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CEMENTING

Prepared By

Archana

Assistant Professor/PE

Indian School Of Mines, Dhanbad



CEMENTING

Methods

Tools & Techniqes

!e"entin# calclations

Special !e"ent Syste"



CEMENTING

!e"ent is sed pri"arily as an i"per"eable seal "oil and #as $ell drillin#%

It is "ost $idely sed as a seal bet$een casin# anborehole, bondin# the casin# to the for"ation and barrier to the 'o$ of 'ids fro", or into, the for"atthe casin# and fro", and into, the sbseqent hole

!e"ent is also sed for re"edial or repair $or( on$ells%

It is sed for instance to seal o) perforated casin# prodcin# *one starts to prodce lar#e a"onts of and/or to repair casin# lea(s%



Cementing

The place"ent of a liqid slrry of ce"ent and $ater inside or otside of Pri"ary ce"entin# is carried ot i""ediately after the casin# is rn%

Secondary ce"entin# is carried ot $hen re"edial $or( is reqired%

Oil $ell ce"entin# is the process of "i+in# and placin# ce"ent slrry in th

space bet$een a strin# of casin# and the open hole%

The ce"ent sets, bondin# the pipe to the for"ation%

ie factors are i"portant to a #ood ce"entin# -ob.

% !leanin# the annls $ithot #o#in#, enhancin# ce"ent bondin# to th

0% !enterin# the casin# in the hole in order to for" a nifor" sheath of cethe casin# and "ini"i*e the chances of a channelin# e)ect on the ce"en

1% Stren#thenin# the ce"ent in the annlar space to allo$ for proper perfprodcin# *one2

3% Bondin# the ce"ent to the casin# srface to eli"inate the possibility of

4% Proidin# the necessary pipe "oe"ent, either rotation or reciprocatiotrblence, i"proe circlation, and proide co"plete displace"ent of th$ith ce"ent



The "ost i"portant fnctions of a ce"ent sheath bet$casin# and borehole are.

To preent the "oe"ent of 'ids fro" one for"ationor fro" the for"ations to srface thro#h the annlsthe casin# and borehole%

To spport the casin# strin# 5speci6cally srface casin

To protect the casin# fro" corrosie 'ids in the for"

!e"ent is only reqired to spport the casin# in the csrface casin# $here the a+ial loads on the casin#, d$ei#ht of the $ellhead and BOP connected to the top casin# strin#, are e+tre"ely hi#h%

The ce"ent sheath in this case preents the casin# fr

bc(lin#%



nctions of !e"ent

In an oil/ #as $ell, the pri"ary fnctions of ce"ent a

% Proide *onal isolation

0% Spport a+ial load of casin# strin#s

1% Proide casin# protection a#ainst corrosie 'ids

3% Spport the $ellbore4% Protect $ater *ones



!e"ent Manfactre & !he"istry• 8a$ "aterial fro" calcareos and ar#illaceos roc(5li"estone, clay, shale and sla#7

• Dry ra$ "aterials 6nely #rond and "i+ed in correcproportions 5(iln feed7

• !he"ical co"positions of dry "i+ deter"ined and

• 9iln feed fed at a nifor" rate in a slopin# rotary (i

• The "i+tre traels at the lo$er end• Po$dered coal, fel oil or #as, 6red into the (iln

• Te"peratre reached to 0:;;<0=;; 530><41= !



• !he"ical reactions o ra$ "aterials too( place and "aterial for"ed 5clin(er7

• The clin(er aries in si*e fro" dst to particles of seinches in dia"eter

• The clin(ers sent to air cooler, qenched and pt in5stora#e ti"e7

• The clin(er #rond $ith a controlled a"ont of #yp5Portland ce"ent7

• !e"ent pac(ed and transported for csto"ers

• ?yps" bet$een to 1@ to control settin# and hace"ent



ASTM Types

• There are t$o "a-or classi6cation syste"s for ce"ents% The 6classi6cation $as deeloped by the A"erican Society for Test5ASTM7 and coered 6e types of portland ce"ent, pri"arily fconstrction sa#e.

Type I

• for se in #eneral concrete constrction $hen special propertfor Types II, III, I and are not reqired%

ote. Type I is sally referred to as Cco""onC ce"ent%

Type II

• for se in #eneral concrete constrction e+posed to "oderateaction, or $hen "oderate heat of hydration is reqired%

ote. Type II is sally referred to as Chi#h early%C

Type III

• for se $hen hi#h early stren#th is reqire% Type III ce"ent is

co""only sed in oil $ells%



Type I

• for se $hen lo$ heat of hydration is reqire% Type I ce"ent is notsed in oil $ells%

Type

• for se $hen hi#h slfate resistance is reqire% Type ce"ent is no

sed in oil $ells%

API Specifcations

• ith the adent of drillin# of deeper oil $ells it beca"e apparent thclassi6cation for ce"ent $old not "eet the conditions necessary fce"entin# of these deeper $ells%

• This necessitated the for"lation of an API 5A"erican Petrole" In

Speci6cation for Oil<ell !e"ents%• The are classi6ed in API Spec ; as follo$s.

• A $ell ce"ent $hich has been "anfactred and spplied accordinspeci6cation "ay be "i+ed and placed in the 6eld sin# $ater ratioat the sers discretion%

• It is not intended that "anfactrin# co"pliance $ith this speci6ca

on sch 6eld conditions



Classes and Grades.

• ell ce"ent shall be speci6ed in the follo$in# !las!, D, E, , ? and F7 and ?rades 5O, MS8 and FS87%

• Oil$ell ce"ents are also aailable in either "oderaresistant 5MS87 or hi#h slfate<resistant 5FS87 #radSulate-resistant grades are used to preventdeterioration o set ceent do!n"ole causedsulate attac$ #y oration !aters.



!lasses Of ce"ent• Oil $ell ce"ent is "anfactred to API Speci6cation ; and is diided into = classes

pon its properties%

• !lass ? and F are basic $ell ce"ents $hich can be sed $ith accelerators and retar$ide ran#e of depths and te"peratres%

• The principal di)erence bet$een these t$o classes is that !lass F is si#ni6cantly co

• The di)erence in properties prodced by the ce"ent po$ders is cased by the di)edistribtion of the for basic co"ponds $hich are sed to "a(e ce"ent po$der2 !1

• The di)erent ce"ent classes are.

C%ASS A

C%ASS &C%ASS C

C%ASS '

C%ASS E

C%ASS (

C%ASS G

C%ASS )



C%ASS A. Intended for se fro" srface to a depth of :,;;; ft 5,=1; special properties are not reqired% Si"ilar to ASTM 5A"erican SocietyMaterials7 Type I ce"ent%

C%ASS &. Intended for se fro" srface to a depth of :,;;; ft 5,=1;to hi#h slphate resistance% Si"ilar to ASTM Type II, and has a lo$er !

than !lass A%C%ASS C. Intended for se fro" srface to a depth of :,;;; ft 5,=1; conditions reqire early stren#th% Aailable in all three de#rees of slpresistance, and is ro#hly eqialent to ASTM Type III% To achiee hi#hstren#th, the !1S content and the srface area are relatiely hi#h%

C%ASS '. Intended for se fro" :,;;; ft 5,=1; "7 to ;,;;; ft 51,;4

conditions of "oderately hi#h te"peratres and pressres% It is aaila5"oderate slphate resistance7 and FS8 5hi#h slphate resistance7 ty

C%ASS E. Intended for se fro" ;,;;; ft 51,;4; "7 to 3,;;; ft 53,0>conditions of hi#h te"peratres and pressres% It is aailable in MS8

C%ASS (. Intended for se fro" ;,;;; ft 51,;4; "7 to :,;;; ft 53,==nder conditions of e+tre"ely hi#h te"peratres and pressres% It is a

MS8 and FS8 types%



• Class G* Intended for se as a basic ce"ent fro" the s=,;;; feet% It "ay be sed $ith accelerators and retardea $ide ran#e of $ell depths and te"peratres%

• Class ). Intended for se as a basic ce"ent fro" the s=,;;; feet% It "ay be sed $ith accelerators and retardea $ide ran#e of $ell depths and te"peratres%

• Class +* Intended for se fro" 0,;;; to :,;;; feet nconditions of e+tre"ely hi#h te"peratres and pressresed $ith accelerators and retarders to coer a ran#e oand te"peratres%

• C%ASS G , C%ASS ). Intended for se as a basic $ell csrface to =,;;; ft 50,33; "7 as "anfactred, or can baccelerators and retarders to coer a $ide ran#e of $elte"peratres% o additions other than calci" slphateboth, shall be inter#rond or blended $ith the clin(er d"anfactre of !lass ? and F $ell ce"ents% They are a

both MS8 and FS8 types%



There are other, non<API, ter"s sed to classify ce"ent% These inclfollo$in#.

