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Cellular Communication Chapter 11

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Cellular CommunicationCellular Communication

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Local communicationLocal communicationIn what ways do cells communicate locally?

In what ways do cells communicate locally?

•In what ways do In what ways do cells cells

communicate communicate over longer over longer distances?distances?

Regulation by chemical messengers

axon

endocrine gland

receptor proteins

target cell

• Neurotransmitters released by neurons

• Hormones release by endocrine glands

receptor proteins

hormone carried by blood

neurotransmitter

Lock & Keysystem

Three Stages of Cell SignalingThree Stages of Cell Signaling

ReceptionReception11

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

ReceptorReceptor

SignalingSignalingmoleculemolecule

Plasma membranePlasma membrane

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

11

Fig. 11-6-2Fig. 11-6-2

ReceptionReception11

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

ReceptorReceptor

SignalingSignalingmoleculemolecule

Plasma membranePlasma membrane

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

11

Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathwayRelay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

TransductionTransduction22

Fig. 11-6-3Fig. 11-6-3

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

Plasma membranePlasma membrane

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

ReceptorReceptor

SignalingSignalingmoleculemolecule

Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathwayRelay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

ActivationActivationof cellularof cellularresponseresponse

ReceptionReception TransductionTransduction ResponseResponse11 22 33

Steroid Hormones:Steroid Hormones:

HormoneHormone(testosterone)(testosterone)

ReceptorReceptorproteinprotein

PlasmaPlasmamembranemembrane

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

DNADNA

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

What type of What type of Molecule is Molecule is a steroid?a steroid?

ReceptorReceptorproteinprotein

HormoneHormone(testosterone)(testosterone)

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

PlasmaPlasmamembranemembrane

Hormone-Hormone-receptorreceptorcomplexcomplex

DNADNA

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

HormoneHormone(testosterone)(testosterone)

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

ReceptorReceptorproteinprotein

PlasmaPlasmamembranemembrane

Hormone-Hormone-receptorreceptorcomplexcomplex

DNADNA

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

HormoneHormone(testosterone)(testosterone)

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

PlasmaPlasmamembranemembrane

ReceptorReceptorproteinprotein

Hormone-Hormone-receptorreceptorcomplexcomplex

DNADNA

mRNAmRNA

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

HormoneHormone(testosterone)(testosterone)

EXTRACELLULAREXTRACELLULARFLUIDFLUID

ReceptorReceptorproteinprotein

PlasmaPlasmamembranemembrane

Hormone-Hormone-receptorreceptorcomplexcomplex

DNADNA

mRNAmRNA

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS New proteinNew protein

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

Peptide HormonesNuerotransmittersPeptide HormonesNuerotransmitters

How will the How will the structure of structure of

these moleculesthese molecules cause cause

them to target them to target a cell a cell

differently?differently?

Action of protein hormonesAction of protein hormones

activatesenzyme

activatesenzyme

activates enzyme

ATP

produces an action

P1

2

3

cytoplasm

receptor protein

response

reception

secondarymessengersystem

signal-transduction pathway

acts as 2° messenger

target cell

plasma membrane

binds to receptor protein

proteinhormone

ATPactivatescytoplasmicsignal

cAMP

GTP

activatesG-protein

transduction

adrenal gland

Ex: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline)

Ex: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline)

activatesprotein kinase-A

activatesglycogen phosphorylase

activates adenylyl cyclase

epinephrine

liver cell

releasedto blood

1

25

receptorproteinin cell membrane

cytoplasm

6glycogen

activatesphosphorylase kinase

GTP

cAMP

4

activatesG protein

ATP

glucose

activates GTP

3

signal

transduction

response7

GDP

Ion Channel Receptors

Ion Channel Receptors

SignalingSignalingmoleculemolecule(ligand)(ligand)

GateGateclosedclosed IonsIons

Ligand-gatedLigand-gatedion channel receptorion channel receptor

PlasmaPlasmamembranemembrane

Gate openGate open

CellularCellularresponseresponse

Gate closedGate closed33

22

11

Seen withSeen with neurotransmittersneurotransmitters

TransductionTransduction

Signaling moleculeSignaling molecule

ReceptorReceptorActivated relayActivated relay

moleculemolecule

InactiveInactiveprotein kinaseprotein kinase

11 ActiveActiveproteinproteinkinasekinase

11

InactiveInactiveprotein kinaseprotein kinase

22ATPATP

ADPADP ActiveActiveproteinproteinkinasekinase

22

PP

PPPPPP

InactiveInactiveprotein kinaseprotein kinase

33ATPATP

ADPADP ActiveActiveproteinproteinkinasekinase

33

PP

PPPPPP

ii

ATPATPADPADP PP

ActiveActiveproteinproteinPPPP

PP ii

InactiveInactiveproteinprotein

CellularCellularresponseresponse

Phosphorylation cascade

Phosphorylation cascadeii

Second MessengersSecond Messengers

First messengerFirst messengerFig. 11-11Fig. 11-11

G proteinG protein

AdenylylAdenylylcyclasecyclase

GTPGTP

ATPATP

cAMPcAMPSecondSecond

messengermessenger

ProteinProteinkinase Akinase A

G protein-coupledG protein-coupledreceptorreceptor

Cellular responsesCellular responses

Benefits of a 2° messenger system

Benefits of a 2° messenger system

Amplification!Amplification!

signal

receptor proteinActivated adenylyl cyclase

amplification

amplification

amplification

amplification

GTP G protein

product

enzyme

protein kinase

cAMP

Not yetactivated

1

2

4

35

6

7

FAST response!

amplification

Cascade multiplier!

