centeno et al.docx

8/20/2019 centeno et al.docx

1/41

G.R. No. L-33284 April 20, 1989

FIRST DIVISION

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plaintiff-appellee,vs.

ROLANDO CENTENO, ET AL., defendants . ROLANDO CENTENO, defendant-appellant.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee. Rodrigo Law Office for defendant-appellant.

CRUZ, J.:

It all start !, i""o#$o$sl% "o$&', (it' a !ri")i"& spr . O" t'at a*t r"oo" o* D # + r 1, 19 8, Rola"!o Sa"tos (as " o%i"& 'i+s l* (it' so+ *ri "!s a"! pl "t%o* r t'at ' / "t$all% #o$l! "ot #arr%. it'i" t' 'o$r, ' (o$l! ! a! o* a+assi/ rai" ' +orr'a& . T' / "$ (o$l! t' +$"i#ipal $il!i"& its l*. A"! t'

poli# #'i * 'i+s l*, to& t' r (it' o" o* 'is poli# + ", (o$l! a##$s ! o* +$r! ri"& 'i+.

o( Sa"tos !i ! is t' $ stio" ( 'a/ to s ttl . T' pros #$tio" sa%s ' (as )ill !(it' )arat lo(s ! alt % t' a##$s !-app lla"t. T' ! * "s ! "i s t'is. It sa%s

Sa"tos !r$") "l% sta&& r ! a"! * ll a"! 'it 'is ' a! a"! l ! to ! at'.

T' trial #o$rt li / ! t' pros #$tio" a"! #o"/i#t ! t' poli# #'i * ('il a sol/i"&'is #o-a##$s !. 1 Rola"!o "t "o is "o( *or $s o" app al o* 'is #o"/i#tio".

T' + !i#al /i! "# is "ot !isp$t !. It is a## pt ! t'at Sa"tos !i ! as a r s$lt o* i"t r"al l !i"& i" t' rai" !$ to tra$+a. T' /i#ti+ s ' a! s'o( ! /ario$s#o"t$sio"s a"! a rasio"s $t "ot i" t' "ap o* t' " #) (' r t' )arat lo(s ( rall & !l% ! li/ r !. 2

5 si! s Dr. 6lari! l F. Vi!al, t' N5I + !i#o-l &al o**i# r ('o t sti*i ! o" t' a$tops%o* Sa"tos, t(o i+porta"t (it" ss s ('o &a/ a *irst-'a"! / rsio" o* 'o( Sa"tos (asall & !l% )ill ! % t' a##$s !-app lla"t ( r pr s "t ! % t' pros #$tio". T' s( r Dio"isio Viola&o a"! 7$lo&io Villa"$ /a, ('o ( r ot' *ri "!s o* t' /i#ti+.

A##or!i"& to Viola&o, ' a"! Sa"tos, to& t' r (it' t' ir ot' r #o+pa"io"s, ( r i" t'stor o* o" Ali"& Gor "& (' " 6atrol+a" Val ria"o R % s approa#' ! Sa"tos a"!tol! t' %o$"& +a" to #o+ (it' 'i+. Sa"tos ! +$rr !, prot sti"& t'at ' 'a! !o""ot'i"& (ro"&, (' r $po" R % s o ! 'i+ i" t' #' st a"! *or#i l% ro$&'t 'i+ tot' poli# statio". T' r Sa"tos lo$!l% o #t ! to 'is ! t "tio", pro+pti"& 6oli#

'i * "t "o to sa%, :ati&as )a %ata"& tala&a, alt'o$&' ' r l "t ! lat r a"!allo( ! 'i+ to &o 'o+ . 5$t as Sa"tos (as l a/i"&, "t "o 'a! a #'a"& o* +i"! a"!as) ! R % s to ri"& Sa"tos a#). R % s (as 'ol!i"& Sa"tos s ar+ (' " "t "oa!+i"ist r ! t' *irst )arat lo( o" t' "ap o* Sa"tos s " #) t'at +a! t' /i#ti+ *all*or(ar! o" t' a#)r st o* a "#'. T'is (as *ollo( ! % t(o +or )arat lo(s t'at#r$+pl ! 'i+ to t' # + "t *loor (' r ' la% prostrat a"! +otio"l ss. O" "t "o sor! r, t(o poli# + " t' " pi#) ! $p Sa"tos a"! too) 'i+ i"si! t' lo#) r roo+a! a# "t to t' +$"i#ipal ail. 3

