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Centennial Park Study Area

Terrestrial Biological Inventory and Assessment

February, 2007

Contact: Sue Hayes

Toronto Region Conservation Authority Ecology Division

Regional Watershed Monitoring Program

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List of Contributors

• Paul Prior • Gavin Miller • Patricia Moleirinho

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Centennial Park Study AreaTable of Contents

1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program ................................................................ 1

1.1.1 Landscape Indicators ........................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 The Region Today ............................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 The Region in 100 Years ................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Vegetation Communities and Species.............................................................. 4

1.2 Inventory Methodology............................................................................................. 5 2.0 Results and Discussion of Centennial Park Study Area .............................................. 6

2.1 Site Location; Floristic and Physiographic Regions ................................................ 6 2.2 Habitat Patch Findings for Centennial Park Study Area .......................................... 7

2.2.1 Quality Distribution of Natural Cover................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Quantity of Natural Cover .................................................................................. 8

2.3 Vegetation Community Findings for Centennial Park.............................................. 8 2.3.1 Vegetation Community Representation ............................................................ 8 2.3.2 Vegetation Communities of Concern .............................................................. 10

2.4 Flora Findings for Centennial Park Study Area...................................................... 10 2.4.1 Flora Species Representation ......................................................................... 10 2.4.2 Flora Species of Concern................................................................................ 11

2.5 Fauna Findings for Centennial Park Study Area.................................................... 14 2.5.1 Fauna Species Representation ....................................................................... 14 2.5.2 Fauna Species of Concern.............................................................................. 14

3.0 Recommendations...................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Summary................................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Site Recommendations .......................................................................................... 19

3.2.1 Quality Distribution Recommendations .......................................................... 21 3.2.2 Quantity Recommendations............................................................................ 22

4.0 References .................................................................................................................. 24

Tables

Table 1: Habitat Patch Quality, Rank and Species Response........................................... 3 Table 2: Schedule of the TRCA Biological Surveys at Centennial Park Study Area......... 6 Table 3: Summary and Recommendations for the Centennial Park Study Area by

Indicator .................................................................................................................... 20

Maps

Map 1: Centennial Park Study Area in the Context of Regional Natural Cover ...............25 Map 2: Centennial Park Study Area ..................................................................................27 Map 3: Habitat Patch Size with Fauna Area Sensitivity Scores........................................29 Map 4: Scores for Matrix Influence and Flora Sensitivity to Development.......................31 Map 5: Scores for Matrix Influence and Fauna Sensitivity to Development.....................33

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Map 6: Habitat Patch Quality.............................................................................................35 Map 7: Regional Natural System Habitat Patch Quality ...................................................37 Map 8: Distribution of Fauna Regional Species of Concern ............................................39 Map 9: Vegetation Communities with their Associated Local Ranks ...............................41 Map 10: Locations of Flora Species of Concern...............................................................43 Map 11: Flora Habitat Dependence Scores......................................................................45 Map 12: Location of Fauna Species of Concern ..............................................................47 Map 13: Fauna Species of Concern Habitat Dependence Scores ..................................49

Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Vegetation Communities ....................................................................51 Appendix 2: List of Flora Species......................................................................................53 Appendix 3: List of Fauna Species....................................................................................61

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1.0 Introduction

This report describes the Centennial Park Study Area in the context of the Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program of the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). The question that the report addresses is “How does the area surveyed at the Centennial Park site fit within the regional natural system, and how should its contribution to this system be protected and maximized?” The important message outlined by this question is that the health of the natural system is measured at the regional scale and specific sites must be considered together for their benefits at all scales, from the site to the larger system. The TRCA has developed a Terrestrial Natural Heritage Systems Strategy for retaining and recovering natural heritage within its jurisdiction that incorporates target-setting at the regional level. A target system that identifies a land base for where natural cover should be restored is a key component of the Strategy. Although the objectives of the Strategy are based on making positive changes at all scales, the evaluation models were developed at the landscape scale using a combination of digital land cover mapping and field-collected data. Field-collected data also provides ground-level information in the application of the landscape models at the site scale. This report explains the results of vegetation community and flora and fauna species inventories conducted at Centennial Park and, more importantly, will explain how this site-specific information fits into the regional Natural Heritage Strategy and targets.

The report is divided into several sections and sub-sections. The first section of the report includes this introduction followed by a sub-section providing background information on the Terrestrial Natural Heritage (TNH) Program. Section 1 is broadscoped. This information will assist the reader in understanding the science and rationale behind the Strategy and targets that are a key part of this program and the recommendations for this site. Also included in the first section of the report is the methodology for the collection of data pertaining to the site. Section 2 is site-focused.Having examined the regional context, our reporting now describes the site and the results and analysis of information collected through both remote-sensing and field surveys. Section 3 combines results from Sections 1 & 2 to provide recommendations for the site in context with the regional natural heritage strategy and targets.

1.1 The Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program

Rapid urban expansion in the TRCA jurisdiction has led to continuous incremental loss of natural cover and species. In a landscape that probably supported 95 percent forest cover prior to European settlement, current mapping shows that only about 17 percent forest and wetland cover remains. Agricultural and natural lands are increasingly being urbanised while species continue to disappear. This represents a substantial loss of ecological integrity and ecosystem function that would be exacerbated in the future according to trends.

In the late 1990s the TRCA initiated the Terrestrial Natural Heritage (TNH) Program to address terrestrial biodiversity loss in the nine watersheds that compose its jurisdiction. It based this work on two landscape-level indicators: the quality distribution and

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quantity of natural cover. These indicators summarize changes that occurred to the historical natural system. The aim of the program is to create a conservation strategy designed to both protect elements of the natural system (vegetation communities, flora and fauna species) before they become rare and to promote greater ecological function of the natural system as a whole. This aim is accomplished through the TNH Strategy by setting targets – both short and long term (100 years) - for the two “indicators” to provide direction in planning at all scales (TRCA, 2006a). The two indicators and the targets that have been set for them are explained below. It is important to understand that both of the indicators are interdependent, for example, neither well-distributed, poor-quality natural cover, nor poorly-distributed good quality natural cover, achieves the desired conditions.

An example of the stress placed on the natural system is illustrated by a continent-wide study undertaken by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. The study showed that scarlet tanagers (a bird species that requires mature deciduous forests) are less area sensitivein a landscape that still has a high percentage of forest cover than in a landscape where overall forest cover has been greatly reduced (Rosenburg et al., 1999). This example demonstrates how important it is to view development and management at the broader regional scale rather than solely at the site-specific level. The important issue is the cumulative loss of natural cover in the TRCA region that has resulted from innumerable site-specific decisions.

1.1.1 Landscape Indicators

The quality distribution and quantity of natural cover in a region are important determinants of species distribution, vegetation community health and the provision of ecosystem services in that region. As agricultural and urban land uses replace natural cover, diminishing proportions of various natural vegetation communities and reduced populations of native species remain. Unforeseen stresses are then exerted on the remaining flora and fauna in the natural heritage system and they become rarer and may eventually be at risk of extirpation. This pattern ultimately lowers the ability of the land to support biodiversity and to maintain or enhance the quality of human life (e.g. through increased pollution and decreased space for recreation).

Base Mapping

The first step in evaluating a natural system or an individual patch is to interpret and map land cover using ærial photographs. The basic unit for the evaluation at all scales is the individual habitat patch in the region, which are then combined and evaluated as a system at any scale. A habitat patch is a continuous piece of habitat, as determined from ærial photo interpretation. TRCA maps habitat according to four broad categories: forest, wetland, meadow, and coastal (beach, dune, or bluff). At the regional level, the TRCA jurisdiction is made up of thousands of habitat patches. This mapping of habitat patches in broad categories is conducted through remote-sensing and is used in the evaluation of quality, distribution and quantity. It should not be confused with the more detailed mapping of vegetation communities that is obtained through field surveys and that is used to ground-truth the evaluation (the latter follows in Section 2).

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Quality Distribution of Natural Cover

Quality is not just viewed on its own across the watershed, distribution of this quality is considered at the same time. If the distribution of quality habitat is poor, then the distribution of species of concern will also be poor. Where these species occur there is often a high correlation to the range and quality of ecosystem services provided. Therefore, for a watershed to deliver the range of ecosystem services equally across the watershed and provide the habitat necessary to maintain a complex and dynamic terrestrial system, good quality habitat must be distributed evenly. By examining the quality of habitat across each subunit or subwatershed the distribution of quality habitat, or ‘quality distribution’ can be ascertained.

Each habitat patch is evaluated according to three criteria: size (the number of hectares occupied by the patch), shape (edge-to-area ratio), and matrix influence (measure of the positive and negative impacts from surrounding land use)(TRCA, 2006b). A total score for each patch is obtained through a weighted average of the scores for the three criteria. This total score is used as a surrogate for the ‘quality’ of a habitat patch and is translated into a local rank (L-rank) ranging from L1-L5 based on the range of possible total scores from 3 to 15 points. Of these L-ranks, L1 represents the highest quality habitat and L5 the poorest.

Species presence or absence correlates to habitat patch size, shape and matrix influence (patch quality)(Kilgour, 2003). The quality target is based on attaining a quality of habitat patch throughout the natural system that would support in the very long term a broad range of biodiversity, more specifically a quality that would support the region’s fauna Species of Conservation Concern (Table 1). The target for quality distribution is to increase the quality of patches in all subwatersheds while promoting the “good quality” (L2) average regionally.

Table 1: Habitat Patch Quality, Rank and Species Response

Size, Shape and Matrix Patch Rank Fauna Species of Concern Excellent L1 Generally Found

Good L2 Generally Found Fair L3 Generally Found Poor L4 Generally Not Found

Very Poor L5 Generally Not Found

In addition to the three criteria that make up the total habitat patch score, another important measure to consider in assessing habitat patch quality is forest interior, i.e. the amount of forest habitat that is greater than 100 meters from the edge of the forest patch, using 100 meter increments. A recognized distance for deep interior conditions occurs at 400 meters from the patch edge. Such conditions are a habitat requirement for several sensitive fauna species.

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Quantity

The quantity target is largely the amount of forest and wetland cover necessary to achieve the quality distribution target. This illustrates how both targets are dependent on each other. The quantity target of 30 per cent is the minimum forest and wetlandcover required for the “good quality” average to be distributed where possible in the TRCA jurisdiction.

Based on 2002 orthophotography, 25% of the land area in the TRCA jurisdiction consists of natural cover. Although historically, the region would have consisted of up to 95% forest cover, today only about 15% is covered by forest (the remaining natural cover is mostly meadow or old field). Of the non-natural cover (i.e. the remaining 75%), 48% is urban and 27% is rural/agricultural.

1.1.2 The Region Today

The regional level analysis of habitat patches shows that the present average patch quality across the TRCA jurisdiction is “fair” (L3); forest and wetland cover is contained largely in the northern half of the TRCA jurisdiction, especially on the Oak Ridges Moraine; and the quantity is 16 per cent of the surface area of the TRCA jurisdiction. Thus the existing system stands below the targets that have been set. It becomes increasingly important to recognise that all site-based decisions contribute to the condition of a region.

1.1.3 The Region in 100 Years

The targets for quality distribution and quantity fall short of the historic pre-settlement condition, which was likely an “excellent” patch quality (L1 rank) on average, with an even distribution and 100 per cent natural cover. Those historical conditions are not the regional vision any more than 100 per cent urban is desirable; rather, the goal is to promote natural cover in a city region where urban communities, agriculture and natural cover function together as an ecosystem. The targets represent an important move toward the sustainability of regional biodiversity. Achieving the targets would reverse the current trend of declining species and vegetation communities and would improve the system’s quality sufficiently to offset many impacts from further urban growth and intensification.

1.1.4 Vegetation Communities and Species

While the targets for the natural heritage system are derived from regional-scale information, the site surveys at the ground-truthing level provide important information that can be used in conjunction with the targets to plan decisions at the site level. A key component of the ground-truthing surveys is the scoring and ranking of vegetation communities and flora and fauna species to generate L-ranks (L1-L5)(TRCA, 2005). Vegetation community scores and ranks are based on two criteria: local occurrence

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and the number of geophysical requirements or factors on which they depend. Flora species are scored using four criteria: local occurrence, population trend, habitatdependence, and sensitivity to impacts associated with development. Fauna species are scored based on seven criteria: local occurrence, local population trend, continent-wide population trend, habitat dependence, sensitivity to development, area-sensitivity,and mobility restriction. With the use of this ranking system, communities or species of regional concern, ranked L1-L3, now replace the idea of rare communities or species. Rarity (local occurrence) is still considered but is now one of many criteria that make up the L-ranks, making it possible to recognize communities or species of regional concern before they have become rare.

Conservation efforts need to be exercised before a vegetation community or species becomes rare, since much of the damage is irreversible once a community or species is considered rare. This is why the regional targets are relevant at the site scale where cumulative impacts occur. In addition to the L1-L3 species, a large number of currently common or secure species at the regional level are considered of concern in the urban context. These are the species identified with a conservation rank of L4. Although L4 species are widespread and frequently occur in relatively intact urban sites, they are vulnerable to long-term declines.