G Poi ceent - T"is is ored #y iing Portland ceenpoolan

5#rond olcanic ash7 and 0@ bentonite% This is a ery li#ht$ei#ht ce"ent% Po*"i+ ce"ent is less e+pensie than "ost other types ode to its li#ht $ei#ht is often sed for shallo$ $ell casin# ce"enoperations%

G Gypsu Ceent - T"is type o ceent is ored #y iingceent $ith #yps"% These ce"ents deelop a hi#h early stren#sed for re"edial $or(% They e+pand on settin# and deteriorate in

of $ater and are therefore sefl for sealin# o) lost circlation *o

G 'iesel oil ceent - T"is is a iture o one o t"e #asic ce/A0 &0 G0F7, diesel oil or (erosene and a srfactant% These ce"ennli"ited settin# ti"es and $ill only set in the presence of $ater% they are often sed to seal o) $ater prodcin# *ones, $here theyset to for" a dense hard ce"ent%



P12PE1TIES 2( CEMENT

The properties of a speci6c ce"ent slrry $ill depend

particlar reason for sin# the ce"ent% Fo$eer, thfnda"ental properties $hich "st be considered $desi#nin# any ce"ent slrry%

Copressive strengt"

T"ic$ening tie /pupa#ility3

Slurry density

4ater loss

Corrosion resistance

Perea#ility



Slurry density

• Shold be the sa"e as "d to "ini"i*e the ris( oor lost circlation

• Measred sin# "d balance

• Ho$ density are prepared $ith bentonite, po**olanperlite, Diato"acos earth

• Bentonite is sed in concentration p to 14@, the de to $ater added%

• Each @ of bentonite needs 3@ of $ater%• One sac( ce"ent eqals 3 lbs 54; (#7 and "eas

• Density increases by addin# barite, iron ores or #a

• Each @ of needs ;%0@ increase in "i+in# $ater%



T"ic$ening Tie

• Deter"ine the len#th of ti"e the slrry can be p"ped

• It is the ti"e necessary for the slrry consistenecy to reach ;;nder sti"lated botto" hole pressre and te"peratre

• Measred sin# ce"ent consisto"eter

• Thic(enin# ti"e is a)ected by.

• P"pin# rate. eddies and crrents resltin# fro" trblent 'o$ thic(enin# ti"e%

• ineness to $hich the clin(er is #rond

• Addities. accelerators to decrease thic(enin# ti"e, retarders to

• Accelerators are calci" chloride%• 8etarders are calci" li#noslphonate and po**olan

• Accelarators are sed to ce"ent shallo$ $ells and srface casin

• 8etarders are sed for ce"entin# deep and hot $ells%

• In practice the thic(enin# ti"e shold be at least 04@ hi#her thnecessary to acco"plish the



Ceent Strengt"

• !e"ent in oil $ells is sb-ected to static and dyna"ic str

• Static stress de to dead $ei#ht of pipe2 co"pressie streto the action of 'id and for"ations

• Dyna"ic stresses resltin# fro" drillin# operation, especibration of drill strin#

• To $ithstand these stresses a co"pressie stren#th of 4;03 hors period is needed

• Fi#h early stren#th possesses stren#th hi#her than ordinstren#th in the 6rst 1; hors%

• Density redction "aterials al$ays decreases ce"ent str

• 8etarders redce both early and late stren#th

• ine sand increases 6nal ce"ent stren#th

• Stren#th retro#rate bet$een =; to 0; !

• Silica 'or is added to preent te"peratre e)ect



(iltration

• ater loss of neat ce"ent is ery hi#h

• Haboratory tests sho$ that p to 4;@ of "i+in# $aby 6ltration thro#h roc( or 6lter papers

• Presence of s"all thic(ness "d ca(e redces 6ltr

• Fi#h density slrry reslts in hi#her 6ltration loss

• Addities to redce 6ltration are bentonite, or#anic5!MFE!7



Perea#ility

• atrally, per"eability of set ce"ent shold be thpossible%

• Bentonite ce"ents are (no$n to be ery per"eabp to ; "d are reported, $hile special ce"ents 5lce"ent7 hae per"eabilities as lo$ as one "icoda

The follo$in# factors in'ence the per"eability of tce"ent.

G ater/ce"et ratios. Fi#h /! ratio increases theper"eability

G Do$nhole conditions. hi#h pressre and con6ne"their co"pactin# e)ects decrease the per"eability ce"ent



Perorating 5ualities

• Ordinary ce"ents, $hen they are co"pletely hardfractre e+cessiely $hen perforated%

• Ho$ stren#th ce"ents are sally less brittle and tendency to shatter pon perforatin#%

• Addities sch as bentonite, po**olan and late+ incdctility of set ce"ent%



Corrosion 1esistance

• Set ce"ent cold be penetrated by corrosie liqidespecially those containin# !O1 or SO3 irons%

• !e"ent corrosion decreases the 6nal co"pressie

render the ce"ent "ore per"eable%

• 8edction of the hardenin# ti"e i"proes the ce"eresistance to corrosion by corrosie 'ids%

&ond 1e6uireents

• or clean srfaces 5roc( or "etal7 the bond increaseti"e and "oderate te"peratres%

• Md ca(e and dirty casin# srfaces redce "ar(edlbond bet$een casin# or roc( and ce"ent%

• Addities sch as salt and 6ne sand increases the b

bet$een casin# and the set ce"ent

! ti Additi



!e"entin# Addities• Additional che"icals are sed to control slrry density

and 'id loss, or to proide "ore specialised slrry pro

• ?enerally, addities are sed to alter settin# ti"e, chadensity, lo$er the $ater<loss characteristic, i"proe 'properties, or i"proe the stren#th of the bond $ith th

• hy se !e"ent Addities

• Addities "odify the behaior of the ce"ent slrry alce"ent place"ent nder a $ide ran#e of do$nhole co

There are "any addities aailable for ce"ent and thesclassi6ed nder one of the follo$in# cate#ories.

Accelerators. 1etarders. Etenders. 4eig"ting Ag'ispersants. (luid-%oss Additives. %ost CirculationAgents. Strengt" 1etrogression* Miscellaneous Ag

!EMET ADDITIE



!EMET ADDITIE

!e"ent additie can be diided into t$o types.

% !he"ical addities

0% on !he"ical Addities

•.!he"ical Addities. !he"ical addities are acceleraretarders, dispersants and 'id loss control addities$hich a)ect the che"ical process of hydration, ?ene

concentrations of these addities are reqired 5e+cechloride and silica7 to #et desired slrry properties%

•.on !he"ical Addities. on che"ical addities are controllin# addities and lost circlation addities, threact $ith ce"ent and are sally natrally occrrinof ores $hich are che"ically inert in the presence of



Accelerators are added to the ce"ent slrry to shorten the ti"e ta



Accelerators are added to the ce"ent slrry to shorten the ti"e tace"ent to set%

• These are sed $hen the settin# ti"e for the ce"ent $old be "than that reqired to "i+ and place the slrry, and the drillin# ri# O! ti"e%

• Accelerators are especially i"portant in shallo$ $ells $here te"plo$ and therefore the slrry "ay ta(e a lon# ti"e to set%

• It is #enerally sed in srface casin# ce"entation to redce O! !e"ent7 ti"e%

• In deeper $ells the hi#her te"peratres pro"ote the settin# procaccelerators "ay not be necessary%

The "ost co""on types of accelerator are.G !alci" chloride 5!a!l07 %4 < 0%;@

G Sodi" chloride 5a!l7 0%; < 0%4@

G Sea$ater

It shold be noted that at hi#her concentrations these addities $iretarders%

Accelerators.