Villa"$ /a #orro orat ! Viola&o a"! sai! ' #ri ! o$t, '% ar %o$ !oi"& t'is to +%*ri "!; (' " ' sa( Sa"tos i"& +a$l ! % "t "o. also ! #lar ! t'at Sa"tos(as * ll ! (it' t'r )arat lo(s *ro+ "t "o. T'is (it" ss #lai+ ! ' &ot a &lass o* (at r a"! &a/ it to Sa"tos, ('o #o$l! "ot !ri") it a"% +or as ' (as alr a!% !%i"&t' ". * lt Sa"tos s p$ls $t t' r (as "o" . op " ! Sa"tos s s'irt a"! p$t 'is ar to 'is #' st $t #o$l! ' ar "o ' art at. sai! t'at t' ot' r p rso"s ('o (it" ss !t' )illi"&, si! s t' poli# + ", ( r Viola&o, Ro+% Salao a"! S ra*i" 6$"

T' ! * "s #o" #t$r ! t'at as a r s$lt o* 'is i" riatio", Sa"tos +$st 'a/ #ras' !!o(" a"! '$rt 'is ' a!, r s$lti"& i" i"t r"al l !i"&. Val ria"o R % s, t' ot' r a##$s !, t sti*i ! t'at a*t r t' % 'a! ro$&'t Sa"tos to t' lo#) r roo+, t' % ' ar! a"ois ? )ala o& @ s$&& sti"& t'at Sa"tos 'a! 'it so+ t'i"& a"! s$r "o$&' t' %*o$"! 'i+ !%i"& o" t' *loor (' " t' % ( "t i" to i"/ sti&at . It is !o$ t*$l t'o$&''o( t' % #o$l! 'a/ ' ar! t' all & ! so$"!, #o"si! ri"& t' t'i#) #o"#r t (alls o* t' roo+ a"! t' *a#t t'at t' % ( r t' " so+ t " + t rs a(a%. B


2/41

T' r is also t' ar&$+ "t t'at "o t r"al i" $ri s ( r *o$"! o" t' "ap o* t' " #),(' r t' )arat lo(s ( r a!+i"ist r ! alt'o$&' t' r ( r a rasio"s a"!#o"t$sio"s ls (' r i" t' /i#ti+ s ' a!. As Dr. Vi!al plai" !, 'o( / r, / " i* "o+ar)s ( r l *t o" t' " #), )arat lo(s t' r o" #o$l! #a$s t' & " rali< ! a"!

t "si/ l !i"&s t'at #a$s ! t' /i#ti+ s ! at'. T'$sC

ill %o$ pl as plai", i* a )arat lo( ! li/ r ! o" t' "ap o* a p rso"(it'o$t " # ssaril% pro!$#i"& #o"t$sio"s or a rasio"s (ill #a$s rai" ' +orr'a& ;

A D p "!i"& o" t' positio" o* t' *ist t'at o" (ill appl% o" t' p rso". A)arat lo( (ill pro!$# i"" r i" $r% $t (it'o$t a"% o$tsi! i" $r% sp #iall% t'is

portio" o* t' 'a"!, ?(it" ss poi"ti"& to t' '%pot' "ar@ $"li) t'is portio" ?(it" ss poi"ti"& to t' )"$#)l s@ a"! sp #iall% (' " t' )arat lo(s ! li/ r ! (it' t''%pot' "ar o" a +$s#$lar portio" o* t' o!% li) t' "ap , t' r (ill "o t r"ali" $ri s $t t' i" $r% is i"t r"al. To *$rt' r plai", I (ill #it to %o$ a" a+pl . T'

o rs ('o $s &lo/ s o" t' ir 'a"!s a"! (' " t' % (ill ! li/ r lo(s o" a p rso",t'at p rso" (ill "ot s$stai" t r"al i" $ri s $t t' r is s / r i" $r% i"si! t' rai"a"! t'at #o$l! $sti*% t'at )arat lo(s (ill "ot pro!$# t r"al i" $ri s $t i"t r"al

i" $ri s. 8

T' ! * "s its l* s$ +itt ! t'at Sa"tos s'o$t ! !r$") "l% (it'i" ' ari"& !ista"# o* "t "o a"! R % s, 6$ta"& i"a"& +&a p$lis i%a"E ala"& )$( "ta sa a)i" i%a"E 9

T' % #lai+ ! to tol ra"t a"! si+pl% a!+o"is' ! 'i+ to &o 'o+ , $t s$ s $ "t/ "ts s'o( ! t' % ( r r all% a""o% ! % 'is r +ar)s. T'is (as t' +oti/ t'at

pro+pt ! R % s to !ra& Sa"tos to t' +$"i#ipal $il!i"& a"! l ! "t "o lat r to )ill'i+.