1.2 Inventory Methodology

A biological inventory of the Centennial Park Study Area was conducted at the levels of habitat patch, vegetation community, and species (flora and fauna) according to the TRCA data collection protocol (TRCA, 2007). Habitat patch mapping was excerpted from the regional 2002 mapping of broadly-defined patch categories (forest, wetland, meadow and coastal) and then digitized using ArcView GIS software.

Vegetation communities and flora species were surveyed concurrently. Botanical fieldwork for the site was conducted in 2006 (Table 2). Vegetation community designations were based on the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) and determined to the level of vegetation type (Lee et al., 1998). Community boundaries were outlined onto printouts of 2002 digital ortho-rectified photographs (ortho-photos) to a scale of 1:2000 and then digitized in ArcView. Flora regional species of concern (species ranked L1-L3) were mapped as point data with approximate number of individuals seen.

Fauna data were collected by the TRCA in April and June, 2006. The spring survey searched primarily for frog species of regional concern but recorded incidentally the presence of any early spring nocturnal bird species (owls and American woodcocks). The summer surveys were concerned primarily with the mapping of breeding bird species of regional concern. Songbirds are surveyed in June/July in order to obtain breeding bird data and to exclude migrants. The methodology for identifying confirmedand possible breeding birds follows Cadman et al. (1987). Fauna regional species of concern (species ranked L1-L3) and species of concern within the urban portion of the region (L4) were mapped as point data. The results from the 2006 inventory are augmented in this report with fauna data collected during earlier surveys by TRCA staff in 1998 and 2000.

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Table 2: Schedule of the TRCA Biological Surveys at Centennial Park Study Area

Survey Item Dates Time (hours)

Patch/Landscape 2002 ortho-photos 21 hours

Vegetation Communities & Flora Species

3 May, 8 June, 22 & 28 Aug, 18 Oct 2006

24 hours

Frogs & Vernal Birds April18, 2006 1.25 hours

Breeding Songbirds 13, 14 and 29 June, 2006. 5.5 hours

2.0 Results and Discussion of Centennial Park Study Area

Information pertaining to the study area was collected through both remote-sensing and ground-truthing surveys. This information contains three levels of detail: habitat patch, vegetation community, and species (flora and fauna). Section 2 provides the information collected and its analysis in the context of the TNH strategy. Sub-section 2.1 gives an overview of the site location and general information about the site. Further sub-sections will present the findings and analysis under the headings of habitat patch, vegetation communities, flora species, and fauna species.

2.1 Site Location; Floristic and Physiographic Regions

The Centennial Park study area is located on the east side of the lower Etobicoke Creek, in the municipality of Toronto, Toronto region (Map 1). It consists entirely of the City of Toronto property situated between Eglinton Avenue and Rathburn Road, east of Centennial Park Boulevard (Map 2). Etobicoke Creek passes to within 200 metres of the southern corner of the study area, bringing a relatively extensive section of riparian corridor into close proximity to the park. The park is nestled within a highly urban landscape with Lester B. Pearson International Airport and the 401 Hwy situated just over 1km to the north-west. Other than the riparian cover associated with the nearby Etobicoke Creek and with one of the smaller Etobicoke tributaries there is almost no natural cover remaining within the local urban landscape.

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The site lies entirely on the South Slope physiographic region. The South Slope physiographic region is a variable feature, lying between the Oak Ridges Moraine, the Peel Plain, and the Lake Iroquois plain (Chapman & Putnam, 1984). It is poorly-defined and the western parts have a fairly close affinity to the Peel Plain, but not so obviously glaciolacustrine in origin. The substrate is till. The topography is level to gently rolling (drumlinized to the east of Toronto), and the soils are often silty to clayey. Centennial Park soil is Chinguacousy clay loam (Hoffman & Richards, 1955). This is a heavy, imperfectly drained, and shale-based soil with fairly high fertility.

Centennial Park lies within the Carolinian zone, the warm deciduous forest zone of southwestern Ontario. In fact, it lies within the most intensely Carolinian part of the TRCA jurisdiction, being in the southwest corner of the jurisdiction but set back from the cooling influence of Lake Ontario. Indeed, a number of Carolinian species are prominent at Centennial Park while others occur nearby.

2.2 Habitat Patch Findings for Centennial Park Study Area

The following details the Centennial Park Study Area according to the two natural system indicators used in designing the Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy: the quality distribution and quantity of natural cover. Analysis was based on 2002 ortho-photos.

2.2.1 Quality Distribution of Natural Cover

The results for quality distribution at are reported below under the headings of habitat patch size, shape, matrix influence and total score.

Habitat Patch Size and Shape

Within the Centennial Park Study Area, the remnant natural habitat is highly fragmented and thus scores as several small patches scoring either “poor” or “very poor”. The entire park is a mosaic of small discrete habitat patches scattered across a largely manicured landscape; both wetland and forest habitat types are represented, and the resulting over all patch size score for the study area averages “poor”, or 2 out of a possible 5 points.

In terms of shape, the habitat patches are considerably higher with several patches in the northern quarter of the park scoring the maximum 5 out of 5 points (“excellent”), for example, the small but uniformly shaped 4 ha forest patch in the north-eastern corner. This emphasizes the fact that shape attributes should not be considered in isolation from size attributes. A further understanding of the condition of the forest patches on the site can be gained by considering the fact that there is no Forest Interior beyond 100 m from the forest edge except for a very small portion in the centre of the southern (and largest) forest block. The amount of Forest Interior is limited by the highly fragmented condition of the forest habitat.

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Habitat Patch Matrix Influence

Analysis based on the 2002 ortho-photos shows that the habitat in the study area receives a “very poor” matrix influence (i.e. scores one out of a possible five points, see Maps 4 & 5). This can be attributed to the entirely urban landscape surrounding the site, relieved only by the natural cover remaining in the nearby Etobicoke Creek riparian corridor, the open ground associated with the adjacent golf-course, and the large open areas associated with the airport over 1 km to the north.

Habitat Patch Total Score

The low scores for Habitat Patch Size and Matrix Influence combine to counteract the “good” Patch Shape score, resulting in an overall “poor” Habitat Patch Quality (Map 6). This is consistent with much of the remnant natural cover in this south-west corner of the TRCA jurisdiction. The fact that the landscape local to Centennial Park is so highly urbanized should result in the presence of a relatively low quality biodiversity with a very low incidence of Species of Regional Concern. It is important to understand the reciprocal interaction between the study area and the landscape in which the study area is embedded: each in their turn affects the other.

2.2.2 Quantity of Natural Cover

The area of the Etobicoke Creek watershed is approximately 21,165 hectares, containing 14 % natural cover, including 1031 ha of forest (4.9%), 1723 ha of meadow and 129.6 ha of wetland (0.6%).

Vegetation surveys show that the Centennial Park Study Area occupies 135.6 hectares, of which 30.0 ha (22.1%) is identified as natural cover. The rest is manicured or otherwise developed parkland (roads, sports buildings, etc.) The park amounts to 1.0 % of the total natural cover in the Etobicoke watershed. According to ELC categories, 12.6 ha of the study area is forest and plantation, 4.4 ha is successional, 4.7 ha is wetland, 2.4 ha is vegetated aquatic, and 6.4 ha is meadow (Appendix 1).

2.3 Vegetation Community Findings for Centennial Park

2.3.1 Vegetation Community Representation

The land use history of the study area includes an agricultural past and current active urban park uses. Thus, a few relict habitats are combined with various plantings and ponds done at the time of development, and recent restoration work to yield a total of 31 different ELC vegetation types as described in 2006 (Appendix 1; Map 9). Some

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areas have undergone natural succession following abandonment of agriculture in the 1960’s, mostly in the southwest of the park.

Centennial Park supports 16 types of forest covering 12.0 hectares. The coverage is about evenly divided between mature native forest (3.5 ha, 2 types), plantation (3.2 ha, 10 types), and more-or-less weedy secondary growth (4.3 ha, 4 types). Mature forests are confined to two patches of Fresh-Moist Shagbark Hickory Deciduous Forest (FOD9-4) in the northeast and one of Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple – Beech Deciduous Forest (FOD5-2) in the southwest. These forests retain a complement of native ground flora in spite of stresses associated with urban land use, recreation, and garlic mustard invasion. Plantations of various ages from 1-40 years are scattered across the site. None is more than a hectare in size. Conifer plantations form narrow strips between ski runs on the artificial hill (a former landfill site); landscaped berms support other small strips of mixed plantings, and newer native plantings are concentrated along the swale in the western part of the site. Younger secondary forests occur in the west and in small patches along the watercourse.

Wetlands occupy 4.7 hectares of the site, and there are also 2.4 ha of vegetated aquatic communities associated with ponds. Red Ash Mineral Deciduous Swamp (SWD2-2) occurs scattered across the site and possibly represents an original vegetation type of poorly-drained conditions here. Some of the patches have been drained but still retain the soil and canopy characteristics of this community. Narrow-leaved Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh (MAS2-1b) rings the ponds, and Reed Canary Grass and Forb Mineral Meadow Marshes (MAM2-2 and MAM2-10) occur along swales. Successful restoration plantings are featured in the Forb Mineral Meadow Marshes.

Several artificial ponds occur at Centennial Park. The largest is Joe Benesh Pond, at the west end of the site. The margins of this include a Waterweed Submerged Shallow Aquatic community (SAS1-2). Another pond in the northeast of the park has a Pondweed Submerged Shallow Aquatic community (SAS1-1), while a tiny ornamental pond in front of the greenhouses nonetheless supports a Water Lily Mixed Shallow Aquatic community (SAM1-A). Two small ponds on the watercourse and the centre of the Joe Benesh pond are unvegetated and turbid (OAO1-T).

Areas subjected to past agricultural or manicured use include 6.4 ha of meadow (CUM1-A, b, and c) dominated by tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) with an admixture of smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and other European cool-season grasses and forbs. Another 4.4 ha are in various pre-forest stages of succession. There is one 2.9 hectare patch of Deciduous Cultural Woodland (CUW1-A3) dominated by dead elm and regenerating ash. It is adjacent to the mature sugar maple forest. Active restoration work here has included plantings of native trees and shrubs and removal of invasive species such as European buckthorn.

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2.3.2 Vegetation Communities of Concern

The vegetation communities that occur in the TRCA jurisdiction are scored and given a local rank from L1 to L5. Vegetation communities with a rank of L1 to L3 are considered of regional concern in the jurisdiction, while those ranked L4 are considered to be of concern in urban landscapes such as Centennial Park. The ranks are based on two criteria: local distribution and geophysical requirements (TRCA, 2005).

Four of the 31 vegetation communities found at Centennial Park are of regional concern; three of these are L3 aquatic communities associated with ponds (Appendix 1; Map 9). The distinctively Carolinian forest type: Fresh-Moist Shagbark Hickory Deciduous Forest (FOD9-4) is ranked L2. Two wetland types are ranked L4: Red Ash Mineral Deciduous Swamp (SWD2-2) and Forb Mineral Meadow Marsh (MAM2-10).

Four community types in Centennial Park have restricted local distribution (generally, they are restricted to six or fewer of the forty-four 10x10 km squares that encompass the TRCA jurisdiction). This figure excludes peculiar cultural communities such as Douglas Fir Conifer Plantation (CUP3-i). The Fresh-Moist Shagbark Hickory Deciduous Forest is particularly rare, occurring only in the southwest part of the TRCA jurisdiction where very little natural cover remains.

The geophysical requirements of communities in the TRCA jurisdiction make up the second criteria of the community L-rank. Vegetation communities develop under certain site conditions and may be restricted to particular locations based on slope aspect, hydrology, soil character (e.g. structure and nutrient status), and dynamic processes (e.g. erosion and flooding). The vegetation communities at Centennial Park tend to score low to moderate in this respect. However, the wetland and aquatic communities at Centennial Park are associated with the poor drainage, level topography, and heavy soils of the site, and the shagbark hickory forest requires a fairly warm exposure, level to south-west facing.

2.4 Flora Findings for Centennial Park Study Area

2.4.1 Flora Species Representation

A total of 281 flora species were found at the Centennial Park Study Area during the 2006 field season (Appendix 2). 48 of these were of planted origin. Of the planted species, 10 were local natives successfully established in restoration plantings; thus, these are counted with the naturally—occurring species. 38 (native and alien) species were planted and persisting but not established or reproducing, indicated by a “p” preceding the L-rank in Appendix 2. Of the 243 natural or established species, 125

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(51%) are native, 21 are of regional concern (all L3), and 38 are of urban concern (L4) (Map 10).

Because of the high prominence of restoration plantings and ongoing work at Centennial Park, planted species are included in the report maps, and successfully established (re-established) natives are discussed.

The urban location of Centennial Park has led to the appearance of alien species. Some of these are the usual invasive species such as European buckthorn (Rhamnuscathartica) and garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Dog-strangling vine (Cynanchum rossicum) is restricted to the flanks of the ski hill. But there were also unusual aquatic finds probably originating from fish tanks or garden ponds such as water celery (Oenanthe javanica) and water soldiers (Stratiotes aloides), which are apparently new to Ontario. These are not mentioned in Newmaster (1998) or on the Natural Heritage Information Centre web site (NHIC, 2007). They have invasive potential. On the other hand, the tropical water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and water hyacinth (Eicchorniacrassipes) are most unlikely to persist.