Cellular ResponseCellular Response

EXTRA-EXTRA-CELLULARCELLULAR

FLUIDFLUIDSignaling moleculeSignaling molecule(first messenger)(first messenger)

G proteinG protein

GTPGTP

G protein-coupledG protein-coupledreceptorreceptor Phospholipase CPhospholipase C PIPPIP22

IPIP33

DAGDAG

((secondsecond messengermessenger))

IPIP33-gated-gatedcalcium channelcalcium channel

EndoplasmicEndoplasmicreticulum (ER)reticulum (ER) CaCa2+2+

CYTOSOLCYTOSOL

G proteinG protein

EXTRA-EXTRA-CELLULARCELLULAR

FLUIDFLUIDSignaling moleculeSignaling molecule(first messenger)(first messenger)

G protein-coupledG protein-coupledreceptorreceptor Phospholipase CPhospholipase C PIPPIP22

DAGDAG

IPIP33

(second messenger)(second messenger)

IPIP33-gated-gatedcalcium channelcalcium channel

EndoplasmicEndoplasmicreticulum (ER)reticulum (ER) CaCa2+2+

CYTOSOLCYTOSOL

CaCa2+2+

(second(secondmessengermessenger))

GTPGTP

FigFig

G proteinG protein

EXTRA-EXTRA-CELLULARCELLULAR

FLUIDFLUIDSignaling moleculeSignaling molecule(first messenger)(first messenger)

G protein-coupledG protein-coupledreceptorreceptor Phospholipase CPhospholipase C PIPPIP22

DAGDAG

IPIP33

(second messenger)(second messenger)

IPIP33-gated-gatedcalcium channelcalcium channel

EndoplasmicEndoplasmicreticulum (ER)reticulum (ER) CaCa2+2+

CYTOSOLCYTOSOL

VariousVariousproteinsproteinsactivatedactivated

CellularCellularresponsesresponses

CaCa2+2+

(second(secondmessenger)messenger)

GTPGTP

Fig. 11-14Fig. 11-14GrowthGrowth factorfactor

ReceptorReceptor

PhosphorylationPhosphorylationcascadecascade

ReceptionReception

TransductionTransduction

ActiveActivetranscriptiontranscription

factorfactorResponseResponse

PP

InactiveInactivetranscriptiontranscription

factorfactor

CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

DNADNA

NUCLEUSNUCLEUS mRNAmRNA

GeneGene

Fig. 11-15Fig. 11-15

ReceptionReception

TransductionTransduction

ResponseResponse

Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule)Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule)

Inactive G proteinInactive G protein

ActiveActive G protein (10G protein (1022 molecules molecules))

Inactive adenylyl cyclaseInactive adenylyl cyclaseActive adenylyl cyclase (10Active adenylyl cyclase (1022))

ATPATP

Cyclic AMP (10Cyclic AMP (1044))

Inactive protein kinase AInactive protein kinase AActive protein kinase A (10Active protein kinase A (1044))

Inactive phosphorylase kinaseInactive phosphorylase kinase

Active phosphorylase kinase (10Active phosphorylase kinase (1055))

Inactive glycogen phosphorylaseInactive glycogen phosphorylase

Active glycogen phosphorylase (10Active glycogen phosphorylase (1066))

GlycogenGlycogenGlucose-1-phosphateGlucose-1-phosphate

(10(1088 molecules) molecules)

Homology in hormonesHomology in hormones

prolactin

mammals

milkproduction

birds

fatmetabolism

amphibians

metamorphosis& maturation

fish

salt &water

balance

growth& development

What does this tell you about these hormones?

growthhormone

same gene familygene duplication?

How could these hormones have different effects?

How can 1 signal

molecule have

multiple responses?

How can 1 signal

molecule have

multiple responses?

ApoptosisApoptosis

Cell signaling exampleCell signaling example

Fig. 11-19Fig. 11-19

2 µm2 µm

Fig. 11-20aFig. 11-20a

Ced-9Ced-9protein (active)protein (active)inhibitsinhibits Ced-4 Ced-4

activityactivity

MitochondrionMitochondrion

Ced-4Ced-4 Ced-3Ced-3ReceptorReceptorfor death-for death-signalingsignalingmoleculemolecule

Inactive proteinsInactive proteins

(a) No death signal(a) No death signal

Fig. 11-20bFig. 11-20b

(b) Death signal(b) Death signal

Death-Death-signalingsignalingmoleculemolecule

Ced-9Ced-9(inactive)(inactive)

CellCellformsformsblebsblebs

ActiveActiveCed-4Ced-4

ActiveActiveCed-3Ced-3

ActivationActivationcascadecascade

OtherOtherproteasesproteases

NucleasesNucleases

Fig. 11-21Fig. 11-21

Interdigital tissueInterdigital tissue 1 mm1 mm