ar satis*i ! t'at Viola&o a"! Villa"$ /a ( r t lli"& t' tr$t' a o$t t' )illi"& o* t' ir *ri "! alt'o$&' t' r ( r i"! ! i"#o"sist "#i s i" t' ir stat + "ts. T' s ( r+i"or laps s o"l% a"! !i! "ot i+pair t' ss "tial tr$t'*$l" ss o* t' ir "arratio"s. As*or t' ! * "s , its pla"atio" o* t' ! at' o* Sa"tos ('il ' (as i" t' #$sto!% o* t'

poli# is 'ar!l% pla$si l a"! +ai"l% sp #$lati/ . :$r! r #a""ot #$s ! o" s$#'i+pro a l #o" #t$r s

:$r! r it (as i"! ! (it' t' $ali*%i"& #ir#$+sta"# o* tr a#' r%. T' r (as al /osia #a$s Sa"tos (as s$!! "l% atta#) ! *ro+ 'i"! (' " i" 'is ( a) " ! a"!i"to i#at ! #o"!itio", #o$pl ! (it' t' *a#t t'at 'is ar+ (as t' " i"& ' l! % R % s,' #o$l! "ot ! * "! 'i+s l*. T' a##$s !-app lla"t 'a! +plo% ! + a"s ai+ ! ata#'i /i"& 'is p$rpos (it'o$t ris) to 'i+s l* *ro+ a"% ! * "s t' /i#ti+ #o$l! 'a/+a! .

7/ " ass$+i"& t' r (as a $s o* s$p rior str "&t', o" ('i#' iss$ ( !o "ot 'a/ tor$l ' r , t'is a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# is ! + ! a sor ! % tr a#' r%. As *or t'+iti&ati"& #ir#$+sta"# s #lai+ ! % t' ! * "s , t' o$rt 'ol!s t'at t' % #a""ot allo( !. T' ! ro&ator% stat + "t +a! % Sa"tos ('i#' so irritat ! "t "o !i! "ot#o"stit$t s$#' a &ra/ pro/o#atio" as to (arra"t t' l ss "i"& o* 'is p "alt% *or r a#ti"& as ' !i! i" p$"is'i"& t' /i#ti+ to ! at'. N it' r #a" "t "o ar&$ "o( t'at' 'a! "ot i"t "! ! to #o++it so &ra/ a (ro"& as t' a#t$al )illi"& o* Sa"tos as ')" (, or s'o$l! 'a/ )"o(", t'at t' )arat #'ops o" t' "ap o* t' " #) (o$l! 'a/a l t'al ** #t $po" t' ! * "s l ss a"! !r$") " /i#ti+.

T' r i"& "o & " ri# a&&ra/ati"& or +iti&ati"& #ir#$+sta"# s, t' t r+ o* i+priso"+ "t (as #orr #tl% *i ! at r #l$sio" p rp t$a, t' + !i$+ p "alt% *or +$r! r. T' #i/il i"! +"it% is, 'o( / r, i"#r as ! to 630,000.00 #o"sist "t (it'

pr s "t poli#%.

It (as "ot o"l% Rola"!o Sa"tos ('o (as i"to i#at ! (' " ' !i ! at 22 o" D # + r 1, 19 8. T' r (as a"ot' r )i"! o* !r$") "" ss t'at a**li#t ! t' #'i * o* poli# , ('o+is$s ! 'is po( r a"! la(l ssl% too) a li* .

7R7FOR7, t' app al ! $!&+ "t is AFFIR:7D # pt as to t' #i/il i"! +"it%,('i#' is i"#r as ! to 630,000.00. osts a&ai"st t' a##$s !-app lla"t. It is so or! r !.

Nar/asa ? 'air+a"@, Ga"#a%#o, Gri o-A $i"o a"! : !ial! a, ., #o"#$r.

Foot"ot s

1 Rollo, pp. 21-42. D #isio" p "" ! % $!& arlos L. S$"!ia+.

2 Ori&i"al R #or!s, p. 194.

3 TSN, $l% 2, 19 9, pp. 88-109 $l% 3, 19 9, pp. 32-39.

4 TSN, S pt + r 1B, 19 9, pp. 2-B pp. 14-1 .

> TSN, F r$ar% 23, 19B0, p. 2 p. 9.

TSN, $" 24, 19B0, pp. 4->.

B Rollo, p. 3 .

8 TSN, No/ + r 20, 19 9, pp. 30-31.

9 TSN, A$&$st >, 19B0, p. 19.


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G.R. No. L-920 No/ + r 2>, 1914

EN BANC

THE UNITED STATES, plaintiff-appellee , vs.JOAQUIN CATANGAY , defendant-appellant.