2.4.2 Flora Species of Concern

As with vegetation communities, flora species are considered of regional concern in the TRCA jurisdiction if they rank L1-L3 based on their scores for four criteria: local occurrence; population trend; habitat dependence; and sensitivity to development impacts. Most of the flora species of concern are not rare plants per se, since few of them rank as provincially rare (S1-S3); however, they are of conservation concern due to their sensitivity to development and restriction to certain habitats or certain areas within the TRCA region.

Almost all of the flora species of concern (57 out of 59) are associated with specificvegetation communities; consequently, they are highly susceptible to changes in these communities. They score relatively high in habitat dependence (Appendix 2)(Map 11). Roughly, they are found in fewer than 7 ecosites or habitat types according to the ELC (TRCA, 2005). Habitat specialists are clustered in the wetlands and associated ponds, and in the mature forest patches.

Aquatic species include waterweed (Elodea canadensis), prominent in Joe Benesh Pond; coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), and tuberous white water lily (Nymphaeaodorata ssp. tuberosa). While the others likely dispersed naturally, the water-lily probably was originally planted.

Swales north of the west woodlot and east of Joe Benesh Pond have been planted. Established wet meadow / wet prairie species there include Canada bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis), great St. Johnswort (Hypericum ascyron), prairie cord grass (Spartina pectinata), and Virginia mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum virgianum). This meadow marsh community is a very successful restoration project and although the plants there are not original populations, they are from bioregional sources. Other

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woody species such as swamp rose (Rosa palustris) and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) are planted in the cultural woodland that has swampy features; it is too early to tell whether these are successfully established on site.

The mature deciduous forests do support original flora such as narrow-leaved spring beauty (Claytonia virginiana), trillium (Trillium grandiflorum, T. erectum), and bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora). Some of these have Carolinian affinities; along with shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), there is running strawberry bush (Euonymus obovata) and white grass (Leersia virginica).

A few species of concern are successional habitat specialists: hawthorns (Crataegusmacracantha & C. holmesiana), grey dogwood (Cornus foemina ssp. racemosa), and Canada plum (Prunus nigra).

Forty-eight of the 59 flora species of concern at Centennial Park would be severely negatively affected by specific sensitivity to development impacts, scoring 3 or more for this criterion (Appendix 2). These impacts are indirect ones emanating from the surrounding land use or matrix influence. Generally, with a “poor” matrix influence as exists here, communities and species of concern have less chance of thriving (Map 4). The park is in an urban environment with heavy use and extensive manicured areas. Areas that have a history of land use disturbance, including agriculture, have fewer sensitive species. However, there is no evidence of recent ongoing deterioration of the matrix, and restoration plantings may be helping to mitigate it by increasing natural cover. On the other hand, urban intensification in Toronto may increase pressures on the park in the future. Several disturbances are noteworthy.

Hydrological changes from nearby development (e.g. golf courses) can include changes in drainage and increased stormwater. The wetland and aquatic species can be affected, although the current conditions around the ponds are favourable. On the other hand, hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) are susceptible to warmer, drier conditions that occur with urbanization (and climate change). They are declining at Centennial Park and only one or two trees of each are left in the western woodlot.

Pollution of the air or changes to soil through nutrient-laden runoff alter the habitat and affect sensitive species such as many of the ferns and coniferous trees. Fertilizers and herbicides and sediment from agriculture and golf courses can pollute surface water run-off. At Centennial Park, the aquatic plants would be most affected by such factors. Excessive nutrients and siltation can result in turbid conditions in the ponds. The pondweed (Elodea) community in the Joe Benesh Pond becomes less healthy over the growing season as turbidity increases.

Disturbance caused by development and increased recreational use also facilitates the spread of invasive species. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), dog-strangling vine (Cynanchum rossicum) and European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) are already present in parts of Centennial Park. Garlic mustard can be expected to spread rapidly with trails and recreational use as seeds are dispersed by visitors. Dog-strangling vine is currently local in its infestation (the ski hill) but can be expected to spread rapidly if no

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action is taken. This plant is generally a major threat to local ecosystems (Kricsfalusy, 2007). Buckthorn is abundant around the edges of the woodlots and in successional areas and is a problem in restoration plantings. Many native plants, especially when subjected to other stresses, cannot compete with invasives. For example, running strawberry bush (Euonymus obovata) and other forest floor species are often smaller and slower-growing than a number of invasive alien species, especially when there is disturbance. Trees such as red oak (Quercus rubra) and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata)fail to regenerate under high competition regimes; increased urban populations of squirrels may eat too many of the nuts for recruitment to occur. The shagbark hickories at Centennial Park in 2006 were observed to have low seed viability; whether this was due to insect predation, weather, or other factors is unknown.

Alteration of disturbance regimes can lead to the extirpation of species that require some kinds of disturbance. Hawthorns and smooth wild rose (Rosa blanda) grow in cleared areas, while red oak regeneration requires some opening, often fire, to succeed. The prairie cord grass (Spartina pectinata) established in the meadow-marsh may be dependent on fire or other disturbance to maintain itself in the long tern.

Increased access and use associated with an urban matrix also involves increased trampling and soil compaction. Species that have a delicate stem and/or produce only a single set of leaves per growing season, such as bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), downy Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum pubescens) and trillium are susceptible to trampling. Many forest ground flora are in this category.

Finally, a few species are directly targeted by people for collection as edibles or for planting in their gardens. Wild leek (Allium tricoccum) is often eaten, and trilliums are showy flowers often collected for garden use.

In response to loss of habitat and stresses from land use changes, susceptible floraexhibits a declining population trend and may become rare or even extirpated. Because of urbanization, most native flora species in the Toronto area are suspected to be undergoing slight declines as the total land base becomes smaller. Species that are considered rare according to the local occurrence criterion are found in fewer than 7 of the 44 10x10 km grid squares that cover the TRCA jurisdiction. Most of these at Centennial Park are established (reintroduced?) from restoration palntings. Canada plum (Prunus nigra), cut-leaved avens (Geum laciniatum), and grey dogwood (Cornus foemina ssp. racemosa) are present as original populations.

A couple of locally-rare Carolinian species do not occur in the park, but are nearby in similar habitats: twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) and white trout-lily (Erythronium albidum).

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2.5 Fauna Findings for Centennial Park Study Area

2.5.1 Fauna Species Representation

The TRCA fauna surveys in 2006 documented a total of 39 bird species, four mammals, four herpetofauna and one crayfish species. A survey conducted locally in 1998 reported an extra species, great-crested flycatcher, on territory in the forest patch at the southern tip of the park, bringing the total number of breeding fauna species recorded by the TRCA surveys to 49. Refer to Appendix 3 for a list of the fauna species and their corresponding L-ranks.

2.5.2 Fauna Species of Concern

Fauna species, like vegetation communities and flora species are considered of regional concern if they rank L1-L3 based on their scores for the seven criteria mentioned in section 1.1.4. Species ranked L4 are considered to be of concern within the urbanized areas of the TRCA jurisdiction. As with flora, this is a pro-active, preventive approach, identifying where conservation efforts need to be made before a species becomes rare.

Fauna surveys reported a total of 14 L1- L4 bird species: two L3 species (green heron and Virginia rail) and 12 L4 species (including willow flycatcher, swamp sparrow and eastern meadowlark). In addition there were three herpetofauna of concern (all L4), two mammal species of concern (eastern cottontail and muskrat, both L4 species), and an L2 invertebrate species (“chimney” crayfish - Fallicambarus fodiens), bringing the total to 20 fauna species of regional and urban concern. Locations of these breeding fauna species are depicted on Map 12. Appendix 3 lists all of the fauna species reported from the study area, together with their associated ranks and scores.

Local occurrence is one of seven scoring criteria for fauna and is based on TRCA data and information from the Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC) of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR). Using local occurrence as a measure of regional rarity, any species that is reported as a probable or confirmed breeder in fewer than ten of the forty-four 10 km squares in the TRCA jurisdiction is considered regionally rare (i.e. scores 3-5 points for this criterion). At the Centennial Park Study Area there are two species of regional or urban concern (i.e. ranked L1 – L4) that are considered regionally rare: northern mockingbird and northern rough-winged swallow. At the watershed scale, Centennial Park is one of only three sites within the Etobicoke watershed that has reported green heron, while the Virginia rail report constitutes the most southerly of only a handful of reports from the watershed. As is the case with flora, most regionally rare fauna species have other associated factors that explain their vulnerability and need to be taken into account in conservation strategies.

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Sensitivity to development is another criterion used to determine the L-rank of fauna species. A large number of impacts that result from local land use, both urban and agricultural, can affect the local fauna. These impacts - considered separately from the issue of actual habitat loss - can be divided into two distinct categories. The firstcategory involves changes that arise from local urbanization that directly affect the breeding habitat of the species in question. These changes alter the composition and structure of the vegetation communities; for example, the clearing and manicuring of the habitat (e.g. by removal of dead wood and clearance of shrub understorey). The second category of impacts involves changes that directly affect individuals of the species in question. Examples include increased predation from an increase in the local population of predator species that thrive alongside human developments (e.g. blue jays, crows, squirrels, raccoons, and house cats); parasitism (from the facilitating of brown-headed cowbird access, a species which prefers more open, edge-type habitat); competition (for nest-cavities with bird species such as house sparrows and Eurasian starlings); flushing (causing disturbance and abandonment of nest); sensitivity to pesticides. It should also be noted that many of the negative impacts associated with urbanization can be transferred from distant urban areas by intensification of public use of any area of natural cover.

Fauna species are considered to have a high sensitivity to development if they score 3 or more points (out of a possible five) for this criterion. At the Centennial Park Study Area 16 of the 20 species that are ranked L1- L4 receive this score and are therefore considered sensitive to one or more of the impacts associated with development or intensification of public use (Map 5). The one L2 species and the two L3 species are all associated with wetland habitat, as is the most sensitive of the 12 L4 species – swamp sparrow – which scores the maximum 5 points for this criterion. It is interesting to note the occurrence of such sensitive wetland species at a site that is subject to such negative matrix influences since it is likely that wetland habitats confer a degree of inherent buffering from such negative matrix influences, thus enabling otherwise sensitive species to hold territories within an urban landscape.

The tendency for local urbanization to be accompanied by the clearing and tidying of woodlands and thickets in the vicinity generally disrupts any species that are dependent on such scrub cover for nesting or foraging. At Centennial Park, two such sensitive species – willow flycatcher and gray catbird - have managed to maintain populations by concentrating in areas that have not been subject to such clearance: willow flycatchers are concentrated around the wetlands at the north end of the park; gray catbirds are concentrated primarily in the dense scrub understory associated with the southern forest patch, with several further pairs in the scrub edge associated with the northern wetland patches.

Several of the bird species found at the study area nest low in the ground vegetation or on the ground and as such are highly susceptible both to increased predation from ground-foraging predators (house cats, raccoons) and to repeated flushing from the nest (by pedestrians, off-trail bikers and dogs) resulting in abandonment and failed breeding attempts. Neither of the ground-nesting species at Centennial Park are forest species suggesting that the forest patches are too disturbed. It is surprising therefore to

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find both eastern meadowlark (2 pairs) and savannah sparrow (six pairs) holding territories in the open meadow habitat within the hydro corridor that crosses the northern half of the park. It may be that these typically early breeders are able to set up territories before the main influx of park users through the summer months, but it is also possible that these breeding pairs are then unsuccessful in fledging any young. It would be interesting to document the success or otherwise of such sensitive ground-nesting species in such a heavily used urban park. Sensitive ground-nesting species are generally severely affected by any increase in pedestrian or dog traffic within their habitat. Various studies have shown that many bird species react negatively to human intrusion (i.e. the mere presence of people) to the extent that nest-abandonment and decreased nest-attentiveness lead to reduced reproduction and survival. One example of such a study showed that abundance was 48% lower for hermit thrushes (a ground-nesting/foraging species) in intruded sites than in the control sites, a site being a one-hectare circle (Gutzwiller, 1999).

Changes in the hydrology of the site will affect the suitability of the habitat for bird species - such as Virginia rail and swamp sparrow - that prefer more moist conditions. The study area presently supports small populations of American toads, green frogs and “chimney” crayfish. All of these species would be negatively affected by any changes in hydrology that decrease the breeding opportunities within the site.

Area sensitivity is another of the seven criteria that are used to determine the local rank for fauna. Fauna species are scored for area sensitivity based on their requirement for a certain minimum size of preferred habitat. Species that require large tracts of habitat (>100 ha in total) score the maximum five points, while species that either show no minimum habitat requirement, or require < 1 ha in total, score one point. Species scoring three points or more (require 5+ ha in total) are deemed area sensitive species. As mentioned in section 2.2.1, researchers have shown that for some species of birds area sensitivity is a rather fluid factor, dependent and varying inversely with the overall percentage forest cover within the landscape surrounding the site where those species are found (Rosenburg et al., 1999).