Accelerators.

!he"icals $hich redce the thic(enin# ti"e of a sincrease the rate

of early stren#th deelop"ent%

They are sally se in condctor and srface casredce $aitin# on ce"ent ti"e 5O!7%

!o""only sed as accelerators.

!alci" chloride 5!a!l07

Sodi" chloride 5a!l7 and sea $ater

1etarders.



1etarders.

!he"icals $hich retard the settin# ti"e 5e+tend the thic(enin#7 of ce"ent place"ent before it hardens%

These addities are sally added to conter the e)ects of hi#h te" They are sed in ce"ent slrries for inter"ediate and prodction c

sqee*e and ce"ent pl#s and hi#h te"peratre $ells%!e"ent retarders are #enerally not reco""ended for se in sea $

has an acceleratin# concentration of a!I% The co""on practice is $ater by fresh $ater $hile sin# retarders% These addities can eithblended $ith ce"ent or be sed in prehydrated for" 5dissoled in "

Typical retarders inclde.

S#ar2 li#noslphonates, hydro+ycarbo+ylic acids, inor#anic co"pocelllose deriaties%

• 8etarders $or( "ainly by adsorption on the ce"ent srface to inhi$ith $ater and elon#ate the hydration process2

• Altho#h there are other che"ical "echanis"s inoled%

Etenders7%ig"t!eig"t additives.



Etenders7%ig"t!eig"t additives.

Materials $hich lo$er the slrry density and increase the yie$ea( for"ations to be ce"ented $ithot bein# fractred by col"n%

E+a"ples of e+tenders inclde. $ater, bentonite, sodi" silipo**lans, #ilsonite, e+panded perlite, nitro#en and cera"ic"icrospheres%

4eig"ting Agents.

Materials $hich increase slrry density incldin# barite and h

The "ost co""on types of li#ht$ei#ht addities are.G Bentonite 50 < :@7 < This is by far the "ost co""on type sed to lo$er slrry density% The bentonite "aterial absorbs therefore allo$s "ore "i+$ater to be added%

Bentonite $ill also ho$eer redce co"pressie stren#th an

resistance%

G Po**olan < This "ay be sed in a 4;/4; "i+ $ith the Portland ce"



y /is a sli#ht decrease in co"pressie stren#th, and increased slphat

G Diato"aceos earth 5; < 3;@7 < The lar#e srface area of diato"allo$s "ore $ater absorption, and prodces lo$ density slrries 5dpp#7%

)eavy!eig"t additivesFeay$ei#ht addities are sed $hen ce"entin# thro#h oerpres

The "ost co""on types of additie are.

G Barite 5bari" slphate7 < this can be sed to attain slrry densiti=pp#% It also cases a redction in stren#th and p"pability%

G Fe"atite 5e0O17 < The hi#h speci6c #raity of he"atite can be slrry densities to 00 pp#% Fe"atite si#ni6cantly redces the p"pslrries and therefore friction redcin# addities "ay be reqired $he"atite%

G Sand < #raded sand 53; < :; "esh7 can #ie a 0 pp# increase in s

(riction reducing additives /'ispersants3.



(riction reducing additives /'ispersants3.

Dispersants are added to i"proe the 'o$ propertieslrry% In particlar they $ill lo$er the iscosity of ththat trblence $ill occr at a lo$er circlatin# pres

thereby redcin# the ris( of brea(in# do$n for"atio!he"icals $hich lo$er the slrry iscosity and "ay

increase free $ater by dispersin# the solids in the ceslrry%

Dispersants are soltions of ne#atiely char#ed poly"olecles that attach the"seles to the positiely csites of the hydratin# ce"ent #rains%

The reslt is an increased ne#atie on the hydratin##rains resltin# in #reater replsie forces and parti

dispersion%

The "ost co""only sed are.



The "ost co""only sed are.

G Poly"ers ;%1 < ;%4 lb/s+ of ce"ent

G Salt < : lb/s+G !alci" li#noslphanate ;%4 < %4 lb/s+#7

(%8I' %2SS A''ITI9ES.



(%8I' %2SS A''ITI9ES.

lid loss addities are sed to preent dehydration of slrry and pre"atre settin#%

These are sed pri"arily to "aintain a constant $ater

ratio in ce"ent slrry, thereby i"proe pri"ary ce"ent The principal "echanis"s of 'id loss control are .

57 To for" 6l" or "icells 5e%#% synthetic poly"ers7 $hich'o$ of $ater fro" ce"ent slrry and preent rapid dehy

507 I"proe particle si*e distribtion 5e%# dispersant7 $hideter"ines ho$ liqid is held or trapped in the slrry %

517 To increase the iscosity of interstitial $ater and also itself 5e%#% celllose deriaties7 thereby controllin# the 'becase as per Darcys la$ the 6ltration rate $ill decreasincreasin# iscosity of 6lterin# "edi"%

Advantages o using :uid loss additives



Advantages o using :uid loss additives

Mini"ise for"ation da"a#e fro" slrry 6ltrate%

Preent lost circlation and strc( pipe by preentdehydration in the annls%

Mini"ise #as channelin#%

Preent chan#es in slrry rheolo#y%

Decrease free $ater of ce"ent slrries%

(luid-%oss Additives.



E+cessie 'id losses fro" the ce"ent slrry to the for"ation ccorrect settin# of ce"ent%

lid loss addities are sed to preent slrry dehydration and rloss to the for"ation%

E+a"ples inclde. cationic poly"er, non<ionic synthetic poly"esynthetic poly"er and celllose deriatie

%ost Circulation Control Agents.

Materials $hich control the loss of ce"ent slrry to $ea( or fractfor"ations%

Strengt" 1etrogression*At te"peratres aboe 01; , nor"al ce"ent deelop hi#h per"

redction in stren#th%

The addition of 1;<3;@ BO! 5by $ei#ht of ce"ent7 silica 'orboth stren#th redction and deelop"ent of per"eability at hi#te"peratres%



ceentinge6uipent



'o!n"ole

ceentinge6uipent



(loatingE6uipent

In order to carry ot a conentional pri"ary ce"ent



y p yspecial eqip"ent "st be inclded in the casin# strn%

Casing Guide S"oe 21 (loat s"oe* A short cylind

co"ponent $hich is attached to the botto" of a cas The 'oat shoe has a chec( ale and fnctions in th"anner as the 'oat collar% In addition the 'oat shoe ronded botto" $hich acts as a #ide shoe for the c

(loat Collar . A special deice inserted one or t$o -

aboe the botto" of a casin# strin#% The 'oat collar chec( ale $hich per"its 'id 'o$ in a do$n$ard only% The collar ths preents the bac( 'o$ of ce"ehas been displaced%

Centraliers* A deice secred arond the casin# $

(loating e6uipent is generally used in t"e lo!er section o t"e !ell to "e



• 8edce strain on the derric( $hile #idin# casin# past led#es and slo#h *ones in

• Proide a landin# point for botto" and top ce"entin# pl#s 5p"ped ahead of anslrry as part of ce"entin# operations72

• Proide a bac(pressre ale to preent ce"ent fro" 'o$in# bac( into the inner dcasin# after the ce"ent has trned the corner into the annls and the top pl# h

&asic :oating e6uipent includes t"e :oat collar and eit"er t"e guide s"o• The #ide shoe rns on the 6rst -oint of casin# to be rn into the hole to help "anpast annlar irre#larities% The #ide shoe incldes side ports and an open end tocirclation for "d conditionin#, hole cleanin#, and ce"ent place"ent%

• The 'oat shoe contains a bac(pressre ale that preents 'ids fro" enterin# ththe pipe is lo$ered into the hole and preents ce"ent fro" 'o$in# bac( into the cplace"ent, $hile enablin# circlation do$n thro#h the casin#%

• loat collars are placed one to three -oints aboe the #ide shoe or 'oat shoe% The

for the ce"ent pl#s, the botto" pl# p"ped ahead of the ce"ent and the top pfll ol"e of slrry% Once seated, the top pl# shts o) 'id 'o$ and preents oof the ce"ent% The space bet$een the 'oat shoe and the 'oat collar proides a coto entrap the li(ely<conta"inated 'ids fro" the $ipin# action of the top ce"entithe conta"inated 'id a$ay fro" the shoe $here a stron# ce"ent bond is of pri"loat collars inclde a bac(pressre ale and sere basically the sa"e fnction a

loatin# Eqip"ent. !e"ent plannin# inoles eal



# q p p #selectin# eqip"ent to be sed $ith the ce"entin#

The do$n hole eqip"ent inclde shoes and collarrn as inte#ral sections of the casin# strin#%

These 'oatin# eqip"ent are co""only sed to rederric( stresses by allo$in# the casin# to 'oat%

So"e basic types of 'oatin# and #idin# eqip"ent

% !asin# shoes

0% loat !ollars

Guide s"oe7(loat S"oe < A #ide shoe is rn on th



of the 6rst -oint of casin#% It has a ronded nose to #casin# past any led#es or other irre#larities in the h

!asin# Shoe.



