cellular respiration and fermentation. review the purpose of photosynthesis is to take kinetic...
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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
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Review The purpose of photosynthesis is to take
kinetic light energy and convert it into potential chemical energy in the form of GLUCOSE
In order to build glucose, low energy CO2 and H20 molecules are built up using light energy.
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Chloroplasts fix carbon
which requires energy input
Mitochondria release energy from organic
molecules
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Cellular Respiration Goal – To BREAK DOWN glucose and use energy to produce ATP
Can happen WITH oxygen present Aerobic
Can happen WITHOUT oxygen present Anaerobic
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Two Routes an organism can release energy Fermentation (aka anaerobic respiration)
Takes place entirely in the cytoplasm (no mitochondria necessary)
Only nets 2 ATP (inefficient) per glucose No oxygen necessary!
Aerobic Cellular Respiration Takes place mostly in mitochondria Nets 36 ATP per glucose Oxygen necessary!
Either way, both start with the same process, Glycolysis, which means “glucose splitting”
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Overview of Cell Respiration and Fermentation
Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
IT ALL STARTS WITH GLYCOLYSIS!!!!
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Glycolysis
Glucose
To the electron transport chain
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Glycolysis Summary
• One molecule of glucose split in half two molecules of pyruvic acid
• Uses 2 ATP to start the process but gets 4 ATP back in the end. (Net 2 ATP!)
• 4 high energy electrons are removed from the carbon compounds and passed to an electron carrier– 2 NAD+ 2 NADH– Electrons carriers will take high energy electrons to
the electron transport chain for later use!
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What happens after glycolysis?• Depends on who you are and what your oxygen
availability is.• In order to move forward with cell respiration, you
must have the following;– Mitochondria– Available Oxygen
• If an organism does not have one or more of these, big problem as all available NAD+ molecules will be used-up. Without available NAD+, glycolysis shuts down and now not even 2 ATP generated from glucose via glycolysis
• Enter fermentation AKA anaerobic respiration.
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Fermentation
• Release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen
• AKA: Anaerobic respiration– Two forms:
• Alcoholic fermentation• Lactic acid fermentation
– NADH reverts back to NAD+ in both types by dropping back off their electrons and H ions.
– With NAD+ freed up again, ATP production can continue via glycolysis
•
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Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in many cells
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
In foods, production of acid results in characteristic flavors of cheeses and yogurt
This is what happens in our muscles when we exercise heavily “feel the burn”
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Lactic Acid Fermentation Point of this happening is so the NADH can
go back to NAD+ and keep glycolysis going!
Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid
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Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in yeast and a few other
microorganisms
Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ Bread dough rising Wine and Beer fermentation
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Alcohol Fermentation
(same as pyruvate)
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Uses – producing alcohol
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Uses – producing CO2 Bubbles
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3 Possible Pathways
Fermentation Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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Aerobic Cellular RespirationTHE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS UTILIZE
OXYGEN TO BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MOLECULES INTO WASTE PRODUCTS, WITH THE RELEASE OF ENERGY THAT CAN BE USED FOR BIOLOGICAL WORK.
Using energy from glucose into ATP!
Equation
6O2 + C6H1206 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
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Cellular Respiration - 3 Main Steps 1.Glycolysis (same process as in fermentation)
Occurs in cytoplasm of cell Net 2 ATP per glucose
2. Krebs Cycle Occurs in mitochondria Net 2 ATP per glucose
3. Electron Transport Chain Occurs in mitochondria Net 32 ATP per glucose
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Glucose(C6H1206)
+Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebsCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)+
Water(H2O)
Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
GlucoseGlycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and FADH2 Electron
Transport Chain
Mitochondrion
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Overview of Aerobic Respiration
Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Acetyl
CoA
2 2 32
6 NADH2 NADH
2 FADH22 NADH
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After Glycolysis……. With free 02 and mitochondria, a cell can
release even more energy from pyruvic acid. Only 10% of total energy of glucose released in
glycolysis! We already know how glycolysis “splits” a
glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid, so lets pick up with what happens AFTER glycolysis
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Structure of the Mitochondria
• Outer membrane• Inner membrane• Inter-membrane space• Cristae
– Projections of the inner membrane– Contain the enzymes of the ETS, ATP synthase
• Matrix– Inside area of the mitochondria
• Cells can contain 10 – 1000s of Mitochondria
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Kreb’s Cycle Big Picture
Further break-down of pyruvic acid molecules into CO2 via series of energy releasing reactions.
