Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration

Aunt Mabel’s altercation with Aunt Mabel’s altercation with the police and subsequent the police and subsequent

strange disappearance!strange disappearance!

3 Stooges inherit $$

Investment StrategiesInvestment Strategies

GlycoBank:

$100 gets turned into 2 $50 bills and $4

(really only a net gain of $2 after the initial $2

service charge for opening a new

account)

Moe’s brilliant plan!Moe’s brilliant plan!

Mrs. Krebs earns $2 more

ETC earns $32 more for a total of $36

Curly’s less than brilliant Curly’s less than brilliant plan…plan…

Earned only original $2 and sore muscles from lactic acid buildup.

Louie’s Gym

Larry’s least brilliant plan…Larry’s least brilliant plan…

Moe’s Bar

Earned only original $2 and alcohol and CO2 poisoning.

Stooges InvestmentsStooges Investments

GlycoBank2 $50 bills$2 interest

Mrs. Krebs $2ETC $32

Net gain $36

Louie’s Gym$0

Net gain $2

Moe’s Bar$0

Net gain $2

The End of the StoryThe End of the Story

Curly won a “Mr. Universe” contest last year.

Larry had to go to “detox” for a while but now he heads up AA meetings in Honeoye Falls.

With all his money, Moe became a wealthy playboy and married well!

And you thought they became famous movie actors!

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration is the process of Cellular Respiration is the process of converting food to release energy in the converting food to release energy in the form of ATP.form of ATP.

All living things perform cellular respiration All living things perform cellular respiration 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!24 hours a day, 7 days a week!

The equation for cellular respiration is:The equation for cellular respiration is: 6O6O22 + C + C66HH12120066 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + O +

energyenergy 6 oxygen + 1 glucose 6 oxygen + 1 glucose reacts to formreacts to form 6 Carbon 6 Carbon

Dioxide+ 6 water+ Dioxide+ 6 water+ ATPATP

ATP/ADP CycleATP/ADP CycleADP (Adenosine Di-phosphate) - a molecule that contains some energy, but can store more energy when it gains a third phosphate molecule. When this happens, it forms ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate).

An ATP molecule is like a full battery, while ADP is like a half-full battery

respiration

Energy used for:

metabolism

Energy produced by:

__________

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Aerobic Respirationw/ Oxygen

Lactic AcidFermentationw/out Oxygen

AlcoholFermentationw/out Oxygen

Takes place in the CYTOPLASMTakes place in the CYTOPLASMA molecule of Glucose is split into A molecule of Glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid & energy is released2 pyruvic acid & energy is released2 ATP provide activation energy 2 ATP provide activation energy

needed to start reactionneeded to start reactionCC66HH1212OO66 + 2ATP + 2ATP enzymesenzymes 2 pyruvic acid 2 pyruvic acid

+ 4ATP+ 4ATPNet gain of ______Net gain of ______NO OXYGEN is required for glycolysis NO OXYGEN is required for glycolysis

to occur!to occur!

Step 1: GlycolysisStep 1: Glycolysis

2 ATP

Glucose

To the electron transport chain

 GlycolysisSection 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

OO22 must be present must be presentTakes place in Takes place in

MITOCHONDRIA (Powerhouse)MITOCHONDRIA (Powerhouse)Produces 18 times as much energy Produces 18 times as much energy

as is produced in glycolysis aloneas is produced in glycolysis aloneHas 2 major stages:Has 2 major stages:

Krebs CycleKrebs CycleElectron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain

I love…I love…

Sydnie And Rachel :DSydnie And Rachel :D

Part I. Aerobic Respiration,Part I. Aerobic Respiration,KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is changed to citric acid.mitochondria and is changed to citric acid.

NAD+ is changed to NADH and FADH is NAD+ is changed to NADH and FADH is changed to FADHchanged to FADH2 2 (needed in the next step)(needed in the next step)

Electron carriersElectron carriers

2 2 ATPATP are produced are produced2 CO2 CO22 molecules are made (exhalation) molecules are made (exhalation)

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Part I.Aerobic Respiration Part I.Aerobic Respiration ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

(ETC)(ETC) In the mitochondria’s inner membrane, In the mitochondria’s inner membrane,

NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22 produced during produced during __________ and _______________ donate high __________ and _______________ donate high energy electrons to carrier proteins.energy electrons to carrier proteins.

These proteins pump Hydrogen ions These proteins pump Hydrogen ions across to the intermembrane space. An across to the intermembrane space. An ELECTRONIC GRADIENT is established ELECTRONIC GRADIENT is established (mucho energy!!)(mucho energy!!)

KREBS CYCLE

GLYCOLYSIS

ETC continued…ETC continued…

The H+ ions rush back across the The H+ ions rush back across the membrane through a special protein membrane through a special protein (enzyme) called ATP SYNTHASE.(enzyme) called ATP SYNTHASE.

ADP is converted to ADP is converted to ATPATP in the in the process.process.

The ETC produces 32 ATPs per The ETC produces 32 ATPs per molecule of glucose!!molecule of glucose!!

