cellular respiration process that makes energy for all life on earth it is the transfer of chemical...
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Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
• Process that makes energy for all life on earth• It is the transfer of chemical bond energy of
organic molecules to the chemical bond energy of ATP
• Remember:– Making chemical bonds stores energy– Breaking chemical bonds releases energy
• Respiration breaks the bonds of glucose, so it releases energy
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Harvesting energy stored in food• Cellular respiration– breaking down food to produce ATP• in mitochondria• using oxygen
– “aerobic” respiration
– usually digesting glucose• but could be other sugars,
fats, or proteins
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O+ + +
glucose + oxygen energy + carbon + water dioxide
O2
food ATP
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Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
Plantl Cells
Animal Cells
MitochondrionOuter membrane Intermembrane
space
Inner membrane
Matrix
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Can’t store ATP too unstableonly used in cell
that produces itonly short term
energy storagecarbohydrates & fats
are long term energy storage
Using ATP to do work?
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
ATP
ADP
work
Adenosine DiPhosphate
Adenosine TriPhosphate
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make energy
A Body’s Energy Budget
eatfood
synthesis(building)
• energy needed even at rest
• activity• temperature
control{• growth• reproduction• repair{
storage• glycogen
(animal starch)• fat{
ATP
1
2
3
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ADP vs. ATP
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ATP Factoid
• On average, the human body contains 250 grams of ATP
• The amount of ATP used by the human body in a day equals the body weight of the individual.
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Cellular Respiration
• Occurs in 3 Distinct Phases– The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic—no oxygen is
required.– The last two stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be
completed.
SUMMARY EQUATION:
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STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Respiration occurs in three main stages
GLYCOLYSIS KREBSCYCLE
ELECTRONTRANSPORT CHAIN
High-energy electrons carried by NADH
MitochondrionCytoplasmicfluid
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Glycolysis Glyco=sweet, sugar lysis = to splitGlycolysis: a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound• produces two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule
broken down.
• 2 molecules of NADH are formed
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The Transition Phase *(we’ll include this as part of Kreb’s)
• Before Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain can begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series of reactions in which it gives off a molecule of CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
Pyruvicacid
Acetyl CoA(acetyl coenzyme A)
CO2
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Glycolysis Summary
• Produces 2 ATP– 2 ATP were needed for the reaction– 4 ATP were made in the reaction
• Creates 2 NADH molecules– Passed to Electron Transport Chain
• Glucose (6 C’s) has been broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 C’s)– Converted into Acetyl CoA
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The Krebs Cycle• Series of reactions that
occurs in mitochondrial matrix– Breaks pyruvic acid down into
CO2, releasing energy
• For every one turn of the cycle, one molecule of ATP, two molecules of carbon dioxide, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 are produced.
• Per molecule of glucose, Kreb’s creates:• 2 ATP• 6 NADH• 2 FADH2
• 4 CO2
CO2
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Other Energy Molecules…
• NAD and FAD– Hydrogen and electron carriers– Bring hydrogen/electrons to the electron transport
chain where they are used to make more ATP• Hydrogen and Electrons are sources of potential energy• Energy can be released to make ATP
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The electron transport chain• In the electron transport chain, the carrier
molecules NADH and FADH2 give up electrons that pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor forming water.
• This sets up a H+ (proton) gradient• Allow the protons to flow through ATP
synthase which synthesizes ATP (ADP + Pi = ATP)
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ETC continued…
• The electron transport chain adds 32 ATP molecules to the four already produced during glycolysis & Krebs cycle
• Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
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ETC
• Located in the Mitochondria• Produces 32 ATP• For each pair of Hydrogen atoms brought in
by:– NAD: 3 ATP molecules are made– FAD” 2 ATP molecules are made
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In summary, what do we need to make energy?
• The “Furnace” for making energy– mitochondria
• Fuel– food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
• Helpers– oxygen– enzymes
• Product– ATP
• Waste products– carbon dioxide
• then used by plants– water
O2
food
ATP
enzymes
CO2 H2O
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Summary Facts : Cellular Respiration
• Reactants/Raw materials : oxygen + sugar (glucose, starch, food, fats)
• Energy Source: chemical bond energy of organic comp’ds
• Products Made : carbon dioxide, water, ATP (energy)
• When does it occur?: all the time, constantly, 24/7
• Location in the Cell: mitochondria • Organisms that use it: all living things