A total of three of the 20 fauna species of regional concern that occur are considered area sensitive: hairy woodpecker, great-crested flycatcher and eastern meadowlark. All three of these species score three points for area sensitivity, requiring in excess of 5 hectares of their preferred habitat. Certainly, the open habitat dependent eastern meadowlark has somewhat more than the required 5 hectares of meadow habitat available to it, but the two forest dependent area sensitive species are less readily accommodated by the small fragments of forest remaining at Centennial Park. Great-crested flycatcher has not been reported from the site as a breeding species since 1998, but there appears to be a healthy population in the neighbouring Etobicoke Creek corridor. Hairy woodpecker likely utilizes more than just one of the fragmented patches, moving readily between the several small patches for foraging.

The proximity of the more extensive riparian forest within the neighbouring Etobicoke Creek corridor enables other area sensitive species to visit the forest patches in the park and it is likely that this is where an early summer wood thrush reported from the southern forest patch originated although there have been no confirmed records of

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territorial wood thrush from that site. Likewise another area sensitive species – Cooper’s hawk – was observed carrying food through the park in late June, presumably en route to a known nest site in the Etobicoke Creek corridor just 300 metres to the south. Both of these L3 species could breed within the largest, most southern forest patch; certainly, continuity with the larger forest patch along Etobicoke on the west side of the park provides adequate forest cover at the landscape level to support small populations of other area sensitive species.

Patch-size constraints are due to a variety of factors including foraging requirements and the need for isolation within a habitat block. In the latter case, regardless of the provision of a habitat patch of sufficient size, if that block is seriously and frequently disturbed by human intrusion such species will be liable to abandon the site. This is particularly true of ground-nesting and foraging species but also is very true of raptor species such as Cooper’s hawk that are prone to disturbance at the nest site.

Mobility restriction in fauna measures the physical ability or the predisposition of a species to move about within the landscape and is related to the connectivity of habitat within a landscape. One example of how fauna mobility affects species populations is the need for adults to forage for food during the nestling and fledgling stage of the breeding season. By maintaining and improving the connectivity of natural cover within the landscape (e.g. by reforestation of intervening lands) we are able to positively influence the populations of such species, improving their foraging and dispersal potential. Three fauna species at Centennial Park are considered Mobility Restricted: Virginia rail, muskrat and “chimney” crayfish; all three are associated with wetland habitat and tend to restrict themselves to their home patches during the breeding season. During times of dispersal (e.g. post-breeding season), however, muskrats require some degree of continuity between wetland patches; when such continuity is interrupted by roads and other artificial open habitats this species is susceptible to roadkill or predation. Virginia rails fly considerable distances during migration outside of the breeding season and, to some extent, connectivity between wetland patches is of little consequence at such times. However, this same connectivity becomes very important during the breeding season, especially if local conditions force the individuals to disperse (e.g. if the home wetland dries up). Populations of such species become very isolated if viable connections to similar habitats are not maintained both within and beyond the study area.

The score for mobility restriction does not address the issue of species that habitually - and as a part of their life-cycle - move across a variety of habitat types. Such species will readily cross open ground but in so doing expose themselves to potentially fatal encounters with predators and vehicular traffic. This is particularly true of non-avian species such as American toad and green frog that either move seasonally between drier summer/winter habitat and wetland breeding habitat, or make occasional forays between wetland habitats in search of breeding opportunities. Imposing higher vehicular traffic densities within the “home-range” of such dispersing frog species will certainly lead to a higher incidence of roadkill. Likewise, mammal species, such as eastern cottontail, that move quite freely across the local landscape are prone to a higher incidence of road-kill as traffic density intensifies.

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Fauna species that score greater than three points under the habitat dependencecriterion are considered habitat specialists (Map 13). These species exhibit a combination of very specific habitat requirements that range from the microhabitat (e.g. decaying logs, aquatic vegetation), through requirements for particular moisture conditions, vegetation structure or spatial landscape structures, to preferences for certain community series and macro-habitat types. There are no highly habitat dependent fauna species holding breeding territories at Centennial Park. However, many species that are not considered particularly habitat dependent exhibit preferences for broad habitat categories: open habitat (eastern meadowlark and savannah sparrow), treed habitat (red-eyed vireo, hairy woodpecker, northern flicker), scrub habitat (gray catbird, willow flycatcher, northern mockingbird) and, seemingly most important at Centennial Park, wetland habitat (“chimney” crayfish, Virginia rail, swamp sparrow, American toad, green frog, muskrat and green heron). The presence of all of these broad categories within the study area in this very urban landscape accounts for the relatively high fauna biodiversity.

Representation is essentially the presence or absence of a species at a site. However, beyond mere representation of single species is the idea that a natural system can be considered as a healthy functioning system if there is an association of several species thriving within that system. Each habitat type supports particular species associations. As the quality of the habitat patch improves so will the representation of flora and fauna species within that habitat. In this way representative bio-diversity is an excellent measure of the health of a natural system. The presence at the Centennial Park Study Area of several broad habitat types but no specifically habitat dependent fauna species indicates that the various habitats are currently not functioning at particularly high levels. Scrub habitat, particularly the understory in the southern forest patch holds the highest concentration of any species of regional and urban concern within the study area, with seven pairs of gray catbird holding territories in just four hectares of habitat. The wetland habitat type has the most representative fauna species and in this respect is probably the most important of the habitat types within the park.

3.0 Recommendations

The recommendations for the Centennial Park Study Area are given in relation to the regional targets for natural heritage in the TRCA jurisdiction (see section 1.1.3, also TRCA 2006a, 2006b). To reach the regional targets for quality distribution and quantity of natural cover, every site will require its own individualized plan of action. Following is a short summary of Centennial Park within the regional context, followed by specificrecommendations for the site.

3.1 Summary

Located in the south-west corner of the TRCA jurisdiction in a highly urbanized landscape, the Centennial Park Study Area is well situated to provide access to an element of natural heritage for a vast number of visitors. The fauna biodiversity is much as might be expected at such an urban site, although the wetland elements provide

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considerable potential for recruiting wetland fauna into this urban landscape. The forest habitat patch quality on site is “poor” (L4; Map 6), and is highly fragmented although within close proximity to the more extensive riparian forest associated with the nearby Etobicoke Creek.

It is located in the lower reaches of the Etobicoke Creek watershed at the junction of two potentially important natural corridors which run through this portion of Mississauga and Toronto: the natural cover associated with the Etobicoke Creek as it runs south along the west edge of Lester B. Pearson International Airport, and the open meadow habitat associated with the hydro corridor which runs west to east, providing potential connection between the Etobicoke and Mimico Creeks.

The largest share of the natural cover in the study area is forest (12.0 hectares ground-truthed), with 2.5 – 6 ha of the site occupied by relatively open habitat types such as meadow, wetland, aquatic, and successional habitat (Appendix 1); this variety of broad habitat types explains the surprisingly long list of fauna species breeding within this highly urbanized study area. However, all of the habitats on site are rather poor quality and only provide breeding opportunities for the generally less sensitive fauna species. The one possible exception to this is the small wetland patches in the northern quarter of the park where sensitive wetland species occur. Under current conditions the study area supports 125 recorded species of native vascular plants, 21 of which are of regional concern and 38 of which are of urban concern. There are 49 species of breeding fauna, with 20 of these considered to be species of regional or urban concern.

3.2 Site Recommendations

The following table illustrates the contributions made by the Centennial Park Study Area toward the quality distribution and quantity indicators, along with site-specificrecommendations for potential improvements. It is important when considering the indicators in Table 3, to keep in mind the varying degrees of interdependence between them. These indicators have been selected as a means for describing important aspects of a natural system, a system that exists as a whole, encompassing a network of closely related and inter-dependent factors. It would be incorrect and misleading to view any one of these indicators in isolation from the others.

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Table 3: Summary and Recommendations for the Centennial Park Study Area by Indicator

INDICATOR CENTENNIAL PARK STUDY AREA SUMMARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

Size & Shape

Three area-sensitive fauna species requiringin excess of 5 ha of natural cover.

Restore manicured land in the vicinity of the fragmented forest patches throughout the study area. This would improve the opportunities for forest dependent species and compensate for any increased visitor disturbance.

Quality Distribution

MatrixInfluence

Matrix is almost entirelyurban with some natural cover in the nearby Etobicoke Creek corridor. The current matrix influence score averages at a score of 1 out of 5 points (very poor).

- 48 of the 125 native flora species are of concern and sensitive to development

- 16 of the 20 fauna species of regional or urban concern are scored as sensitive to development.

Mitigate impacts of public use. - manage trails to limit damage to

species- restore scrub understory in all forest

fragments (e.g. the north-east forest patch)

- naturalise and restore vegetation around edges of the ponds in the park (this will have the added benefit of reducing goose numbers within the park)

- cluster non-natural land uses to specific nodes with buffer zones Convert manicured land both within and adjacent to the study area to natural cover Prevent further invasive species spread into natural areas. Encourage stewardship from neighbouring landowners (local residents, golf-course management, commercial enterprises) and visitors.Retain and restore natural cover within the park

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Quantity Based on 2006 groundtruthing, the study area contains 30.0 ha of natural cover. This contributes 1.0% to the total natural cover within the Etobicoke watershed. Of this, 12.0 ha is forest and 4.7ha are wetland; i.e. approximately 1.2% and 3.6 % of the watershed’s forest and wetland areas respectively.

Maintain natural cover at Centennial Park.

- Vegetation communities and flora and fauna populations will then have the potential to be protected and enhanced.

- Enhance connectivity both within and beyond the park boundaries by restoring manicured areas between areas of natural cover (e.g. the manicured verges in the southern corner which currently disrupt a potential connection with the riparian forest along Etobicoke Creek).

- Judicious positioning of restoration projects will have far reaching effects on all other Indicator categories.

3.2.1 Quality Distribution Recommendations

If any one of the three landscape measures (size, shape or matrix influence) within the study area were to be improved, the area would increase in habitat patch total score, perhaps to the extent of introducing larger “fair” quality patches into the area. The expected results from such an increase in habitat patch score (and therefore quality) would be a subsequent improvement in the quality of the local natural system (reflected in the recruitment and enhancing of more sensitive communities and species). Efforts should be made to maintain the habitat patch total score of the study area at least at the same level as currently exists both within the study area and in much of the surrounding natural cover (e.g. in the hydro corridor), thereby maintaining the function of the natural system locally, and protecting the diversity of the natural system that exists in this urban park, contributing to the realization of natural heritage targets within this lower reach of the Etobicoke watershed.

Restoration plantings at Centennial Park are already starting to improve habitat quality; future work should continue to expand the natural cover and focus on the vegetation communities and species of concern, such as those associated with the wetlands and Carolinian shagbark hickory forest.

Optimize Patch Size & Shape

The larger the habitat block, the more resilient the fauna and flora communities are to developments within the landscape or to increased user pressure. The continuity with - and proximity to - larger patches of natural cover to the west of the study area suggest the potential for recruitment of fauna species if the habitat within the park can be enhanced. Currently there are only three area sensitive species known to occur within

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the park, and one of these species has not been reported since 1998. Improving the size of habitat patches (particularly forest patches) will provide further opportunities for species such as great-crested flycatcher which currently occur in good numbers in the in the neighbouring Etobicoke Creek corridor, along with other area sensitive species such as black-billed cuckoo, Cooper’s hawk and hairy woodpecker.

Minimize Negative Matrix Influence

To some extent the negative Matrix Influence that is exerted upon Centennial Park is inevitable given the highly urbanized landscape. Many of the issues associated with this urban matrix are stewardship issues, and particularly relate to the way that visitors to the park conduct themselves. Therefore it will be important to act early in fostering an attitude of care and respect for the remnant natural habitats at Centennial Park (and in the surrounding landscape) among visitors and local stakeholders.

The restoration of natural habitat within the park will, to some extent, cushion the effects of the urban matrix influence, but such measures will only be effective if visitors and local residents understand the potential of such urban habitats to provide educational, health and aesthetic opportunities. Increasing the size of habitat patches is an effective way of mitigating the negative effects of human disturbance since the impacts of such disturbance are spread and dissipated over a wider area of natural cover. It is also likely that human disturbance levels will increase in the future and therefore it is important to design a trail system that will mitigate the effects of such increases.

Encouraging native plantings in local backyards and on adjacent lands, including attention to the urban canopy, can further enhance the matrix. Landowner stewardship could inform neighbouring landowners on the value of natural cover and how to be a steward of the area (education on invasive species etc). Community involvement in the management of natural habitats within the park could ensure that some human impacts on the vegetation communities and species would be diminished.

3.2.2 Quantity Recommendations

Increase Natural Cover to Achieve Quality Distribution Targets

In order to achieve targets for natural cover quality distribution, there needs to be an adequate amount of natural cover. Insufficient natural cover in many urban parts of the TRCA jurisdiction has resulted in concentrated impacts on the remaining land base, as well as conflicts between various users. Given the large amount of manicured land in the study area, there should be opportunities for significantly increasing natural cover.

The more natural cover we retain or restore at the Centennial Park Study Area and vicinity, the better it can support a level of biodiversity from which the visiting public can acquire aesthetic and educational benefits, that translate into better understanding and appreciation for the more natural areas that are to be found in the northern, rural sections of the region. This can be achieved but only if the public use of the area is

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properly managed, and only if the public understands the benefits of having such opportunities locally.