A casin# shoe -oint is a short heay $alled pipe rn botto" of the casin# strin#% !asin# shoes are #enerafollo$in# types .



57or shallo$ $ells $here it is not necessary to #idthe casin# to botto", a sin#le #ide shoe is sed%

507 A #ide shoe $ith conical end $ith 3 to 4 holes abein# sed for shallo$ $ells% lf the casin# rests on bpl##ed $ith cttin#, circlation can be achieed thrside ports%

517 A #ide shoe $ith ce"ent and an ori6ce thro#hthat allo$s "d to pass freely%

537 The co"bination #ide or 'oat shoe sally incorporates i l d d b ( l Th t id b d i d



sprin# loaded bac( pressre ale% The otside body is "adesa"e stren#th as that of the casin#% The bac( pressre alein plastic and hi#h stren#th concrete% This ale preents "'o$in# into the casin# fro" the botto" yet allo$s 'id to be

thro#h the shoe% This "echanis" can be sed to 'oat the cthe $ell in cases $here the derric( capacity cannot safely snboyed $ei#ht of the casin# strin#% In addition, the 'oat preents srface fro" casin# pressre resltin# fro" ce"en

47 A 'oat shoe contains a di)erential ato"atic 6ll p ale% conentional 'oatin# eqip"ent lessens the hoo(load, it alsodo$n hole pressre sr#es and cases freqent delays in thefor 6liin# the pipe% These disadanta#es are oerco"e by sato"atic 6ll p eqip"ent $hich allo$s either partial or co"entry still retainin# the

HOAT !OHHA8S.



• loat collars hae basically the sa"e featres as shoes

• They are co""only (no$n as baKe collars 5$ithot acollars, and di)erential or ato"atic 6ll p collars, locat"ore -oints aboe the shoe%

• The 'oat collar, in addition to 'oat and 6ll p fnctions,seat for p"p do$n $iper pl#s% It ths indicates $henof slrry is co"plete%

• Since ce"ent i""ediately belo$ the $iper pl# "ay beconta"inated, the collar shold be positioned at least t

aboe the shoe to "ini"i*e the a"ont of conta"inatep"ped ot arond the shoe%

• A baKe collar arran#e"ent instead of a 'oat collar rese'oat collar $ithot a bac( pressre ale% it is sed to s$iper pl# and leae one or "ore -oints of casin# 6lled ce"ent%

(loat collar < A 'oat collar is positioned or 0 -ointsh id h I f h l



the #ide shoe% It acts as a seat for the ce"ent pl#the p"pin# and displace"ent of the ce"ent slrry%"eans that at the end of the ce"ent -ob there $ill b

ce"ent left in the casin# bet$een the 'oat collar an#ide shoe $hich "st be drilled ot%

• The 'oat collar also contains a non<retrn ale so ce"ent slrry cannot 'o$ bac( p the casin#



ce"ent slrry cannot 'o$ bac( p the casin#%

• This is necessary becase the ce"ent slrry in the #enerally has a hi#her density than the displacin# 'casin#, therefore a J<tbe e)ect is created $hen this in position and the p"ps are stopped%

• So"eti"es the #ide shoe also has a non<retrn ae+tra precation% It is essential that the non<retrn e)ectie in holdin# bac( the ce"ent slrry%

Centralisers < These are hin#ed "etal ribs $hich arth i t i it i Th i f ti i t (



on the casin# strin# as it is rn % Their fnction is to (casin# a$ay fro" the borehole so that there is so"eclearance arond the entire circ"ference of the cas

The proper se of centralisers $ill help to.G I"proe displace"ent eLciency

5i%e% place ce"ent all the $ay arond the casin#7

G Preent di)erential stic(in#

! i t li



!asin# centrali*ers!asin# centrali*er is a "echanical deice that (eeps casin# fro" co$ellbore $all% A continos 1:;<de#ree annlar space arond cce"ent to co"pletely seal the casin# to the borehole $all% There areclasses of centrali*ers%

57 Bo$ sprin# desi#n.<The older and "ore co""on is a si"ple, lsprin# desi#n% Since the bo$ sprin#s are sli#htly lar#er than the $ellbproide co"plete centrali*ation in ertical or sli#htly deiated $ells% Fdo not spport the $ei#ht of the casin# ery $ell in deiated $ellbores

507 8i#id blade desi#n.<This type is r##ed and $or(s $ell een$ellbores, bt since the centrali*ers are s"aller than the $ellbore, proide as #ood centrali*ation as bo$<sprin# type centrali*ers in 8i#id<blade casin# centrali*ers are sli#htly "ore e+pensie and can cdo$nhole if the $ellbore is not in e+cellent condition%

Bo$ sprin# centrali*ers



Bo$ sprin# centrali*ers

A "etal strip shaped li(e a hntin# bo$ and attached to athe otside of casin#% Bo$<sprin# centrali*ers are sed to (

in the center of a $ellbore or casin# 5Ccentrali*edC7 prdrin# a ce"ent -ob% Bo$ sprin# centrali*ers are also of t$o

/;3 4elded centraliers*-Inte#ral hin#es hae ei#ht seseen shear points for "a+i"" load capacity and hin#ethe inside, a#ainst the casin#, for opti"" desi#n stresprin#s are of hi#h qality sprin# steel $hich nder#o sp

treat"ent to achiee "a+i"" centerin# po$er and rnnin# resistance%

/<3 Non !elded centraliers*- on<$eld centrali*ers$ea( spots , so this "a(e the" "ore sitable to se% Morecan be sed for both tbin# and casin# applications%

elded centrali*er on $elded centrali*er



8i#id centrali*ers



8i#id centrali*ers

8i#id centrali*ers are r##ed and they $or(s $ell een

$ellbores% The ri#id centrali*ers are #enerally constrctedto add #reater stren#th and are held in place by hi#h loador set scre$s% 8i#id centrali*ers are of di)erent types.<

57 Spiral and short spiral ri#id centrali*ers.< Spiral desopti"" 'o$ area and there e+tra len#th #ie

centrali*ation% Blades oerlap the entire 1:; open hole cand redced 'o$ area bet$een the spiral proides a orteincreased 'id elocity%

507 Spira#lider centrali*ers.< They are desi#ned speci6cadeiated and hori*ontal $ells% They are ideal for shan#ers% There 6ns create orte+ 'o$ to opti"i*e "d d

Spiral centrali*er Spira#lider centrali*e



1oller centraliers



8oller centrali*ers is a "echanical friction

redction syste" that perfor"s independently ofdrillin# or co"pletion "d 6l" stren#th orlbricity% The s"all contact area of the rollers $iththe casin# or borehole $all fnctions e+ceptionally$ell in nder<pressred conditions, $here ris( ofdi)erential stic(in# is hi#h% 8oller centrali*ershae been sed pri"arily to rn casin# and sand<control screens into nconsolidated sandstone

reseroirs%

• !entralisers are particlarly reqired in deiated $ells $casin# tends to lie on the lo$ side of the hole%



#

• The centraliser is preented fro" "oin# p and do$n tby positionin# the centraliser across a casin# coplin# o(no$n as a stop collar %

• The spacin# of centralisers $ill ary dependin# on the reof each ce"ent -ob%

• In critical *ones, and in hi#hly deiated parts of the $ellclosely spaced, $hile on other parts of the casin# strin#not be necessary at all%