Electron Transport ChainSection 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

What if oxygen is What if oxygen is not not available!!available!! In that case, ______________and In that case, ______________and

________ do not occur!!!________ do not occur!!!

Instead, _________________ occurs Instead, _________________ occurs after glycolysis.after glycolysis.

In animals (including humans) this In animals (including humans) this process is called process is called LACTIC ACID LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION!FERMENTATION!

the Krebs cycleETC

Anaerobic respiration

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

In this process, In this process,

2 pyruvic acid 2 lactic acid2 pyruvic acid 2 lactic acid

NADH loses its electron and is converted NADH loses its electron and is converted back to NAD+ (so more glycolysis can back to NAD+ (so more glycolysis can occur)occur)

NO ATP is produced… just the NO ATP is produced… just the potential for glycolysis to continue!!potential for glycolysis to continue!!

Anaerobic Lactic Acid Anaerobic Lactic Acid Fermentation Cool Facts!Fermentation Cool Facts!

Lactic Acid Fermentation by Microorganisms plays an Essential role in the manufacture of Food Products such as YOGURT and CHEESE

Lactic Acid Production in humans Lactic Acid Production in humans results in muscle fatigue.results in muscle fatigue.

It is also very inefficient compared to It is also very inefficient compared to Aerobic respiration!!!Aerobic respiration!!!

I hate Lactic Acid… it buhhns my bulging

muscles!!!

Another form of Anaerobic Another form of Anaerobic RespirationRespiration

In yeast ( a unicellular fungi), this In yeast ( a unicellular fungi), this process is process is ALCOHOL FERMENTATION.ALCOHOL FERMENTATION.

_______________ from glycolysis is _______________ from glycolysis is converted to alcohol and _____ is converted to alcohol and _____ is produced as waste.produced as waste.

Pyruvic acid2CO2CO22

Alcohol Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation continued…continued…

NADH loses its electron and is NADH loses its electron and is converted back to NAD+ (so more converted back to NAD+ (so more glycolysis can occur)glycolysis can occur)

NO ATP is produced from alcohol NO ATP is produced from alcohol fermentation… just the potential fermentation… just the potential for glycolysis to continue!!for glycolysis to continue!!

Some Facts/Questions to Some Facts/Questions to ponder…ponder…

Some organisms use only anaerobic respirationSome organisms use only anaerobic respiration Other organisms can use aerobic when oxygen Other organisms can use aerobic when oxygen

is available & anaerobic when oxygen is not is available & anaerobic when oxygen is not available (like humans and other animals)available (like humans and other animals)

Where do organisms who use anaerobic Where do organisms who use anaerobic respiration get ATP?respiration get ATP?

If no energy is produced why go through the If no energy is produced why go through the process?process?

Can bread get you wasted??Can bread get you wasted??

GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

 Cellular Respiration

Mitochondrion

Section 9-1

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

Nearly all of the energy that Nearly all of the energy that powers ____ on Earth originally powers ____ on Earth originally comes from the ____.comes from the ____.

Some organsims, called Some organsims, called _________, are able to use light _________, are able to use light energy from the sun to energy from the sun to __________ food.__________ food.

lifesun

autotrophs

synthesizeThere’s more to it than this!! YouTube - Spongebob photosynthesis

Examples of Autotrophs:Examples of Autotrophs:

Auto = “self” Troph = “nutrition”Auto = “self” Troph = “nutrition” Green plantsGreen plants

AlgaeAlgae

Other photosynthetic protistsOther photosynthetic protists

Euglena

Modes of Nutrition…Modes of Nutrition…

____________ must get their food by ____________ must get their food by consuming autotrophs or other consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs. heterotrophs.

BOTH autotrophs and heterotrophs must BOTH autotrophs and heterotrophs must break down food into a usable form of break down food into a usable form of energy called ________energy called ________

heterotrophs

ATP

Photosythesis Photosythesis in a nutshell…in a nutshell…

This is the This is the key cellular processkey cellular process that is that is associated with __________ production.associated with __________ production.

Photosynthesis uses ___________ from Photosynthesis uses ___________ from the sun, _______________ gas and the sun, _______________ gas and water to make water to make high energy high energy ________________________________. .

__________ gas is also produced as a __________ gas is also produced as a waste product. waste product.

energy light energy

carbon dioxide

carbohydratesoxygen

The photosynthesis The photosynthesis equationequation

6H6H22O + 6COO + 6CO22 C C66HH12120066 + 6O + 6O2 2

6 water + 6 Carbon Dioxide 6 water + 6 Carbon Dioxide reacts to formreacts to form glucose + 6 oxygen glucose + 6 oxygen

The equation is the The equation is the oppositeopposite of of ________________________!!________________________!!

Light energy

enzymes

cellular respiration

Harnessing the power of Harnessing the power of the sunthe sun

Photosynthesis is powered by a raw form Photosynthesis is powered by a raw form of energy from the sun.of energy from the sun.

The sun’s energy reaches the Earth as The sun’s energy reaches the Earth as different wavelengths of visible and non-different wavelengths of visible and non-visible light. ( visible light. ( we can only see a fraction of it!)we can only see a fraction of it!)

