cellular & tissue level of organization

8/2/2019 Cellular & Tissue Level of Organization

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Cellular &Tissue Level of

Organization

Presenter:

Kavekini Neidiri


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Objectives

Identify and discuss the basic structureand function of the three major

components of a cell.

List and briefly discuss the functions of

the primary cellular organelles.

Compare the major passive and active

transport processes that act to move

substances through cell membranes.Compare and discuss DNA and RNA

and their function in protein synthesis.


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Objectives contd

Discuss the stages of mitosis andexplain the importance of cellularreproduction.

Explain how epithelial tissue is groupedaccording to shape and arrangement ofcells.

List and briefly discuss the major types

of connective and muscle tissue. List the three structural components of aneuron.


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Cells

Smallest structural units of living

things

Foundation for modern biology

simple living things single celled.

Human beings trillions of cells


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Size & Shape

Microscopic in size

Vary in size

Different shapes; threadlike, flat,brick shaped, irregular


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Composition

Cytoplasm (living matter) exists

only in cells

Plasma membrane separates the

cell contents from the dilute salt

water called interstitial fluid

Organelles specialized structures

Nucleus circular body inside the

cell


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Parts of the Cell

Plasma membrane forms outerboundary

Cytoplasm all living materialinside the cell except nucleus

Nucleus large, membrane boundstructure that contains genetic code


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Plasma Membrane

Encloses cytoplasm & forms

boundary

2 phospholipid layers form fluidframework

Cholesterol helps stabilize the

phospholipid


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Other Functions of

Plasma MembraneWell-guarded gateway between

fluid inside and fluid around it

Has receptor proteins for chemicalmessages

Surface proteins serve as positiveidentification tags


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Transport across the Membrane


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Cytoplasm

Specialized living materials of cells

bet. plasma membrane & nucleus

Has organelles small structuresthat make up much of the

cytoplasm


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Organelles : -

1. Ribosomes

Tiny particles made up of rRNA

subunits

Synthesize protein; a cells

protein factories


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2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Connecting sacs & canals

Carry proteins & other substances

from one area to another

2 types; rough & smooth

Rough ER receives & transports

newly made proteins and smooth

ER makes new membrane.


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3. Golgi Apparatus

Tiny, flattened sacs stacked on one

another near the nucleus

chemical processing and

packaging center


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4. Mitochondria

2 membranous sacs; one inside the other Inner membrane from folds

Energy-releasing chemical reactions occur

power plantsEnzymes break down glucose & other

nutrients to release energy required for

cellular work

Process called aerobic or cellular

respiration


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5. Lysosomes

Has walls made of membranes

In its active stage look like smallsacs, often with tiny particles in

them

Digestive bags

Suicide bags


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6. Centrioles

Paired organelles

2 of rod-shaped structure exist in

every cell

Arrangement at angles to each

other

Composed of fine tubules play

important role during cell division


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7. Cilia

Extremely fine, almost hairlike

extensions

Capable of movement

Highly specialized functions


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8. Flagella

Projection extending from cell

surface

Larger than cilia

Eg tail of male sperm cell

Propulsive movements make sperm

able to swim


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Nucleus

A small sphere in central portion of

cell

Controls every organelle

Control complex process of cell

reproduction

Surrounded by nuclear envelop


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Nucleolus

Nucleolus dense region of nuclearmaterial important for protein

formationprograms formation of ribosomes

in nucleus

Ribosome then migrate thru nuclearenvelop into cytoplasm & produceproteins


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Chromatin & Chromosomes

Chromatin granules are threadlike

structures made of proteins & DNA

DNA genetic material chemicalblueprint

Chromosomes short, rodlike

structures as a result of cell division


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Relationship of Cell Structure &

FunctionHuman cell performs certain

functions;

- maintain cells survival,

- others maintain the bodys survival

No. & type of organelles allow cells

to differ


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Movement of Substances

through Cell MembranesPlasma membrane separates

contents of cells from fluid

surrounding themHeavy traffics moves continuously

in both directions

Passive transport processActive transport process


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Passive Transport

Processes1. Diffusion

a. Osmosis

b. Dialysis

2. Filtration

Going down a concentration

gradient


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Active Transport

ProcessesUphill movement of substances

From lower to higher concentration

Energy required obtained from ATP

- ion pump

- phagocytosis- pinocytosis


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Clinical Application

Tonicity

- RBC in iso, hypo, hypertonic sol.

Cell Transport & Disease

eg. Cystic fibrosis chloride pumpproblem

Cholera chloride ions leak out


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Cell Reproduction &

HeredityMitosis process of cell

reproduction

RNA in cytoplasm & DNA innucleus play vital role in proteinsynthesis

DNA molecules determinetransmission & expression ofheritable traits


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Cell Division

Involves division of nucleus &

cytoplasm

2 daughter cells with geneticmaterials

Stages of Cell Division

prophase, metaphase, anaphase,

telophase


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Tissues

4 main types of tissues

1. epithelial tissue

2. connective tissue

3. muscle tissue

4. nervous tissue


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Epithelial Tissue

Covers body & many of its parts

Packed close together

Classification according to shape:1. squamous (flat & scalelike)

2. cuboidal (cube shaped)

3. columnar (higher than they wide)4. transitional (varying shapes that can

stretch)


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Connective Tissue

Most abundant & widely distributed

Found in skin, membranes,

muscles, bones, nerves, all internalorgans

Types of connective tissue

Areolar, adipose, dense fibrous,bone, cartilage, blood, hemopoietic


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Muscle Tissue

Contractility

3 types of muscle tissues:

1. skeletal (striated voluntary)

2. cardiac (striated involuntary

3. smooth (visceral or nonstriated

involuntary)


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Nervous Tissue

Function is rapid communication

Contain 2 kinds of cells: neurons &

glia (neuroglia)

Neurons cell body, one axon &

dendrites


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Tissue Repair

Damaged tissue regenerate or

replaced by scars

Phagocytic cells remove

injured/dead cells

Filling in the gaps occur


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Tissue Repair contd

Muscle tissue limited capacity to

regenerate thus heal itself, replaced

with fibrous connective tissue

Nerve tissue limited capacity to

regenerate


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Thank you forlistening

cellular & tissue level of organization

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