A typical pro#ra""e "i#ht be.• centraliser i""ediately aboe the shoe

• eery -oint on the botto" 1 -oints

• eery -oint thro#h the prodction *one

• eery 1 -oints else$here

s



s

Scratchers re"oe e+cessie $all ca(e and i"proe tbond bet$een the casin# and poros for"ations $hile the ce"ent col"n% The scratchers featre lar#e 'id<band coiled bristles for bendin# drability% There are t$scratchers.<

578eciprocatin# scratchers.< These $ipers re"oe e+ce

ca(e to i"proe ce"entto<for"ation bondin# by prodcinaction drin# rnnin# and reciprocation%

5078otatin# scratchers.< 8otatin# $ellbore $ipers can be $ell conditions do not per"it reciprocation of the casin#do per"it rotation%

8eciprocatin# scratchers 8otatin# scratcher



S!8AT!FE8S



Ceent #as$ets



!e"ent bas(ets are do$nhole deiceor tool co"ponent desi#ned to catchdebris or ob-ects, sch as balls, darts

or pl#s dropped to actatedo$nhole eqip"ent or tools% Thece"ent bas(ets are to be rn oncasin# $here there is a possibility oflosin# retrns de to poros or $ea(for"ations% They also aid in

spportin# the ce"ent and "dcol"n, ntil the ce"ent ta(es itsinitial set%

!e"enti



n#

Stop collars

Stop collars are sed tosecre centrali*ers,$ipers or scratchers to



$ipers or scratchers tothe pipe% The t$o"ethods e"ployed are

the positie #rip and thefriction #rip% In thepositie #rip type thestop collar is secred byspecial carboni*ed pins

drien into slots placedtan#entially to the pipe% The friction type issecred to the pipe bybolts%

&ridge plug and racture plug



&ridge plug*- The brid#e pl#s are "ade of co"posite"aterials and are e"ployed si"ilarly to conentionalper"anent brid#e pl#s% The pl#s can isolate a lo$er

*one drin# sqee*e ce"entin# operations on land oro)shore ri#s in either ertical or deiated $ells% Thepl#s can be set sin# electric $ireline or slic(linesettin# tools, or by sin# coiled tbin# or "echanicalsettin# tools%

(racture plug*- The pl#s are e"ployed to achiee*onal isolation drin# "ltiN*one sti"lation treat"entsand operate by holdin# di)erential pressre fro" aboe

the pl# $hile allo$in# 'o$ bac( fro" belo$ the pl#%

Sqee*e pac(er



The pac(er can fnction as a ce"entretainer drin# sqee*e ce"entin#operations on land or o)shore ri#s in

either ertical or deiated $ells% Thepac(ers desi#n redces drillot ti"e$hich, in trn, reslts in shorter ri#ti"es and less possibility of da"a#edcasin#% Drin# operation, the pac(eroperatin# "andrel 5stin#er7 is inserted

into the pac(er bore $here it seals the$or( strin# and distribtes $ei#ht to theslips and pac(er rbbers%

SB sqee*e pac(er



SB sqee*e pac(er The SB 5slidin# ale brass7 co"posite sqepac(er is the only co"posite sqee*e pac(er% desi#ned to control ce"ent slrry sed in re"ece"entNsqee*e operations% S!8s can be for .<

57 slrry control on all types of ce"entNsqee*e -obs,

507 do$nhole $ell control,517 'o$ testin#,

537 pri"ary ce"entin#, and

547 pl#NtoNabandon $or(oers%

Plug #ac$ stingers



At one ti"e or another, "ost $ells reqire thesettin# of do$n hole ce"ent pl#s, $hether forside trac(in#, directional drillin#, abandon"ent,rnnin# casin# or pl##in# bac( to test%!e"entin# e+perts a#ree that one of the "oste)ectie procedres is the e"ploy"ent of as"all dia"eter pipe, eqipped $ith abradin#deices to "echanically re"oe #elled "dand 6lter ca(e% The centrali*in# and abradin#action that the Pl#<Bac( Stin#ers proide#reatly i"proes the "d displace"enteLciency of the ce"ent slrry%



STA?E !EMETI?EQJIPMET

STA?E !EMETI? EQJIPMET



Sta#e collar. Sta#e collar is a casin# -oint $ith ports be opened or closed or sealed o) by pressre "oed

It has #ot the follo$in# co"ponents%lo$er openin# sleee

Jpper closin# sleee

irst sta#e pl#

Trip pl# or openin# pl# or bo"b pl#!losin# pl#



5a7lo$er openin# sleee. hen the slide by the trippin# pl#, do$n, then the ports are opened for circlation% It is "ade o"aterial%



5b7Jpper closin# sleee. By the top pl# the pper closin# sleecloses the ports% Alon# $ith this sleee another oter sleeit seals o) the ports fro" otside een after drillin# ot of bsleees% The sleees slide $ith a pressre of 14 (#/c"0 by pins #et sheared o) %

5c7irst sta#e pl#. It is sed to separate the slrry fro" drillin#ies a positie indication to the end of displace"ent after the baKe rbber plate "onted oer the 'oat collar% This p

passes thro#h the sta#e collar $ithot distrbin# the slee5d7Trip pl# or openin# pl# or bo"b pl#. It is dropped after t

and is allo$ed to reach sta#e collar by #raity% Sbseqent pressre >; to ;4 (#/c"0 5;;; to 4;; psi7 $ill "oe theand the ports $ill open for circlation% The openin# pl# is "by Head and is of drillable "aterial%

5e7 !losin# pl#. It is pshed by "d after p"pin# oslrry of second sta#e% After co"plete displace"ent



slrry it reaches at sta#e collar and sits on the pperby applyin# a pressre of >; to ;4 (#/c"0 the ppe"oes do$n alon# $ith inner/oter sleee $hich cloports and seals the sta#e collar %

Stage ceenting collar

Th S ! i ! ll d h i i



The Sta#e !e"entin# !ollars are sed $hen it isdesirable to ce"ent t$o or three separate sections in thesa"e casin# strin# or to ce"ent a lon# section in t$o orthree sta#es% The "ltiple sta#e ce"entin# collar is

installed in the casin# strin# at the speci6c points $heresecond and third sta#e ce"entin# is reqired% Inoperation a Path6nder centrali*er shold be installed a

-oint aboe and a -oint belo$ the sta#e collar% A landin#plate 5BaKe7 shold be installed aboe the 'oateqip"ent sed%

Multiple stage ceenting collar



This tool is sed to e)ectiely ce"ent ppersections of the casin# strin# after displacin#ce"ent arond the lo$er section% The tool

proides a "eans of openin# and closin# portholes for ce"ent displace"ent and positiecontain"ent of the ce"ent after displace"ent%All internal parts are easily drilled, and are 6r"lyheld fro" rotatin# drin# drillin#% hen rnnin#the collar it is adisable to place a casin#

centrali*er aboe and belo$ and to rn ace"entin# bas(et belo$ the ce"entin# ports%

&a=e inserts and #a=e plates

The BaKe Inserts and BaKe Plates



The BaKe Inserts and BaKe Platesare aailable for se $hen 6llin# or'oatin# eqip"ent isnt reqired%

Either the insert or the plate can besed in a coplin# for landin# apl# on co"pletion of ce"entin#% They are aailable in eitheral"ini" or 6bre% The desired

#idin# eqip"ent shold be sed$ith the insert or plate%

S



Surace

ceentinge6uipent

!e"ent "i+in# eqip"ents



Ret "i+ers "a(in# se of entri e)ect are eMi+er of this type is si"ple in desi#n reliable andoperation% !ontrol "i+in# rate is dependent pon

57 8e#lation of the ol"e of $ater forced th -et, and

507 9eepin# the hopper fll of dry ce"ent%517 A by<pass line can spply e+tra $ater for lo$e$ei#ht by increase of $ater ce"ent ratio%