Humans see light as color,Humans see light as color,

Which is _________off of objects.Which is _________off of objects.reflectedThis t-shirt absorbs all colors except red, which we view because it is reflected.

Photosynthetic Photosynthetic pigments…pigments…

___________ is the pigment in green ___________ is the pigment in green plants which captures light energy.plants which captures light energy.

It is found in _____________.It is found in _____________.

chlorophyll

ChloroplastsRemember

we have our own

DNA, too!

Chlorophyll absorbs…Chlorophyll absorbs…

It reflectsIt reflects ……

blueviolet light

Which are used in photosynthesis.

Green light

When chlorophyll is exposed to sunlight, electrons are excited. They are picked up by electron carriers (NADP+ to NADPH) sound familiar?!?!

The force is very strong in this

class…..Understanding

photosynthesis, they are.

Light-Dependent Reactions Light-Dependent Reactions (or light reactions)(or light reactions)

Takes place within the Takes place within the thylakoid thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.membranes of the chloroplasts.

Requires ___________ to take place. Requires ___________ to take place. As light is absorbed, H20 is split into H As light is absorbed, H20 is split into H

and O. Electrons from water recharge and O. Electrons from water recharge those that chlorophyll lost to form those that chlorophyll lost to form NADPH.NADPH.

sunlight

Behold the beautiful

light of the suns!

Light Reactions Light Reactions Continued…Continued…

Take me to the movies!

Light RXNS continued…Light RXNS continued…

The electrons from chlorophyll enter an The electrons from chlorophyll enter an _______________________ (ETC)._______________________ (ETC).

1.1. Proteins in the membrane cause Proteins in the membrane cause _____________ to enter the _____________ to enter the innermembrane space of the innermembrane space of the ________________.________________.

2.2. An electronic __________ is An electronic __________ is established!!established!!

Protons (H+)

Electron Transport Chain

chloroplast

gradient

They have penetrated the Death Star!!!

Light RXNS, again….Light RXNS, again….

_________________ (enzyme) allows _________________ (enzyme) allows H+ to rush back across the membrane. H+ to rush back across the membrane. ADP is converted to ______ADP is converted to ______

Products of light reactions:____________,

____________ and _______

ATP Synthase

ATP

Oxygen gas

ATPNADPH

The DARK Reactions The DARK Reactions (AKA: The Calvin Cycle)(AKA: The Calvin Cycle)

These reactions take place in the stroma These reactions take place in the stroma of the _____________ and DO NOT of the _____________ and DO NOT require ________________.require ________________.

CO2 is taken from the atmosphere, and using CO2 is taken from the atmosphere, and using ATPATP and and NADPHNADPH from the from the light rxnslight rxns, A three , A three carbon molecule called PGAL is made.carbon molecule called PGAL is made.

Sunlight energychloroplast

ATPADP

NADPHNADP+

CO2 PGAL

I won the Nobel Prize for

Chemistry in 1961 for my discovery

of the Calvin Cycle…Funny, ‘cause my last name is Calvin,

too!!

MELVIN, I AM YOUR FATHER.JOIN THE DARK SIDE…

Uh oh! Does that mean Princess

Leia is my sister?!? But I love

her!

Dark Rxns, concluded…Dark Rxns, concluded…

Two molecules of Two molecules of PGALPGAL are are combined to make combined to make ______________.______________.

C

C

C

CC66HH1212OO66 (Glucose) (Glucose)

C

C

C

GLUCOSE

Factors Affecting Factors Affecting PhotosythesisPhotosythesis The _____at which photosynthesis The _____at which photosynthesis

occurs is affected by 3 main factors (thus occurs is affected by 3 main factors (thus affecting the amount of glucose affecting the amount of glucose produced)produced)

rate

Amount of water

Temperature

Intensity of sunlight

Amount of waterAmount of water

adaptations

Water returns electrons to chlorophyll, so Water returns electrons to chlorophyll, so a limited supply of water will a limited supply of water will stopstop photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Many plant have Many plant have _______________________to _to conserve water. conserve water. Examples:Examples:

TemperatureTemperature

Photosynthesis uses _____________ Photosynthesis uses _____________ which function best between 0 and 35 which function best between 0 and 35 degrees C. (32- 100 degrees F)degrees C. (32- 100 degrees F)

This is the ________ temperature range This is the ________ temperature range for photosynthesis to take place.for photosynthesis to take place.

enzymes

optimal

Intensity of SunlightIntensity of Sunlight

With a greater intensity of sunlight, plants With a greater intensity of sunlight, plants can perform ______________________!can perform ______________________!

There is much greater intensity in the There is much greater intensity in the tropics_______________________ than tropics_______________________ than there is a higher latitudes.there is a higher latitudes.

Tropical climates can support more Tropical climates can support more _______________ and have _______________ and have ___________________________.___________________________.

more photosynthesis

( 0 to 23.4 degrees latitude)( 0 to 23.4 degrees latitude)

biodiversity

A continuous growing season

Biology withdrawl:Biology withdrawl: