones (steroids) are
synthesized, including sex hormones (testosterone, etc.) in certain glands.
– Detoxification (drugs, alcohol, caffeine, etc. ) in liver cells.
![Page 18: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus
• Major modification, sorting, & shipping of ER-produced items (esp. for secretion).
• Addition of non-protein portions to protein molecules.
![Page 19: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lysosomes• Vesicles carrying digestive enzymes –
hydrolytic (proteolytic) enzymes.
• Animal Cells.
• Digestion of food brought in by phagocytosis.
![Page 20: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lysosomes
• Digestion and recycling of old & damaged organelles within the cell: Autophagy.
![Page 21: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Endomembrane System
![Page 22: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Vacuoles• Large vesicles with particular functions.
– Food Vacuoles.– Contractile Vacuoles.– Central Vacuole w/ tonoplast in Plant Cells.
•Storage.
•Dissolved Solutes.
•Dumping Ground.
•Protection.
•Shape.
![Page 23: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mitochondrion
• Site of cellular respiration = energy production.
Carbohydrates ATP
• Not part of endomembrane system.
• Have their own DNA, RNA, Proteins, and Ribosomes (70-S).
• Grow and reproduce independently.
• Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists.
![Page 24: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mitochondrion
• Surrounded by a double membrane – an envelope.
Outer Membrane
Inner membrane (Cristae)
Matrix
![Page 25: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chloroplast
• Site of Photosynthesis = acquisition of chemical energy from sunlight.
Sunlight + CO2 Carbohydrates• A plastid (not part of endomembrane
system).• Have their own DNA, RNA, Proteins, and
Ribosomes (70-S).• Grow and reproduce independently.• Plants, Protists.
![Page 26: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Chloroplast
• Surrounded by a double membrane – an envelope.
Inner Membrane (Grana composed of stacked Thylakoids) Stroma
Outer Membrane
![Page 27: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
• Fiber-like structures that lend organization.• Support (providing a scaffolding onto which
organelles & vesicles can be organized).• Shape (maintain particular shape depending
on the cell’s location and/or function).• Transport of materials around or out of the
cell.• Motility of the whole cell from one location to
another.
![Page 28: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments
Keratin Subunits
Tubulin Actin Keratin
![Page 29: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
• Permanent– Flagella– Cilia– Muscle Contraction– Scaffolding & Shape
Maintenance
![Page 30: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
• Transient– Spindle Fibers– Transport filaments
![Page 31: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cell Wall
• OUTSIDE the Cell Membrane (technically, outside the cell!)
• Various proteins & glycoproteins in Prokaryotes.
• Cellulose in Plants.
• Chitin in Fungi.
![Page 32: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cell
![Page 33: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Endosymbiont Theory
![Page 34: CELLS The Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Theory 1.All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic living unit, providing organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649e745503460f94b74dd2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Onion Cells