Ceent storage and transport e6uipent

Dependin# on reqire"ents



Dependin# on reqire"entsarios types and si*es of bl(stora#e and transport

eqip"ent can be sed% This"ay ran#e fro" sin#le siloarran#e"ents to co"plete bl(plants% A+iliary bl( eqip"entsch as co"pressors, blendin#

tan(s, dst collectors and roc(catchers can also be sed%



Miing and puping acilities*• The $ater is added to the ce"ent in a jet mixer % The

consists of a fnnel shaped hopper a "i+in# bo$l a $



consists of a fnnel shaped hopper, a "i+in# bo$l, a $line and an otlet for the slrry%

• As the "i+ $ater is p"ped across the lo$er end of th

entre e)ect is created and ce"ent po$der is dra$nthe 'o$ of "i+ $ater and a slrry is created%

• The slrry 'o$s into a slrry tb $here its density is " The density of the slrry shold be re#larly chec(ed dce"ent -ob since this is the pri"ary "eans by $hich tof the slrry is deter"ined%

• If the density of the slrry is correct then the correct a"i+ $ater has been "i+ed $ith the ce"ent po$der% Sabe ta(en directly fro" the "i+er and $ei#hed in a stanbalance or ato"atic deices 5denso"eters7 can also

• arios types of ce"ent p"pin# nits are aailable% or lanthey can be "onted on a trc(, $hile s(id "onted nits ao)shore%



• The nit nor"ally has t$in p"ps 5triple+, positie displace""ay be diesel po$ered or drien by electric "otors%

• These nits can operate at hi#h pressres 5p to 0;,;;; psi7

#enerally li"ited to lo$ p"pin# rates%• Most nits are capable of "i+in# and displacin# 4; < >; cbi

slrry per "inte%

• In order to "ini"ise conta"ination by the "d in the annlor spacer 'id is p"ped ahead of the ce"ent slrry%

• The actal co"position of the spacer depends on the type osed% or $ater based "ds the spacer 'id is often -st $aspecially desi#ned 'ids are aailable%

• The ol"e of spacer is based on the need to proide sLciseparation of "d and ce"ent in the annls 50; N 4; bbls oco""on7%

Ceenting "eads*



• The ce"ent head proides the connection bet$eendischar#e line fro" the ce"ent nit and the top of casin#%



#

• This piece of eqip"ent is desi#ned to hold the cesed in the conentional pri"ary ce"ent -ob%

• The ce"ent head "a(es it possible to release the pl#, "i+ and p"p do$n the ce"ent slrry, releapl# and displace the ce"ent $ithot "a(in# or bconnection to the top of the casin#%

• or ease of operation the ce"ent head shold be i

close to ri# 'oor leel as possible%• The ce"ent -obs $ill be nsccessfl if the ce"entnot installed in the correct seqence or are not relethe ce"entin# head%

• Md is nor"ally sed to displace the ce"ent slrry• The ce"ent p"ps or the ri# p"ps "ay be sed displace"ent



displace"ent%

• It is reco""ended that the ce"ent slrry is displahi#h a rate as possible%

• Fi#h rate displace"ent $ill aid eLcient "d displais hi#hly nli(ely that it $ill be possible to achiee in the ce"ent slrry since it is so iscos and has sdensity%

• Fo$eer, it "ay be possible to #enerate trblencspacer and this $ill reslt in a "ore eLcient displathe "d

Ceenting )ead

!e"entin# Fead is a special tool for p"pin# slrry releasin# pl# and ce"entin# Fead is sed as $ellh



releasin# pl#, and ce"entin# Fead is sed as $ellhall (inds of ce"entin# operation% The types of ce"enare arios as sin#le<pl#s, doble<pl#s, "lti<pl#ce"entin# head and so on%

Sin#le pl# !e"entin# Fead . Doble Pl# !e"entiDrill Pipe !e"entin# Fead

!asin# ce"entin# headsand Pl# !ontainer



and Pl# !ontainer

!e"entin# heads or pl# containers proid

the nion for connectin# the ce"entinlines fro" the serice nit to the casin#% It sed to proide continos ce"entinoperations% They are of t$o types.<

Plug containers*-Pl# containers are seto hold ce"entin# in casin# strin# nreleased% They are of t$o types< Qiopenin# and !ontinos ce"entin# heads

!EMETI? PHJ?S



!EMETI? PHJ?S



Ceenting plugs*-A rbber pl# sed to sepa

ce"ent slrry fro" other 'ids, redcin# contaand "aintainin# predictable slrry perfor"anceare t$o types of pl#s% The top pl# has a solid bproides positie indication of contact $ith thecollar and botto" pl# thro#h an increase i

pressre%



CeentingProcess

There are t$o types of ce"entin# process .

57 P i ! t ti



57 Pri"ary !e"entation%

507 Secondary !e"entation%

• The ce"entation that ta(es place soon after the lo$casin# is called the pri"ary ce"entation and anyce"entation -ob after pri"ary ce"entation is (no$secondary ce"entation%

(8NCTI2NS 2( P1IMA1> CEMENTATI2N

Oil $ell ce"entin# is the process of "i+in# a slrry of and $ater and p"pin# it do$n thro#h steel casin# t



and $ater and p"pin# it do$n thro#h steel casin# tcritical points in the annls bet$een casin# and open

The "ain fnctions of pri"ary ce"entation are .

57 to bond and spport the casin#%

507 protectin# the casin# fro" corrosion%

517 to restrict 'id "oe"ent bet$een for"ations%537 preentin# blo$ot by qic(ly for"in# a seal%

547 protectin# the casin# fro" shoc( loads drin# drill

5:7 sealin#<o) *ones of lost circlation%

TE!FIQJES O P8IMA8 !EMEollo$in# di)erent techniqes are sed for pri"ary



ce"entation%

57 Sin#le sta#e ce"entation

507 Doble sta#e ce"entation

517 Mltista#e ce"entation

537 HIE8 !EMETATIO

P1IMA1> CEMENTING*

The ob-ectie of a pri"ary ce"ent -ob is to place the ce"ent slrry in the athe casin#% In "ost cases this can be done in a sin#le operation, by p"pin



# # p , y p pthe casin#, thro#h the casin# shoe and p into the annls%

Fo$eer, in lon#er casin# strin#s and in particlar $here the for"ations arenot be able to spport the hydrostatic pressre #enerated by a ery lon# coslrry, the ce"ent -ob "ay be carried ot in t$o sta#es%

The 6rst sta#e is co"pleted in the "anner described aboe, $ith the e+cepce"ent slrry does not 6ll the entire annls, bt reaches only a pre<deter"aboe the shoe%

The second sta#e is carried ot by incldin# a special tool in the casin# striopened, allo$in# ce"ent to be p"ped fro" the casin# and into the annl

This tool is called a "lti sta#e ce"entin# tool and is placed in the casin# spoint at $hich the botto" of the second sta#e is reqired%

hen the second sta#e slrry is ready to be p"ped the "lti sta#e tool issecond sta#e slrry is p"ped do$n the casin#, thro#h the sta#e ce"entthe annls, as in the 6rst sta#e% hen the reqired a"ont of slrry has bthe "lti sta#e tool is closed% This is (no$n as a t!o stage ceenting op



The hei#ht of the ce"ent sheath, aboe the casin# shoe,annls depends on the particlar ob-ecties of the ce"eoperations%

I h f d d f i h h l



In the case of condctor and srface casin# the $hole an#enerally ce"ented so that the casin# is preented fro"

nder the ery hi#h a+ial loads prodced by the $ei#ht o$ellhead and BOP%

In the case of the inter"ediate and prodction casin# thece"ent sheath /Top o Ceent - T2C3 is generally se#e appro+i"ately 1;;<4;; ft% aboe any for"ation that cproble"s in the annls of the casin# strin# bein# ce"en

or instance, for"ations that contain #as $hich cold "i#srface in the annls $old be coered by the ce"ent%

Hiners are #enerally ce"ented oer their entire len#th, afro" the liner shoe to the liner han#er%

Sin#le sta#e ce"entation• Sin#le sta#e ce"entation is the "ost co""only sed techn

pri"ary ce"entation



pri"ary ce"entation%

• The sin#le sta#e pri"ary ce"entin# is nor"ally acco"plishep"pin# one batch of ce"ent do$n the casin# bet$een t$opl#s%

• The pl#s are eqipped $ith $ipin# 6ns to help preent contthe ce"ent by "d and also help in cleanin# the interior of t