Improve Connectivity To Nearby Habitat

Restoration of open habitats in the vicinity of this site (e.g. within the hydro corridor and on the neighbouring golf course) would increase local natural cover, and contribute to the regional natural cover. In this respect, attention needs to be paid to the potential for west-east linkage along the hydro corridor. This aspect of habitat connectivity has implications at both the watershed and regional levels. Connectivity through natural cover along such a corridor should be maintained and enhanced to improve the opportunities for dispersal of breeding and migrating fauna. The placement of restored habitat can be planned so as to maximize its benefits to habitat quality and distribution, as well as to connectivity and to the protection of existing populations of species of regional and urban concern. For example, reforesting the manicured area at the south-west corner of the park would create a connection - at least at the canopy level – with the larger riparian corridor associated with the Etobicoke Creek, allowing easy dispersal for several potential breeding bird species.

At some point, given sufficient habitat restoration and connectivity, consideration could be given to planting twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) and white trout-lily (Erythronium albidum) using local seed; this would expand the nearby populations.

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4.0 References

Cadman, M.D., P.F.J. Eagles, and F.M. Helleiner, 1987. Atlas of Breeding Birds of Ontario. Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo Press.

Chapman, L.F. & D.F. Putnam, 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd

edition, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ontario Research Foundation, Ontario Geological Survey. Pages 276-277, 292-293.

Gutzwiller, K.J. & S.H. Anderson, 1999. Spatial extent of human-intrusion effects on subalpine bird distributions. Condor 101: 378-389.

Hoffman & Richards, 1955. Soil Map of York County, Ontario. Guelph: Ontario Agricultural College & Experimental Farm Service, Soil Survey Report #19.

Kilgour, B., 2003. Landscape and patch character as a determinant of occurrence of eighty selected bird species in the Toronto area. A report prepared for the TRCA. Jacques-Whitford Ltd., 2003.

Kricsfalusy, V., 2007. Distribution, ecology and control of dog-strangling vine(Cynanchum rossicum) in its natural and introduced ranges. Toronto: Toronto Region Conservation and Rouge Park.

Lee, H., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig, and S. McMurray, 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: firstapproximation and its application. Peterborough, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch.

Newmaster, S.G., A. Lehela, P.W.C. Uhlig, S. McMurray & M.J. Oldham, 1998. OntarioPlant List. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

NHIC (Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre), 2007. Natural Heritage Information website: http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/nhic_.cfm

Rosenburg, K.V., R.W. Rohrbaugh, Jr., S.E. Barker, R.S. Hames, and A.A. Dhondt, 1999. A Land Manager’s Guide to Improving Habitat for Scarlet Tanagers and other Forest-interior Birds. Ithaca, NY: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

TRCA, 2005. Vegetation Community and Species Ranking and Scoring Method.Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2006a. Setting Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Targets (draft). Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

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TRCA, 2006b. Evaluating and Designing Terrestrial Natural Heritage Systems (draft).Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2007. Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program Data Collection Methodology.Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

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NOTE: All fauna species with theirassociated scores for area sensitivitycan be found in Appendix #3.

Map 3:Habitat Patch Size

Scores with Fauna AreaSensitivity Scores

0 150 300 450 60075Meters

-Legend

Road


Fauna Area Sensitivity Scores5 - >100ha

4 - >20ha3 - > 5ha

2 - > 1ha1 - < 1ha

")

")

")

")

")

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

T Fauna Species

) Frog Species( )

Landscape analysis based on2002 Orthophotography

*

Habitat Patch Size Scores *

2 - Poor1 - Very Poor

5 - Excellent4 - Good3 - Fair

HWY 4

01

EGLINTONAVE

RATHBU

RN RD

RENFO

RTHDR

HWY427

BURN

HAMT

HORPE R

D

MILL

RD

.

Date: December 2007

Map 4:Interior Forest atCentennial Park

HWY 4

01

EGLINTONAVE

RATHBU

RN RD

RENFO

RTHDR

HWY427

BURN

HAMT

HORPE R

D

MILL

RD

Legend

0 150 300 450 60075Meters Forest Interior

100m-200m

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300m-400m

400m-500m

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RATHBURN

RD

RENFO

RTHDR

NOTE: All flora specieswith their associated scoresfor sensitivity to developmentcan be found in Appendix #2.

Date: December 2007

Map 5:Scores for Matrix Influenceand Flora Sensitivity to

Development

0 150 300 45075Meters

-Legend

5 - Excellent

4 - Good

3 - Fair

2 - Poor

1 - Very Poor

0 - Species benefits significantly from development-related disturbances1 - Species experiences no overall benefit or detriment from development-related disturbances (neutral)2 - Species receives slight negative impact from development-related disturbances3 - Species receives significant negative impact from development-related disturbances4 - Species receives moderately severe negative impact from development-related disturbances5 - Species receives severe negative impact from development-related disturbances

Flora Sensitivity to Development Scores

Habitat MatrixInfluence Scores*

Orthophoto: Spring 2002Landscape analysis based on 2002

Orthophotography*

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

!A

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Centennial ParkStudy Area

( )A Planted Flora Species( Flora Species

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")

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")

")

")

")

")

EGLINTONAVE

RATHBURN

RD

RENFORTH

DR

MILL RD

Map 6:Scores for Matrix Influenceand Fauna Sensitivity to

Development

NOTE: All fauna specieswith their associatedscores for sensitivity todevelopment can be foundin Appendix #3.

Fauna Sensitivity to Development Scores

-0 150 300 45075

Meters

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

")

")

")

")

")

")

0 - Species benefits significantly from development-related disturbances

5 - Species receives severe negative impact from development-related disturbances4 - Species receives moderately severe negative impact from development-related disturbances3 - Species receives significant negative impact from development-related disturbances2 - Species receives slight negative impact from development-related disturbances1 - Species experiences no overall benefit or detriment from development-related disturbances (neutral)

* Fauna Species ( )) Frog Species

Legend

5 - Excellent

4 - Good

3 - Fair

2 - Poor

1 - Very Poor

Habitat MatrixInfluence Scores* Centennial Park

Study Area


Landscape analysis based on 2002Orthophotography

*

HWY 4

01

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RATHBU

RN RD

RENFORTH

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HWY427

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RN RD

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HWY427

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BURN

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RD

Map 7:Habitat Patch

Quality

Legend

Date: December 2007

0 150 300 450 60075Meters

- Habitat Patch Quality

L1 - Excellent

L2 - Good

L3 - Fair

L4 - Poor

L5 - Very Poor


Road

Landscape analysis based on2002 Orthophotography

*

*

Map

8:RegionalNaturalSystem

HabitatPatch

Quality

Legend

HabitatPatch

Quality*

L5-VeryPoor

L4-Poor

L3-Fair

L2-Good

L1-Excellent

Date:Decem

ber2007

05

1015

2.5

Kilometers

-*Landscapeanalysisbasedon

2002

Orthophotography

TRCAJurisdiction

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Map

9:DistributionofFauna

RegionalSpecies

ofConcern

.

Date:Decem

ber2007

05

1015

2.5

Kilometers

LegendAgricultural&RuralArea

Built-upArea

Designated

GreenfieldArea

GreenbeltArea

Watershed

TRCAJurisdiction

FaunaSpeciesof

Concern(L1-L3)

#S

CentennialPark

StudyArea

EGLINTONAVE

RATHBURNRD

REN

FORTHDR

MILL RD

Orthophoto: Spring 2002

Date: December 2007

Map 10:Vegetation Communitieswith their Associated

Local Ranks

EGLINTONAVE

RATHBURNRD

REN

FORTHDR

MILL RD

-0 150 300 45075

Meters

Vegetation Community RanksLegend


L1

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RATHBURNRD

RENFORTH

DR

MILL RD

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EGLINTONAVE

RATHBURNRD

RENFORTH

DR

MILL RD

Map 11:Location of FloraSpecies of Concern


0 150 300 45075Meters

-Legend


Planted Flora Speciesof Concern (L1-L4)

L2!AL3!A

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AVE

RATHBURN

RD

RENFORTHDR

MILL RD

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EGLINTON

AVE

RATHBURN

RD

RENFORTHDR

MILL RD

Date: December 2007

LegendMap 12:

Flora HabitatDependence Scores

Flora Habitat Dependence Scores

NOTE: All flora specieswith their associated scoresfor habitat dependence canbe found in Appendix #2.


0 150 300 45075Meters

-Centennial Park Study Area

#S 5 - Extreme habitat specialist!A#S 4 - Strong habitat specialist!A

#S 2 - Moderate habitat generalist!A#S 1 - Strong habitat generalist!A#S 0 - Extreme habitat generalist!A

#S 3 - Moderate habitat specialist!A

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EGLINTONAVE

RATHBURNRD

RENFORTH

DR

MILL RD

Legend

Map 13:Location of FaunaSpecies of Concern

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EGLINTONAVE

RATHBURNRD

RENFORTH

DR

MILL RD

-Orthophoto: Spring 2002Date: December 2007

0 150 300 45075Meters


Fauna Speciesof Concern

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RATHBURNRD

RENFORTHDR

MILL RD

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")

EGLINTON

AVE

RATHBURNRD

RENFORTHDR

MILL RD

Map 14:Fauna Species of ConcernHabitat Dependence

ScoresDate: December 2007

NOTE: All fauna specieswith their associated scoresfor habitat dependence canbe found in Appendix #3.

Fauna Habitat Dependence Scores

Legend


-0 150 300 45075

MetersCentennial Park Study Area

5 - Extreme habitat specialist4 - Strong habitat specialist3 - Moderate habitat specialist2 - Moderate habitat generalist1 - Strong habitat generalist0 - Extreme habitat generalist

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FOD

7-2

Fres

h-M

oist

Ash

Low

land

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t2.

82

02

L5FO

D7-

3Fr

esh-

Moi

st W

illow

Low

land

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t0.

61

01

L5FO

D9-

4Fr

esh-

Moi

st S

hagb

ark

Hic

kory

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t2.

95

27

L2C

UP

1-7

Red

(G

reen

) A

sh D

ecid

uous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.2

20

2L5

CU

P1-

AR

esto

ratio

n D

ecid

uous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.2

20

2L5

CU

P1-

cB

lack

Loc

ust D

ecid

uous

Pla

ntat

ion

1.0

30

3L+

CU

P1-

dH

ortic

ultu

ral D

ecid

uous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.2

40

4L+

CU

P2-

AR

esto

ratio

n M

ixed

Pla

ntat

ion

0.2

30

3L5

CU

P2-

GA

sh -

Con

ifer

Mix

ed P

lant

atio

n0.

23

03

L5C

UP

2-h

Hor

ticul

tura

l Mix

ed P

lant

atio

n (p

lus

1 in

clus

ion)

0.3

30

3L+

CU

P3-

bA

ustr

ian

Pin

e C

onife

rous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.6

20

2L+

CU

P3-

HM

ixed

Con

ifer

Con

ifero

us P

lant

atio

n0.

12

02

L5C

UP

3-i

Dou

glas

Fir

Con

ifero

us P

lant

atio

n0.

15

05

L+

Suc

cess

iona

l4.

4C

UT1

-1S

umac

Cul

tura

l Thi

cket

0.1

10

1L5

CU

H1-

ATr

eed

Hed

gero

w0.

11

01

L5C

US

1-1

Haw

thor

n C

ultu

ral S

avan

nah

0.1

20

2L5

CU

S1-

A1

Nat

ive

Dec

iduo

us C

ultu

ral S

avan

nah

1.2

20

2L5

CU

W1-

A3

Nat

ive

Dec

iduo

us C

ultu

ral W

oodl

and

2.9

20

2L5

Wet

land

4.7

SW

D2-

2R

ed (

Gre

en)

Ash

Min

eral

Dec

iduo

us S

wam

p2.

53

14

L4M

AM

2-2

Ree

d C

anar

y G

rass

Min

eral

Mea

dow

Mar

sh0.

22

02

L5M

AM

2-10

Forb

Min

eral

Mea

dow

Mar

sh0.

42

13

L4M

AS

2-1b

Nar

row

-Lea

ved

Cat

tail

Min

eral

Sha

llow

Mar

sh1.

71

01

L5

Tota

lS

core

Ap

pen

dix

1: L

ist

of

Veg

etat

ion

Co

mm

uniti

es F

oun

d C

ente

nnia

l Par

k S

tud

y A

rea

in 2

006

area

Loca

lG

eop

hy.

Loca

lE

LCV

eget

atio

n Ty

pe

# h

aD

istr

ib.

Req

uir.

Ran

kC

od

e(*

indi

cate

s pr

esen

t as

incl

usio

n an

d/or

com

plex

onl

y)(2

002-

01)

Tota

lS

core

Aq

uatic

2.4

SA

S1-

1P

ondw

eed

Sub

mer

ged

Sha

llow

Aqu

atic

0.6

42

6L3

SA

S1-

2W

ater

wee

d S

ubm

erge

d S

hallo

w A

quat

ic1.