Energy which is released is used to generate ATP (one per pyruvic acid molecule)
Electrons released during cycles used to make; NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2 Will be used later in electron transport (check to be
cashed!)
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Before Pyruvic Acid enters the Kreb’s cycle, it get modified;
• Carbon removed C02• Electrons removed NADH• Coenzyme A joins the remaining 2-carbon
molecule acetyl-CoA• Acetyl-CoA joins up with a 4-carbon compound
already in the cycle and forms………… Citric Acid (6 carbon molecule)!
• Equation:– Pyruvic acid Acetyl Co A + CO2 + NADH
• Entry into Krebs Cycle– Acetyl CoA + 4-C (oxaloacetate) Citric Acid (6-C)
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Kreb’s Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion
IMPORTANT!
This cycle is repeated twice for
each glucose molecule!
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Results of Krebs Cycle
• Per Glucose molecule (2 cycles)– 2 ATP– 6 NADH To electron transport chain– 2 FADH2 To electron transport chain– 6 CO2 (waste product) (4 in Krebs 2 in shuttle
step)– Also, 2 NADH were generated just before
Kreb’s Cyles started when pyruvic acid was converted to Acetyl-CoA!
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Electron Transport Big Idea
All those high energy electrons which have been saved-up until now can be “cashed-in” for some big ATP gains!
Electron transport links the movement of these high-energy electrons with the formation of ATP!
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Electron Transport Electrons passes along an “electron transport
chain” Prokaryotes
Chain is a series of carrier proteins on cell membrane
Eukaryotes (one we really care about) Chain is a series of carrier proteins located on
inner membrane of mitochondria.
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Electron Transport High Energy electrons passed along transport
chain At end of chain, electrons passed to H+ and
Oxygen to form H20. Oxygen is final electron acceptor
Oxygen is important for the main reason that it accepts the low energy electrons and hydrogen ions which are wastes of cellular respiration!
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Electron Transport and ATP production The movement of electrons down transport chain is
coupled to the movement of hydrogen ions across inner membrane into the intermembrane space
Hydrogen ion gradient established Special transport proteins along inner membrane
called ATP synthases. As hydrogen moves through ATP synthase, ADP and
P joined to form ATP! CALLED CHEMIOSMOSIS
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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
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The importance of oxygen• Must be present to accept electrons and protons
of hydrogen. Becomes WATER!
• Krebs and ETS cannot function without O2
• Photosynthesis and respiration– Products of Photosynth. are the raw materials for
cellular respiration and vice versa– Both utilize ETS– Krebs and Calvin are similar, both involve
rearrangements of carbon compounds– Krebs forms ATP, NADH and FADH2 while Calvin
uses ATP and NADPH
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Grand Totals Net 36 ATP per glucose
38% efficiencyExceeds efficiency of gas combustion in a car.
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Totals:Step ATP NADH FADH2 Total ATP
(net)Glycolysis 2 (net) 2* 0 6
Prep Step 0 2 6Krebs Cycle 2 6 2 24
*energy is expended to get NADH (glycolysis) to ETSOnly 2 ATP per NADH from glycolysis
3 ATP per NADH (prep and Krebs); 2 ATP per FADH2
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Energy and Exercise Quick energy
ATP contained in muscles used in a few seconds After that:
Anaerobic (weight lifting, sprinting – high ATP demands short term) Most ATP through lactic acid fermentation (90
seconds) Lots of oxygen required to get rid of buildup (oxygen
dept) Sore muscles – caused by tissue damage
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(cont.) Aerobic (jogging, light weights, - med ATP
demands long term) First use ATP/glucose in blood
Glycogen Lasts for 15-20 minutes
Body breaks down fats after that