• The pl#s are introdced into the pri"ary ce"entin# syste"proper ti"e by the plug container located on the top of thethe srface%

• The botto" pl# is placed in the casin# and follo$ed by ce"

• hen the botto" pl# reaches at the 'oat collar, it stops% Prbilt p, rptrin# the diaphra#" of botto" pl# and allo$inslrry to proceed do$n the casin# thro#h the pl#, 'oatin# #ide shoes into the annls bet$een the casin# and the op

• hen the batch of ce"ent has been p"ped into ta top pl# is released fro" the pl# container to foce"ent do$n the casin# and also helps preent con$ith the displacin# 'id



$ith the displacin# 'id%

• The top pl# is p"ped do$n ntil it lands on the t

collar% Ths co"pletin# the ce"ent -ob%



• In the case of the sin#le sta#e operation, the casin# $ith areqired ce"entin# accessories sch as the 'oat collar, cetc% is rn in the hole ntil the shoe is -st a fe$ feet o) thof the hole and the casin# head is connected to the top of



of the hole and the casin# head is connected to the top of

• The casin# is then circlated clean before the ce"entin# be#ins

• The 6rst ce"ent botto" pl# 5!iper plug7 , is p"ped dof the ce"ent to $ipe the inside of the casin# clean%

• The spacer is then p"ped into the casin#% The spacer is the ce"ent slrry and this is follo$ed by the second top po? plug7

• hen the $iper pl#/botto" pl# reaches the 'oat collar diaphra#" is rptred, allo$in# the ce"ent slrry to 'o$the pl#, arond the shoe, and p into the annls

• At this sta#e the spacer is proidin# a barrier to "i+in# ofce"ent and "d%

• hen the solid, sht<o) pl#/Top pl# reaches the collar it lands on the $iper pl#/botto" pl# and stdisplace"ent process%



• The p"pin# rate shold be slo$ed do$n as the shpl#/Top pl# approaches the 'oat collar and the s

pl# shold be #ently bumped into the botto", $• Thro#hot the ce"ent -ob the "d retrns fro" tannls shold be "onitored to ensre that the forhas not been bro(en do$n%

• If for"ation brea(do$n does occr then "d retrn

slo$ do$n or stop drin# the displace"ent operati

The sin#le sta#e procedre can be s""arised as fo

% !irclate the casin# and annls clean $ith "d casin# ol"e p"ped7



# p p 7

0% 8elease $iper pl#

1% P"p spacer

3% P"p ce"ent

4% 8elease sht<o) pl#

:% Displace $ith displacin# 'id 5#enerally "d7 nt

sht<o) pl# lands on the 'oat collar% Pressre test the casin#

Doble sta#e ce"entation• It is the conentional place"ent of ce"ent slrry alo$er portion of a casin# strin# follo$ed by place"



lo$er portion of a casin# strin# follo$ed by place"sccessie pper sta#e thro#h ports of sta#e colla

• !e"entation can be done in "ore than t$o sta#es

Mlti sta#e ce"entation!e"entation is reqired to be done in t$o or "ore sta#es becase reasons%



57 hen a lon# col"n of ce"ent cannot be handled $ith the li"iteqip"ent%

507 hen hydrostatic head of lon# col"n of ce"ent cannot be spdo$n hole for"ation%

517 Sta#e ce"entation is econo"ical as it redces the qantity of cto ce"ent $idely separated interals%

537 In case of deep $ells, the lon# col"n of ce"ent "ay hae $id

te"peratre at the top and botto" $hich cannot be coered $ith oslrry and the t$o slrries hae to be desi#ned $ith t$o di)erent teand to be p"ped in t$o sta#es, one "ay be retarded ce"ent andnor"al or accelerated ce"ent $ith adeqate thic(enin# ti"e%

547 Sta#e ce"entation is also reqired $hen di)erent density ce"eto coer di)erent interals%

The procedre for condctin# a "lti<sta#e operation is as follo$s

(irst stage

• The procedre for the 6rst sta#e of the operation is si"ilar, e+ce$iper pl#/Botto" Pl# is not sed and only a liqid spacer is p



$iper pl#/Botto" Pl# is not sed and only a liqid spacer is pof the ce"ent slrry% The conentional sht<o) pl#/Top pl# is rpl# $ith 'e+ible blades%

A spacer is a 'id sed to separate drillin# 'ids and ce"entispacer can be desi#ned for se $ith either $ater<based or oil<base'ids, and prepares both pipe and for"ation for the ce"entin# opSpacers are typically densi6ed $ith insolble<solid $ei#htin# a#en

• This type of sht<o) pl# is sed becase it has to pass thro#h ce"entin# collar

• It is $orth notin# that a s"aller ol"e of ce"ent slrry is sed,the lo$er part of the annls is to be ce"ented%

• The hei#ht of this ce"ented part of the annls $ill depend on t#radient of the for"ations $hich are e+posed in the annls 5a h1;;; < 3;;; aboe the shoe is co""on7%

Second stage• The second sta#e of the operation inoles the se of a sp

(no$n as a sta#e collar, $hich is "ade p into the casin# pre<deter"ined position%

http://petrowiki.org/Cement_slurry_design

http://petrowiki.org/Cement_slurry_design



pre deter"ined position%

• The position often corresponds to the depth of the preioshoe%

• The ports in the sta#e collar are initially sealed o) by the isleee% This sleee is held in place by retainin# pins%

• After the 6rst sta#e is co"plete a special dart is released fsrface $hich lands in the inner sleee of the sta#e collar%

• hen a pressre of ;;; < 4;; psi is applied to the casin

the dart, and therefore to the dart, the retainin# pins on thsleee are sheared and the sleee "oes do$n, ncoerinin the oter "andrel%

• !irclation is established thro#h the sta#e collar before tsta#e slrry is p"ped%

The nor"al procedre for the second sta#e of a t$o operation is as follo$s.

% Drop openin# dart



0% Pressre p to shear pins

1% !irclate tho#h sta#e collar $hilst the 6rst sta#esettin#

3% P"p spacer

4% P"p second sta#e slrry

:% 8elease closin# pl#>% Displace pl# and ce"ent $ith "d

=% Pressre p on pl# to close ports in sta#e collar apressre test the casin#%

• To preent ce"ent fallin# do$n the annls a ce"or pac(er "ay be rn on the casin# belo$ the sta#

• If necessary, "ore than one sta#e collar can be rncasin# so that arios sections of the annls can



casin# so that arios sections of the annls can ce"ented%

• One disadanta#e of sta#e ce"entin# is that the ccannot be "oed after the 6rst sta#e ce"ent has slo$er part of the annls%

• This increases the ris( of channellin# and a poor cebond%

HIE8 !EMETATIO• A liner is a standard casin# strin# $hich does not e+the $ay to the srface pto the $ell "oth bt is h



the $ay to the srface pto the $ell "oth bt is hinside the preios casin#%

• A special care is to be ta(en $hile desi#nin# the cefor liner ce"entation%

• Each liner ce"entation has to be de6ned as per hoand speci6c ce"ent slrry properties are to be deeach -ob as per depth, te"peratre and pressre to

encontered drin# the -ob%Desi#nin# a slrry for liner ce"entation -ob incldes speci6c considerations%

5a7 Thic(enin# ti"e 5b7 Slrry desi#n 5c7 lid loss 5dol"e 5e7 Spacers

• Hiners are rn on drillpipe and therefore the conentioce"entin# techniqes cannot be sed for ce"entin# a

• Special eqip"ent "st be sed for ce"entin# these

A ith f ll t i f i th li h ' t ll



• As $ith a fll strin# of casin# the liner has a 'oat collainstalled% In addition there is a landin# collar, positione

-oints aboe the 'oat collar%• A $iper pl#/Botto" Pl# is held on the end of the tail

rnnin# strin# by shear pins

• The liner is rn on drillpipe and the han#er is set at thepoint inside the preios casin# strin#%

• Md is circlated to ensre that the liner and the annfro" debris%

• Before the ce"entin# operation be#ins the liner settinbac(ed o) to ensre that it can be recoered at the ence"ent -ob%

The ce"entin# procedre is as follo$s.