84

15

L3S

AM

1-A

Wat

er L

ily -

Bul

lhea

d Li

ly M

ixed

Sha

llow

Aqu

atic

0.02

42

6L3

OA

O1-

TTu

rbid

Ope

n A

quat

ic (

dist

urbe

d)3.

3L+

Mea

do

w6.

4C

UM

1-A

Nat

ive

Forb

Old

Fie

ld M

eado

w1.

21

01

L5C

UM

1-b

Exo

tic C

ool-s

easo

n G

rass

Old

Fie

ld M

eado

w1.

41

01

L+C

UM

1-c

Exo

tic F

orb

Old

Fie

ld M

eado

w3.

91

01

L+

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Alli

um tr

icoc

cum

wild

leek

or

ram

ps2

34

413

L3A

nten

naria

cf. h

owel

lii s

sp.h

owel

liifie

ld o

r m

at-fo

rmin

g pu

ssyt

oes

33

44

14L3

Car

dam

ine

conc

aten

ata

(Den

taria

laci

nata

)cu

t-lea

ved

toot

hwor

t2

35

414

L3C

arya

ova

tash

agba

rk h

icko

ry3

44

415

L3C

erat

ophy

llum

dem

ersu

mco

onta

il3

45

416

L3C

layt

onia

virg

inic

ana

rrow

-leav

ed s

prin

g be

auty

34

44

15L3

Elod

ea c

anad

ensi

s (A

nach

aris

can

aden

sis)

com

mon

elo

dea

or w

ater

-wee

d3

35

314

L3Eu

onym

us o

bova

ta (

E. o

bova

tus)

runn

ing

stra

wbe

rry-

bush

34

44

15L3

Geu

m la

cini

atum

cut-l

eave

d or

rou

gh a

vens

53

42

14L3

Hel

iant

hus

giga

nteu

sta

ll su

nflo

wer

ee

ee

LX(L

3?)

Hyp

eric

um a

scyr

ongr

eat S

t.Joh

nsw

ort

44

52

15L3

Lobe

lia s

iphi

litic

agr

eat b

lue

lobe

lia3

34

414

L3M

imul

us r

inge

nssq

uare

-ste

mm

ed m

onke

y-flo

wer

52

34

14L3

Nym

phae

a od

orat

a ss

p. tu

bero

satu

bero

us w

ater

lily

45

54

18ne

w(L

3?)

Pol

ygon

atum

pub

esce

nsdo

wny

Sol

omon

's s

eal

24

55

16L3

Pru

nus

nigr

aC

anad

a pl

um4

44

315

L3P

ycna

nthe

mum

virg

inia

num

Virg

inia

mou

ntai

n-m

int

52

53

15L3

Spar

tina

pect

inat

apr

airie

cor

d gr

ass

43

53

15L3

Trill

ium

ere

ctum

red

trill

ium

or

stin

king

Joh

nny

24

35

14L3

Trill

ium

gra

ndifl

orum

whi

te tr

illiu

m1

44

514

L3U

vula

ria g

rand

iflor

ala

rge-

flow

ered

bel

lwor

t2

45

516

L3A

cer

sacc

harin

umsi

lver

map

le2

24

311

L4A

ctae

a pa

chyp

oda

whi

te b

aneb

erry

23

43

12L4

Alis

ma

plan

tago

-aqu

atic

a (A

. triv

iale

)w

ater

-pla

ntai

n2

25

211

L4A

mel

anch

ier

laev

issm

ooth

ser

vice

berr

y3

24

312

L4A

risae

ma

triph

yllu

mJa

ck-in

-the-

pulp

it1

33

411

L4A

scle

pias

inca

rnat

a ss

p. in

carn

ata

swam

p m

ilkw

eed

23

43

12L4

Bet

ula

alle

ghen

iens

is (

B. l

utea

)ye

llow

or

curly

birc

h1

43

513

L4C

alam

agro

stis

can

aden

sis

Can

ada

blue

join

t2

24

311

L4C

arex

arc

tata

nodd

ing

woo

d se

dge

24

23

11L4

Car

ex g

raci

llim

agr

acef

ul s

edge

43

42

13L4

Car

ex r

etro

rsa

retr

orse

sed

ge2

33

412

L4C

arex

tene

rast

raw

sed

ge3

33

312

L4C

arya

cor

difo

rmis

bitte

rnut

hic

kory

24

42

12L4

Cau

loph

yllu

m g

igan

teum

(C

. tha

lictro

ides

var

. gig

ante

um)

long

-sty

led

blue

coh

osh

23

44

13L4

Cor

nus

foem

ina

ssp.

rac

emos

a (C

. rac

emos

a)gr

ey d

ogw

ood

52

42

13L4

Cra

taeg

us h

olm

esia

nath

in-le

aved

or

Hol

mes

' haw

thor

n3

35

314

L4C

rata

egus

mac

raca

ntha

(C

. suc

cule

nta

var.

mac

raca

ntha

)lo

ng-s

pine

d ha

wth

orn

22

43

11L4

Epilo

bium

col

orat

umpu

rple

-leav

ed w

illow

-her

b3

34

212

L4Eu

pato

rium

per

folia

tum

bone

set

13

43

11L4

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Fagu

s gr

andi

folia

Am

eric

an b

eech

14

34

12L4

Gal

ium

apa

rine

clea

vers

33

42

12L4

Gly

ceria

gra

ndis

tall

man

na g

rass

23

42

11L4

Leer

sia

virg

inic

aw

hite

gra

ss3

25

313

L4Ly

copu

s am

eric

anus

Am

eric

an o

r cu

t-lea

ved

wat

er-h

oreh

ound

24

33

12L4

Lyco

pus

unifl

orus

nort

hern

wat

er-h

oreh

ound

or

bugl

ewee

d2

33

311

L4P

odop

hyllu

m p

elta

tum

May

-app

le2

33

311

L4P

opul

us g

rand

iden

tata

larg

e-to

othe

d as

pen

23

43

12L4

Pot

amog

eton

pec

tinat

ussa

go p

ondw

eed

22

53

12L4

Que

rcus

mac

roca

rpa

bur

oak

14

33

11L4

Que

rcus

rub

ra

red

oak

14

24

11L4

Ror

ippa

pal

ustri

s cf

. ssp

. fer

nald

iana

(R

. isl

andi

ca v

ar. f

erna

ldia

na) F

erna

ld's

mar

sh c

ress

32

42

11L4

Ros

a bl

anda

smoo

th w

ild r

ose

32

33

11L4

Salix

am

ygda

loid

espe

ach-

leav

ed w

illow

22

53

12L4

Scirp

us p

unge

ns (

S. a

mer

ican

us)

thre

e-sq

uare

or

chai

rmak

er's

rus

h3

25

313

L4Sc

irpus

val

idus

soft-

stem

med

bul

rush

22

53

12L4

Solid

ago

junc

eaea

rly g

olde

nrod

33

42

12L4

Tsug

a ca

nade

nsis

east

ern

hem

lock

14

35

13L4

Typh

a la

tifol

iabr

oad-

leav

ed c

atta

il1

44

413

L4A

cer

sacc

haru

m s

sp. s

acch

arum

suga

r m

aple

13

02

6L5

Ach

illea

mill

efol

ium

ssp

. lan

ulos

umw

oolly

yar

row

12

11

8L5

Agr

imon

ia g

rypo

sepa

laag

rimon

y2

20

26

L5A

nem

one

cana

dens

isC

anad

a an

emon

e1

22

27

L5A

scle

pias

syr

iaca

com

mon

milk

wee

d1

20

14

L5A

ster

eric

oide

s ss

p. e

ricoi

des

(Virg

ulus

eric

oide

s)he

ath

aste

r1

12

15

L5A

ster

lanc

eola

tus

ssp.

lanc

eola

tus

pani

cled

or

tall

whi

te a

ster

12

21

6L5

Ast

er la

terif

loru

sca

lico

or o

ne-s

ided

ast

er1

23

28

L5A

ster

mac

roph

yllu

sbi

g-le

aved

ast

er1

32

39

L5A

ster

nov

ae-a

nglia

e (V

irgul

us n

ovae

-ang

liae)

New

Eng

land

ast

er1

22

16

L5A

ster

pun

iceu

s va

r. p

unic

eus

swam

p or

pur

ple-

stem

med

ast

er2

23

29

L5B

iden

s fro

ndos

usco

mm

on o

r de

vil's

beg

gart

icks

11

40

6L5

Car

ex r

adia

ta (

form

erly

C. r

osea

)st

ella

te o

r st

raig

ht-s

tyle

d se

dge

22

22

8L5

Car

ex r

osea

(fo

rmer

ly c

onvo

luta

)cu

rly-s

tyle

d se

dge

22

32

9L5

Car

ex s

tipat

aaw

l-fru

ited

sedg

e2

32

29

L5C

ircae

a lu

tetia

na s

sp. c

anad

ensi

s (C

. qua

dris

ulca

ta)

ench

ante

r's n

ight

shad

e1

11

14

L5C

lem

atis

virg

inia

navi

rgin

's b

ower

22

13

8L5

Cor

nus

alte

rnifo

liaal

tern

ate-

leav

ed d

ogw

ood

22

12

7L5

Cor

nus

stol

onife

rare

d os

ier

dogw

ood

12

03

6L5

Cra

taeg

us p

unct

ata

dotte

d ha

wth

orn

22

33

10L5

Eleo

char

is e

ryth

ropo

da (

E. c

alva

; E. p

alus

tris

v. c

alva

)cr

eepi

ng o

r re

d-st

emm

ed s

pike

-rus

h2

23

18

L5

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Equi

setu

m a

rven

sefie

ld o

r co

mm

on h

orse

tail

12

11

5L5

Erig

eron

ann

uus

annu

al o

r da

isy

fleab

ane

22

01

5L5

Erig

eron

phi

lade

lphi

cus

ssp.

phi

lade

lphi

cus

Phi

lade

lphi

a fle

aban

e2

20

15

L5Er

ythr

oniu

m a

mer

ican

um s

sp. a

mer

ican

umye

llow

trou

t-lily

13

32

9L5

Eupa

toriu

m m

acul

atum

ssp

. mac

ulat

umsp

otte

d Jo

e-P

ye w

eed

12

33

9L5

Euth

amia

gra

min

ifolia

(So

lidag

o gr

amin

ifolia

)gr

ass-

or

narr

ow-le

aved

gol

denr

od1

14

17

L5Fr

agar

ia v

irgin

iana

(in

cl. s

sps.

gla

uca

& v

irgin

iana

)w

ild o

r co

mm

on s

traw

berr

y1

20

25

L5Fr

axin

us a

mer

ican

aw

hite

ash

12

03

6L5

Frax

inus

pen

nsyl

vani

ca v

ar. p

enns

ylva

nica

red

ash

22

23

9L5

Gly

ceria

stri

ata

(incl

. var

s. s

triat

a &

stri

cta)

fow

l man

na g

rass

22

12

7L5

Hyd

roph

yllu

m v

irgin

ianu

mV

irgin

ia w

ater

leaf

12

12

6L5

Impa

tiens

cap

ensi

s (I.

bifl

ora)

oran

ge to

uch-

me-

not (

spot

ted

jew

elw

eed)

12

02

5L5

Jugl

ans

nigr

abl

ack

wal

nut

11

21

5L5

Junc

us d

udle

yiD

udle

y's

rush

22

31

8L5

Juni

peru

s cf

. virg

inia

nare

d ce

dar

41

41

10L5

Lem

na m

inor

com

mon

or

less

er d

uckw

eed

22

42

10L5

Lysi

mac

hia

cilia

tafri

nged

loos

estr

ife1

22

27

L5M

aian

them

um r

acem

osum

ssp

. rac

emos

um (

Smila

cina

rac

emos

a)fa

lse

Sol

omon

's s

eal

23

23

10L5

Men

tha

arve

nsis

ssp

. bor

ealis

wild

min

t1

23

28

L5O

enot

hera

bie

nnis

com

mon

or

hairy

eve

ning

-prim

rose

21

11

5L5

Ono

clea

sen

sibi

lisse

nsiti

ve fe

rn2

31

39

L5O

stry

a vi

rgin

iana

ironw

ood

13

22

8L5

Par

then

ocis

sus

inse

rta (

P. v

itace

a)th

icke

t cre

eper

22

01

5L5

Pol

ygon

um la

path

ifoliu

m v

ar la

path

ifoliu

mpa

le s

mar

twee

d2

14

07

L5P

runu

s se

rotin

abl

ack

cher

ry1

20

25

L5P

runu

s vi

rgin

iana

ssp

. virg

inia

nach

oke

cher

ry1

20

14

L5R

anun

culu

s ab

ortiv

ussm

all-f

low

ered

or

kidn

eyle

af b

utte

rcup

13

12

7L5

Rhu

s ry

dber

gii (

R. r

adic

ans

ssp.

ryd

berg

ii)po

ison

ivy

(shr

ub fo

rm)

12

02

5L5

Rhu

s ty

phin

ast

agho

rn s

umac

h1

12

26

L5R

ubus

idae

us s

sp. m

elan

olas

ius

(R. s

trigo

sus)

wild

red

ras

pber

ry1

10

13

L5R

ubus

occ

iden

talis

wild

bla

ck r

aspb

erry

21

01

4L5

Rub

us o

dora

tus

purp

le-fl

ower

ing

rasp

berr

y2

22

28

L5Sa

lix e

rioce

phal

a (S

. rig

ida;

S. c

orda

ta m

isap

plie

d)na

rrow

hea

rt-le

aved

or

Mis

sour

i will

ow1

13

16

L5Sa

lix e

xigu

a (S

. int

erio

r)sa

ndba

r w

illow

21

52

10L5

Sam

bucu

s ra

cem

osa

ssp.

pub

ens

(S. p

uben

s)re

d-be

rrie

d el

der

13

22

8L5

Scirp

us a

trovi

rens

blac

k-fru

ited

or d

ark

gree

n bu

lrush

22

42

10L5

Solid

ago

altis

sim

ata

ll go

lden

rod

12

00

3L5

Solid

ago

flexi

caul

iszi

g-za

g go

lden

rod

11

32

7L5

Tilia

am

eric

ana

bass

woo

d1

42

310

L5U

lmus

am

eric

ana

whi

te e

lm1

40

27

L5

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Urti

ca d

ioic

a ss

p. g

raci

lis (

U. p

roce

ra)

Am

eric

an s

tingi

ng n

ettle

23

22

9L5

Verb

ena

hast

ata

blue

ver

vain

22

42

10L5

Viol

a pu

besc

ens

(inc.

var

s. p

ubes

cens

& s

cabr

iusc

ula)

stem

med

yel

low

vio

let

23

12

8L5

Viol

a so

roria

com

mon

blu

e vi

olet

12

02

5L5

Vitis

rip

aria

river

bank

gra

pe1

10

02

L5A

cer

ginn

ala

Am

ur m

aple

+

++

+L+

Ace

r pl

atan

oide

sN

orw

ay m

aple

+

++

+L+

Alli

aria

pet

iola

ta (

A. o

ffici

nalis

)ga

rlic

mus

tard

++

++

L+A

lope

curu

s ge

nicu

latu

sm

arsh

foxt

ail

++

++

L+A

lope

curu

s pr

aten

sis

mea

dow

foxt

ail

++

++

L+A

quile

gia

vulg

aris

gard

en o

r E

urop

ean

colu

mbi

ne+

++

+L+

Arc

tium

lapp

agr

eat b

urdo

ck+

++

+L+

Asp

arag

us o

ffici

nalis

aspa

ragu

s+

++

+L+

Bar

bare

a vu

lgar

isw

inte

r cr

ess

or y

ello

w r

ocke

t+

++

+L+

Bro

mus

iner

mis

ssp

. ine

rmis

smoo

th b

rom

e gr

ass

++

++

L+C

apse

lla b

ursa

-pas

toris

shep

herd

's p

urse

++

++

L+C

arag

ana

arbo

resc

ens

Sib

eria

n pe

a-sh

rub

++

++

L+C

ardu

us a

cant

hoid

espl

umel

ess

this

tle+

++

+L+

Car

duus

nut

ans

ssp.

nut

ans

nodd

ing

this

tle+

++

+L+

Car

ex s

pica

tasp

iked

or

Eur

opea

n m

eado

w s

edge

++

++

L+C

enta

urea

mac

ulos

asp

otte

d kn

apw

eed

++

++

L+C

eras

tium

font

anum

(C

. vul

gatu

m)

mou

se-e

ar c

hick

wee

d+

++

+L+

Che

lidon

ium

maj

usce

land

ine

++

++

L+C

heno

podi

um a

lbum

var

. alb

umla

mb'

s qu

arte

rs+

++

+L+

Chr

ysan

them

um le

ucan

them

umox

-eye

dai

sy+

++

+L+

Cic

horiu

m in

tybu

sch

icor

y+

++

+L+

Cirs

ium

arv

ense

cree

ping

(C

anad

a) th

istle

++

++

L+C

onva

llaria

maj

alis

lily-

of-th

e-va

lley

++

++

L+C

onvo

lvul

us a

rven

sis

field

bin

dwee

d+

++

+L+

Cor

onill

a va

riacr

own

vetc

h+

++

+L+

Cra

taeg

us m

onog

yna

Eng

lish

haw

thor

n+

++

+L+

Cyn

anch

um r

ossi

cum

(C

. med

ium

; Vin

ceto

xicu

m r

ossi

cum

))do

g-st

rang

ling

vine

or

pale

sw

allo

w-w

ort

++

++

L+D

acty

lis g

lom

erat

aor

char

d gr

ass

++

++

L+D

aucu

s ca

rota

Que

en A

nne'

s la

ce o

r w

ild c

arro

t+

++

+L+

Dia

nthu

s ar

mer

iaD

eptfo

rd p

ink

++

++

L+D

ipsa

cus

fullo

num

ssp

. syl

vest

riste

asel

++

++

L+Ec

hium

vul

gare

vipe

r's b

uglo

ss o

r bl

uew

eed

++

++

L+El

aeag

nus

angu

stifo

liaR

ussi

an o

live

++

++

L+El

ymus

rep

ens

(Agr

opyr

on r

epen

s; E

lytri

gia

repe

ns)

quac

k gr

ass

++

++

L+Ep

ipac

tis h

elle

borin

ehe

llebo

rine

++

++

L+

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Euon

ymus

eur

opae

a (E

. eur

opae

us)

Eur

opea

n sp

indl

e-tr

ee+

++

+L+

Fest

uca

prat

ensi

s (F

. ela

tior

var.

pra

tens

is)

mea

dow

fesc

ue+

++

+L+

Gal

eops

is te

trahi

the

mp-

nettl

e+

++

+L+

Gal

ium

riv

ale

river

bank

bed

stra

w+

++

+L+

Geu

m u

rban

umur

ban

aven

s or

her

b B

enne

tt+

++

+L+

Gle

chom

a he

dera

cea

cree

ping

Cha

rlie

or g

roun

d-iv

y+

++

+L+

Hes

peris

mat

rona

lisda

me'

s ro

cket

++

++

L+H

iera

cium

cae

spito

sum

ssp

. cae

spito

sum

(H

. pra

tens

e)ye

llow

or

field

haw

kwee

d+

++

+L+

Hie

raci

um p

ilose

lloid

essm

ooth

yel

low

haw

kwee

d+

++

+L+

Hor

deum

juba

tum

ssp

. jub

atum

squi

rrel

-tail

barle

y+

++

+L+

Hyp

eric

um p

erfo

ratu

mco

mm

on S

t. Jo

hnsw

ort

++

++

L+In

ula

hele

nium

elec

ampa

ne+

++

+L+

Juni

peru

s x

med

ia (

J. c

hine

nsis

x s

abin

a; J

. x p

fitze

riana

)pf

itzer

or

orna

men

tal j

unip

er+

++

+L+

Lact

uca

serr

iola

(L.

sca

riola

)pr

ickl

y le

ttuce

++

++

L+Le

onur

us c

ardi

aca

ssp.

car

diac

am

othe

rwor

t+

++

+L+

Lepi

dium

cam

pest

refie

ld p

eppe

r-gr

ass

++

++

L+Li

naria

vul

garis

toad

flax,

but

ter-

and-

eggs

++

++

L+Lo

nice

ra ja

poni

caJa

pane

se h

oney

suck

le+

++

+L+

Loni

cera

mor

row

iiM

orro

w's

hon

eysu

ckle

++

++

L+Lo

nice

ra ta

taric

aTa

rtar

ian

hone

ysuc

kle

++

++

L+Lo

nice

ra x

bel

la (

L. m

orro

wi x

tata

rica)

hybr

id s

hrub

or

Bel

l's h

oney

suck

le+

++

+L+

Lotu

s co

rnic

ulat

usbi

rd's

foot

tref

oil

++

++

L+Ly

copu

s eu

ropa

eus

Eur

opea

n w

ater

-hor

ehou

nd o

r bu

glew

eed

++

++

L+Ly

thru

m s

alic

aria

purp

le lo

oses

trife

++

++

L+M

alus

bac

cata

Sib

eria

n cr

ab-a

pple

++

++

L+M

alus

pum

ila (

M. d

omes

tica;

Pyr

us m

alus

)ap

ple

++

++

L+M

edic

ago

lupu

lina

blac

k m

edic

k+

++

+L+

Mel

ilotu

s of

ficin

alis

yello

w s

wee

t clo

ver

++

++

L+M

yoso

tis s

corp

ioid

estr

ue o

r E

urop

ean

forg

et-m

e-no

t+

++

+L+

Nar

ciss

us p

oetic

usna

rcis

sus

++

++

L+N

arci

ssus

pse

udon

arci

ssus

daffo

dil

++

++

L+N

epet

a ca

taria

catn

ip+

++

+L+

Oen

anth

e ja

vani

caw

ater

dro

pwor

t or

wat

er c

eler

y+

++

+L+

Pla

ntag

o la

nceo

lata

Eng

lish

plan

tain

++

++

L+P

lant

ago

maj

orbr

oad-

leav

ed o

r co

mm

on p

lant

ain

++

++

L+P

oa c

ompr

essa

Can

ada

or fl

at-s

tem

med

blu

e gr

ass

++

++

L+P

oa p

rate

nsis

ssp

. pra

tens

isK

entu

cky

blue

gra

ss+

++

+L+

Pol

ygon

um p

ersi

caria

lady

's th

umb

++

++

L+P

oten

tilla

rec

taro

ugh-

fruite

d or

sul

phur

cin

quef

oil

++

++

L+P

runu

s av

ium

swee

t or

maz

zard

che

rry

++

++

L+

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Pru

nus

cera

sus

sour

che

rry

++

++

L+P

yrus

com

mun

ispe

ar+

++

+L+

Rat

ibid

a pi

nnat

agr

ey-h

eade

d co

neflo

wer

++

++

L+R

ham

nus

cath

artic

aco

mm

on o

r E

urop

ean

buck

thor

n+

++

+L+

Rib

es o

dora

tum

buffa

lo o

r go

lden

cur

rant

++

++

L+R

ibes

rub

rum

gard

en r

ed c

urra

nt+

++

+L+

Rob

inia

pse

udoa

caci

abl

ack

locu

st+

++

+L+

Ros

a ca

nina

dog

rose

++

++

L+R

osa

mul

tiflo

ram

ultif

lora

or

Japa

nese

ros

e+

++

+L+

Rum

ex c

rispu

scu

rly d

ock

++

++

L+Sa

lix a

lba

var.

alb

aw

hite

will

ow+

++

+L+

Salix

frag

ilis

crac

k w

illow

++

++

L+Sa

lix m

atsu

dana

cork

scre

w w

illow

(cu

ltiva

r)+

++

+L+

Salix

x r

uben

s (S

. alb

a x

fragi

lis)

Eur

opea

n tr

ee w

illow

++

++

L+Sa

lix x

sep

ulcr

alis

(S.

alb

a va

r. v

itelli

na x

bab

ylon

ica)

wee

ping

will

ow+

++

+L+

Sile

ne p

rate

nsis

(S.

alb

a; S

. lat

ifolia

; Lyc

hnis

alb

a)ev

enin

g ly

chni

s+

++

+L+

Sola

num

dul

cam

ara

bitte

rsw

eet n

ight

shad

e+

++

+L+

Stel

laria

gra

min

eagr

ass-

leav

ed c

hick

wee

d or

stit

chw

ort

++

++

L+St

ratio

tes

aloi

des

wat

er-s

oldi

er o

r w

ater

-pin

eapp

le+

++

+L+

Sym

phyt

um a

sper

umpr

ickl

y co

mfre

y+

++

+L+

Tara

xacu

m o

ffici

nale

dand

elio

n+

++

+L+

Thla

spi a

rven

sepe

nny-

cres

s+

++

+L+

Toril

is ja

poni

cahe

dge-

pars

ley

++

++

L+Tr

agop

ogon

pra

tens

is s

sp. p

rate

nsis

mea

dow

goa

t's b

eard

++

++

L+Tr

ifoliu

m p

rate

nse

red

clov

er+

++

+L+

Trifo

lium

rep

ens

whi

te c

love

r+

++

+L+

Tulip

a sp

.ga

rden

tulip

++

++

L+Tu

ssila

go fa

rfara

colts

foot

++

++

L+Ty

pha

angu

stifo

liana

rrow

-leav

ed c

atta

il+

++

+L+

Typh

a x

glau

ca (

T. a

ngus

tifol

ia x

latif

olia

)hy

brid

cat

tail

++

++

L+U

lmus

gla

bra

Sco

tch

elm

++

++

L+U

lmus

pum

ilaS

iber

ian

elm

++

++

L+Ve

rbas

cum

thap

sus

com

mon

mul

lein

++

++

L+Ve

roni

ca s

erpy

llifo

lia s

sp. s

erpy

llifo

liath

yme-

leav

ed s

peed

wel

l+

++

+L+

Vibu

rnum

lant

ana

way

farin

g tr

ee+

++

+L+

Vici

a cr

acca

cow

, tuf

ted,

or

bird

vet

ch+

++

+L+

Ace

r ne

gund

oM

anito

ba m

aple

+?