P"p spacer ahead of ce"ent slrry

0 P"p slrry



1 8elease p"p do$n pl#

3 Displace ce"ent do$n the rnnin# strin# and ot of thethe annls

4 !ontine p"pin# ntil the p"p do$n pl# lands on tpl#%

: Apply pressre to the p"p do$n pl# and shear ot th

the $iper pl#% This releases the $iper pl#

> Both pl#s "oe do$n the liner ntil they latch onto la

= B"p the pl#s $ith ;;; psi pressre

Bleed o) pressre and chec( for bac( 'o$

SE!ODA8 !EMETATIO• Secondary ce"entation is the ce"entin# operationafter the pri"ary ce"entation, to repair so"e se#"



p y p #bore hole hain# poor ce"ent in annls% This is alsas re"edial ce"entin#%

• The ce"ent sqee*in# and ce"ent pl##in# are thtypes of secondary ce"entin# processes%

SQJEEVE !EMETI?. It is the process of forcin# a c

slrry nder

pressre a#ainst a for"ation%

SE!ODA8 !EMETI?. PHJ? B!EMETI?



Plugging is the special method of cementing. In plugg

amount of cement slurry is pumped in the well and a

set in the bottom. The cement is set and cease the fl

well. The basic objectives of the plugging are as follows

• In the abandoned wells: to cease the flow.

• For zone isolation: To isolate producing zones from

production is not required.• For side tracking the wells: to provide the base for

tools.

SE!ODA8 !EMETI?.PHJ? BA!9 !EMETI?



• To isolate lost circulating zones: plug should be p

circulating zone and is drilled! in this way the zone is is

is not possible to lower intermediate casing for every i

lost circulating zone! so the plugging is the most

technique to face the problem.

• For formation testing: To test the formation fracture

capacity etc! a plug is placed and the whole column is fluid and pressure is noted at the surface and ca

pressure to brea"ing the formation is noted down.

SQJEEVE !EMETI?#queeze cementing is an operation whereby a cement slurry is force



under pressure

$&% in to a formation $via an open hole%!

$'% in to a channel behind the casing! or

$(% through holes purposely placed in the casing.

#queeze cementing operations are performed either during drilling an

or in wor" over operations.

This may be low pressure squeezing where the squeeze pressurefracture pressure of the roc"s

or the high pressure squeezing where the squeeze pressure is more

pressure of the roc"s.

!HASSII!ATIO O SQJEEVE ROB The sqee*e -ob can be classi6ed by pressre reqir

Fi#h pressre sqee*in#



Fi#h pressre sqee*in#

Ho$ pressre sqee*in#

Fi#h Pressre Sqee*in#. It inoles brea(in# do$n tfor"ation and p"pin# do$n the ce"ent slrry into for"ation ntil a speci6c srface pressre can be "a$ithot bleed o)

Ho$ pressre sqee*in#. It inoles placin# of a ce"the interal to be sqee*ed by applyin# a pressre sfor" a 6lter ca(e of dehydrated ce"ent in perforatiochannels or fractres%

OBRE!TIES O SQJEEVE !EME

T t l t i l ti i th h l



• To stop lost circlation in the open hole%

• To spple"ent a falty pri"ary ce"entin#%• To redce O8 & ?O8%

• To abandon non< prodcin# / depleted *one%

• To isolate a *one before perforation -ob%

• To repair casin# lea(s thro#h -oints, corroded pcasin# splits or parted casin#s etc%

OBRE!TIES O SQJEEVE !EME

To place ce"ent slrr behind the casin# liners



• To place ce"ent slrry behind the casin# liners%

• To seal the channels or 6n#ers behind the casin#• To isolate the *one in per"anent co"pletion%

• To se#re#ate a hydrocarbon< prodcin# *one fro"prodcin# other 'ids%

• To preent 'id "i#ration fro" abandoned *one

SQJEEVE TE!FIQJES• Bradenhead sqee*e "ethod

• Sqee*e pac(er "ethod



q p

• Bildin# sqee*e pressre



!EMETI? !AH!JHATIO

P1E-+2& CA%C8%ATI2NS The follo$in# calclations are reqired prior to a ce"

5a7Head and Tail slrry ol"es "i+ $ater and additi



5 7 y

5b7Total qantity of ce"ent

5c7Displace"ent ol"e

5d7Fydrostatic pressre for arios ce"ent positions

5e7Di)erential pressre at the end of ce"ent displac

5f7 !ollapse pressre at the casin# shoe at the end ofdisplace"ent%

5#7 The e+pected total ol"e of retrns drin# the cand the e+pected oerall increase in pit ol"e%

The follo$in# eqations are sefl for carryin# ot cecalclations%

% Thic(enin# ti"e.

Thic(enin# ti"e W "i+in# ti"e X srface ti"e X disp



Thic(enin# ti"e "i+in# ti"e X srface ti"e X dispti"e X pl# release ti"e X safety ti"e

0% Displace"ent ti"e.

1 Slrry density.



1% Slrry density.

3% !e"ent stren#th.

Spport capability or fractre load 5b7

W ;%: + Sc + d + F• $here Sc W co"pressie stren#th of ce"ent 5psi7

• d W otside dia"eter of casin# 5in7

• F W hei#ht of ce"ent col"n

4% Pl##in# Bac( Operations.ol"e of ce"ent W F + 5A X !7

• $here F W hei#ht of ce"ent pl#, ft

• A annlar capacity bet$een drillpipe 5or tbin#7 a



• A W annlar capacity bet$een drillpipe 5or tbin#7 ahole

• ! W capacity of drillpipe or tbin#

92%8MES *

• The nor"al nit ol"e for ce"ent is sac( $hichcorresponds to 3 lbs of $ei#ht occpyin# a pac(ed cbic foot

S%811> 'ENSIT> AN' >IE%'*• The density of a ce"ent slrry is calclated by add$ei#hts of the separate constitents and diidin# babsolte ol"es%



• The density of a ce"ent slrry is described in ter"s

lb"/#al% To deter"ine the density, diide the total p$ei#ht by the total ol"e in #allons%

O! 5AIT O !EMET7.

• In early days of operation $aited as lon# as >



In early days of operation $aited as lon# as > ce"ent to attain stren#th and for "any years

days% Bt no$ a days 03 hors is the "ost $aitin# period that is (no$n as $ait on ce"enti"e%

• O! for srface/ inter"ediate and Protection cace"entin# starts $hen $iper pl# is do$n and e$hen drillin# ot of pl# is started% On prodctiocasin# O! starts $hen ce"ent is placed and e

!8 5ATE8 !EMET 8ATIO7.

MINIM8M 4C1*



MINIM8M 4C1*

• Mini"" $ater ce"ent ratio is de6ned as per "reqire"ent of $ater to "a(e ho"o#eneosMini"" a"ont of $ater for any class ce"ena"ont $hich can be sed $ithot prodcin# a consistency #reater than 1; poise%

)*+ $)T,+ *,,T +TI/%0

• If less than minimum amount of water used! the frict



If less than minimum amount of water used! the frict

annulus plus the hydrostatic pressure may be high e

brea" the formation.

• The loss of minimum amount of water from slurry m

premature setting and stoppage of slurry during placem

• /n other hand minimum amount of water is useful in

jobs.• The thic"ening or pumping time of these slurry is con

shorter than that of slurries mi1ed with usual amount of

2I3 )*+0

The ma1imum amount of water is defined as that quantity

f t th t b i d ith t ith t i th



Class of

cement

Maximum Water

Water Weight Volume

Galsac lbgal ft! sac

Minimum Water

Water Weight Volume

Galsac lbgal ft! sac

" #$# %#$!& %$'' !$&( %)$*& %$((

C +$& %!$&' %$#, )$!' %,$*( %$!!

- ,$, %)$!) %$(+ !$%# %+$*, ($&(

of water that can be mi1ed with cement without causing the

separation of not more than '.4 ml of supernatant water

when '45 ml slurry is allowed to stand in a graduated

cylinder for ' hours at room temperature and pressure.

8eferences

• https.//yot%be/"aYeAY!1E

https://youtu.be/mYaXeAXCv3E





p //y /

TFA9 OJ




cementing edited

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