+?

+?

+?

L+?

Agr

ostis

sto

loni

fera

(A

. alb

a va

r. p

alus

tris)

cree

ping

ben

t gra

ss+

?+

?+

?+

?L+

?G

eran

ium

rob

ertia

num

herb

Rob

ert

+?

+?

+?

+?

L+?

Oxa

lis s

trict

a (O

. eur

opae

a; O

. fon

tana

)co

mm

on o

r up

right

yel

low

woo

d-so

rrel

+?

+?

+?

+?

L+?

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Pha

laris

aru

ndin

acea

reed

can

ary

gras

s+

?+

?+

?+

?L+

?P

olyg

onum

hyd

ropi

per

wat

er- o

r m

arsh

-pep

per

+?

+?

+?

+?

L+?

Spor

obol

uscf

. vag

inifl

orus

ensh

eath

ed d

rops

eed

+?

+?

+?

+?

L+?

Pla

tanu

s oc

cide

ntal

issy

cam

ore

55

54

19pL

1R

osa

palu

stris

swam

p ro

se5

55

419

pL1

Hel

eniu

m a

utum

nale

snee

zew

eed

new

(pL2

?)So

rgha

stru

m n

utan

sIn

dian

gra

ss4

45

417

pL2

Aln

us in

cana

ssp

. rug

osa

(A. r

ugos

a)sp

eckl

ed o

r ta

g al

der

34

45

16pL

3A

ndro

pogo

n ge

rard

iibi

g bl

uest

em4

24

414

pL3

Cep

hala

nthu

s oc

cide

ntal

isbu

ttonb

ush

44

43

15pL

3Iri

s ve

rsic

olor

blue

flag

25

45

16pL

3La

rix la

ricin

ata

mar

ack

34

44

15pL

3P

icea

gla

uca

whi

te s

pruc

e3

54

315

pL3

Spira

ea a

lba

mea

dow

swee

t or

wild

spi

raea

34

43

14pL

3A

cer

rubr

umre

d m

aple

24

25

13pL

4B

etul

a pa

pyrif

era

pape

r or

whi

te b

irch

14

24

11pL

4P

inus

stro

bus

whi

te p

ine

14

34

12pL

4Sa

lix b

ebbi

ana

beak

ed o

r B

ebb'

s w

illow

14

44

13pL

4Sa

lix d

isco

lor

puss

y w

illow

23

43

12pL

4Si

lphi

um p

erfo

liatu

mcu

p-pl

ant

51

32

11pL

4Th

uja

occi

dent

alis

whi

te c

edar

14

15

11pL

4P

opul

us b

alsa

mife

ra s

sp. b

alsa

mife

raba

lsam

pop

lar

12

32

8pL

5P

opul

us d

elto

ides

(in

c. s

sp. m

onili

fera

)co

ttonw

ood

21

41

8pL

5A

bies

con

colo

rsi

lver

fir

++

++

pL+

Cel

tis o

ccid

enta

lisha

ckbe

rry

++

++

pL+

Eich

horn

ia c

rass

ipes

wat

er-h

yaci

nth

++

++

pL+

Gle

dits

ia tr

iaca

ntho

sho

ney

locu

st+

++

+pL

+Iri

s ps

euda

coru

sye

llow

flag

++

++

pL+

Juni

peru

s ho

rizon

talis

cree

ping

juni

per

++

++

pL+

Larix

dec

idua

Eur

opea

n la

rch

++

++

pL+

Nym

phae

a sp

.or

nam

enta

l wat

er li

ly+

++

+pL

+P

icea

om

orik

aS

erbi

an s

pruc

e+

++

+pL

+P

icea

pun

gens

Col

orad

o sp

ruce

++

++

pL+

Pin

us n

igra

Aus

tria

n pi

ne+

++

+pL

+P

istia

stra

tiote

sw

ater

-lettu

ce+

++

+pL

+P

opul

us x

can

aden

sis

(P. d

elto

ides

x n

igra

)C

arol

ina

popl

ar+

++

+pL

+P

seud

otsu

ga m

enzi

esii

var.

gla

uca

Roc

ky M

ount

ain

or in

terio

r D

ougl

as-fi

r+

++

+pL

+Q

uerc

us r

obur

Eng

lish

oak

++

++

pL+

Shep

herd

ia a

rgen

tea

silv

er b

uffa

lo-b

erry

or

soap

-ber

ry+

++

+pL

+So

rbar

ia s

orbi

folia

fals

e sp

iraea

++

++

pL+

Ap

pen

dix

2: L

ist

of

Flo

ra S

pec

ies

Foun

d in

Cen

tenn

ial P

ark

Stu

dy

Are

a in

200

6

"cf."

in th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

ed"p

L…" i

n th

e ra

nk c

olum

n in

dica

tes

that

the

spec

ies

was

onl

y fo

und

plan

ted

and

not r

egen

erat

ing

Loca

lP

op

ulat

ion

Hab

itat

Sen

sitiv

ity t

oTo

tal

Ran

kS

cien

tific

nam

eC

om

mo

n N

ame

Occ

urre

nce

Tren

dD

epen

den

ceD

evel

op

men

tS

core

TRC

A1-

51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.

2003

Vibu

rnum

opu

lus

guel

der-

rose

/Eu

high

bush

cra

nber

ry+

++

+pL

+

App

endi

x 3:

Lis

t of B

reed

ing

Faun

a S

peci

es F

ound

in C

ente

nnia

l Par

k S

tudy

Are

a.

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

CO

DE

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

num

ber

of te

rrito

ries

LOP

TnP

TtH

DA

SM

RS

TD+

TSL-

rank

Sur

vey

Sp

ecie

s:sp

ecie

s fo

r w

hic

h t

he

TRC

A p

roto

col e

ffec

tivel

y su

rvey

s.

Bir

ds

gree

n he

ron

GR

HE

But

orid

es v

iresc

ens

12

22

22

23

015

L3V

irgin

ia r

ail

VIR

AR

allu

s lim

icol

a1

12

22

23

40

16L3

east

ern

mea

dow

lark

EA

ME

Stur

nella

mag

na2

03

22

31

30

14L4

grea

t cre

sted

flyc

atch

erG

CFL

Myi

arcy

hus

crin

itus

10

23

13

22

013

L4gr

ay c

atbi

rdG

RC

AD

umet

ella

car

olin

ensi

s15

03

11

12

30

11L4

hairy

woo

dpec

ker

HA

WO

Pic

oide

s vi

llosu

s1

02

12

32

20

12L4

nort

hern

flic

ker

NO

F LC

olap

tes

aura

tus

20

32

01

23

011

L4no

rthe

rn m

ocki

ngbi

rdN

OM

OM

imus

pol

yglo

ttos

14

20

11

21

012

L4no

rthe

rn r

ough

-win

ged

swal

low

NR

WS

Stel

gido

pter

yx s

errip

enni

s1

32

32

11

10

13L4

red-

eyed

vire

oR

EV

IVi

reo

oliv

aceu

s2

02

21

22

30

12L4

sava

nnah

spa

rrow

SA

VS

Pas

serc

ulus

san

dwic

hens

i s6

03

12

11

30

11L4

swam

p sp

arro

wS

WS

PM

elos

piza

geo

rgia

na1

01

22

12

51

14L4

tree

sw

allo

wTR

ES

Tach

ycin

eta

bico

lor

10

22

21

13

011

L4w

illow

flyc

atch

erW

IFL

Empi

dona

x tra

illi i

40

42

11

23

013

L4A

mer

ican

cro

wA

MC

RC

orvu

s br

achy

rhyn

chos

not m

appe

d0

21

01

11

06

L5A

mer

ican

gol

dfin

chA

MG

OC

ardu

elis

tris

tisno

t map

ped

02

20

11

10

7L5

Am

eric

an r

obin

AM

RO

Turd

us m

igra

toriu

sno

t map

ped

01

20

11

10

6L5

Bal

timor

e or

iole

BA

OR

Icte

rus

galb

ula

not m

appe

d0

22

01

11

07

L5ba

rn s

wal

low

BA

RS

Hiru

ndo

rust

ica

not m

appe

d0

22

21

11

09

L5bl

ack-

capp

ed c

hick

adee

BC

CH

Poe

cile

atri

capi

llus

not m

appe

d0

11

11

20

06

L5br

own-

head

ed c

owbi

rdB

HC

OM

olot

hrus

ate

rno

t map

ped

02

20

11

10

7L5

Can

ada

goos

eC

AN

GB

rant

a ca

nade

nsis

not m

appe

d0

10

11

10

04

L5ce

dar

wax

win

gC

ED

WB

omby

cilla

ced

roru

mno

t map

ped

01

20

11

20

7L5

chim

ney

swift

CH

SW

Cha

etur

a pe

lagi

cano

t map

ped

03

31

11

00

9L5

chip

ping

spa

rrow

CH

SP

Spiz

ella

pas

serin

ano

t map

ped

02

20

11

10

7L5

com

mon

gra

ckle

CO

GR

Qui

scal

us q

uisc

ula

not m

appe

d0

32

01

11

08

L5do

wny

woo

dpec

ker

DO

WO

Pic

oide

s pu

besc

ens

not m

appe

d0

21

11

21

08

L5ea

ster

n ki

ngbi

rdE

AK

ITy

rann

us ty

rann

us5

02

21

21

10

9L5

hous

e fin

chH

OFI

Car

poda

cus

mex

ican

usno

t map

ped

02

00

11

00

4L5

hous

e w

ren

HO

WR

Trog

lody

tes

aedo

nno

t map

ped

02

11

12

10

8L5

killd

eer

KIL

LC

hara

driu

s vo

cife

rus

not m

appe

d0

22

11

12

09

L5m

alla

rdM

ALL

Ana

s pl

atyr

hync

hos

not m

appe

d0

12

11

13

09

L5m

ourn

ing

dove

MO

DO

Zena

ida

mac

rour

ano

t map

ped

02

10

11

00

5L5

nort

hern

car

dina

lN

OC

AC

ardi

nalis

car

dina

lisno

t map

ped

02

10

12

20

8L5

red-

win

ged

blac

kbird

RW

BL

Age

laiu

s ph

oeni

ceus

not m

appe

d0

22

01

13

09

L5so

ng s

parr

owS

OS

PM

elos

piza

mel

odia

not m

appe

d0

22

01

22

09

L5w

arbl

ing

vire

oW

AV

IVi

reo

gilv

usno

t map

ped

01

20

12

20

8L5

App

endi

x 3:

Lis

t of B

reed

ing

Faun

a S

peci

es F

ound

in C

ente

nnia

l Par

k S

tudy

Are

a.

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

CO

DE

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

num

ber

of te

rrito

ries

LOP

TnP

TtH

DA

SM

RS

TD+

TSL-

rank

yello

w w

arbl

erY

WA

RD

endr

oica

pet

echi

ano

t map

ped

01

11

12

30

9L5

Eur

opea

n st

arlin

gE

US

TSt

urnu

s vu

lgar

isno

t map

ped

L+ho

use

spar

row

HO

SP

Pas

ser

dom

estic

usno

t map

ped

L+

Her

pet

ofa

una

Am

eric

an to

adA

MTO

Buf

o am

eric

anus

10

22

11

24

012

L4gr

een

frog

GR

FRR

ana

clam

itans

10

22

11

24

012

L4

Inci

den

tal S

pec

ies:

sp

ecie

s th

at a

re r

epo

rted

on

as in

cid

enta

l to

th

e TR

CA

pro

toco

l.

Mam

mal

sea

ster

n co

ttont

ail*

EA

CO

Sylv

ilagu

s flo

ridan

us2

12

20

22

40

13L4

mus

krat

MU

SK

Ond

atra

zib

ethi

cus

11

22

21

33

014

L4gr

ay s

quirr

elG

RS

QSc

iuru

s ca

rolin

ensi

sno

t map

ped

02

20

12

00

7L5

racc

oon

RA

CC

Pro

cyon

loto

rno

t map

ped

02

11

11

10

7L5

Her

pet

ofa

una

east

ern

gart

ersn

ake

EA

GA

Tham

noph

is s

irtal

is s

irtal

is0

22

11

23

011

L4po

nd s

lider

SLI

DTr

ache

mys

scr

ipta

not m

appe

dL+

Inve

rteb

rate

s"c

him

ney"

cra

yfis

h*C

HC

RFa

llica

mba

rus

fodi

ens

13

42

14

51

21L2

LEG

EN

D*=

loca

l occ

urre

nce

unkn

own

LO =

loca

l occ

urre

nce

MR

= m

obili

ty r

estr

ictio

nP

Tn =

pop

ulat

ion

tren

d, c

ontin

ent-w

ide

STD

= s

ensi

tivity

to d

evel

opm

ent

PTt

= p

opul

atio

n tr

end,

TR

CA

AP

= a

dditi

onal

poi

nts

HD

= h

abita

t dep

ende

nce

TS =

tota

l sco

reA

S =

are

a se

nsiti

vity

L-ra

nk =

TR

CA

Ran

k, A

pril

2003

centennial park study area - te · centennial park site ﬁt within the regional natural system,...

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