Godofredo Reyes for appellant. Attorney-General Avanceña for appellee. ARAULLO, J.:

O" :ar#' , 1913, t' *ollo(i"& #o+plai"t (as *il ! a&ai"st t' ! * "!a"t i" t' o$rto* First I"sta"# o* t' 6ro/i"# o* Ta%a as % t' *is#al o* t'at pro/i"# C

T' $"! rsi&" ! #'ar& s oa $i" ata"&a% (it' t' #ri+ o* 'o+i#i! t'ro$&'r #)l ss " &li& "# , #o++itt ! as *ollo(sC

O" or a o$t D # + r 4, 1912, i" t' p$ lo o* a"! laria, 6ro/i"# o* Ta%a as,6'ilippi" Isla"!s, t' sai! oa $i" ata"&a% !i!, (it'o$t a"% pr #a$tio" ('at / r, *ir*ro+ 'is s'ot&$" a #'ar& t'at lo!& ! i" t' l *t pari tal r &io" o* :a$ri#io Ra+os,t' r % i"sta"tl% )illi"& 'i+ a" a#t #o++itt ! i" /iolatio" o* la(.

A*t r !$ trial t' sai! o$rt o* First I"sta"# , o" $" 21, 1913, r "! r ! $!&+ "t(' r % t' ! * "!a"t, ('o (as *o$"! &$ilt% o* t' #ri+ #'ar& ! i" t' #o+plai"t(as s "t "# ! to t' p "alt% o* *o$r +o"t's a"! o" !a% o* arr sto +a%or, to t'a## ssor% p "alti s o* t' la(, to pa% a" i"! +"it% o* 61,000 to t' ' irs o* t'! # as ! or to s$** r, i" #as o* i"sol/ "#%, *ort% !a%s o* s$ si!iar% i+priso"+ "t, a"!to pa% t' #osts o* t' #as a"!, *i"all% it (as t' r i" or! r ! t'at t' s'ot&$"+ "tio" ! i" t' #o+plai"t s'o$l! #o"*is#at ! a"! !ispos ! o* i" a##or!a"# (it't' la(.

T' trial #o$rt, s tti"& *ort' i" t' sai! $!&+ "t t' *a#ts ('i#' ' ' l! to 'a/ " pro/ " a"! t' &ro$"!s $po" ('i#' ' r "! r ! 'is ! #isio" i" t' +a"" r a*or + "tio" !, sai!C

Fro+ t' /i! "# i"tro!$# ! at t' trial, it 'as " *$ll% pro/ " t'at o" t' "i&'t o* t' #ri+ t' ! # as !, :a$ri#io Ra+os, ta)i"& 'is s'ot&$" (it' 'i+ ( "t to '$"t ! r i" t' arrio o* $i"ati a", +$"i#ipalit% o* a"! laria, Ta%a as, *irst passi"& % t''o$s o* Sa"tia&o A a"!ia, ('o+ ' too) alo"& (it' 'i+ a"! i" 'is #o+pa"% also

pass ! % t ' 'o$s o* t' ! * "!a"t, oa $i" ata"&a%, ('o+ t' % ot' i"/it ! to ri"& 'is s'ot&$" a"! &o (it' t' + *or a '$"t t'at ('il t' t'r + " ( r passi"&alo"& i" t' +i!!l o* a *i l! o* tala'i ?'i&' &rass@, t' ! # as ! i" *ro"t o* t'#arr%i"& li&'t ! la"t r" *ast " ! to 'is *or ' a!, 'i"! 'i+ t' ! * "!a"t, a"! lastl%Sa"tia&o A a"!ia, t' *irst t(o + " sa( a ! r ( r all +o$"t ! t'at t' r $po"Sa"tia&o A a"!ia stopp ! 'is 'ors a"! also !is+o$"t ! i" or! r t'at t' ! r +i&'t"ot #o+ a(ar o* t' pr s "# o* t' '$"t rs % t' "ois t'at * ( +o+ "tsa*t r(ar!s. t(o s'ots ( r ' ar! i" $i#) s$## ssio" a"! t' " t' li&'t t' ! # as !#arri ! ( "t o$t t'at Sa"tia&o A a"!ia, $po" "oti#i"& t'at t' sai! li&'t (as

ti"&$is' !, approa#' ! t' ! # as ! a"! ' *o$"! t' ! * "!a"t alo"&si! o* 'i+,raisi"& 'i+ $p, sa%i"&C 'at #a" 'a/ 'app " ! to +% &o!*at' r; t'at, as t'! # as ! #o$l! "ot & t $p, Sa"tia&o A a"!ia as) ! t' ! * "!a"t *or +at#' s a"! lit alittl sti#), % ('i#' li&'t (it" ss sa( t' (o$"! i" t' a#) o* t' ' a! o* t'! # as !, ('o (as alr a!% ! a! a"! t'at t' sai! (o$"! #o"sist ! o* a *ra#t$r o* t'

l *t pari tal r &io", t' rai" i"& pos !. It 'as also " pro/ ! t'at t' r 'a! ""o pr /io$s tro$ l t( " t' ! * "!a"t a"! t' ! # as !, $t t'at o" t' #o"trar%t' % 'a! al(a%s " o" i"ti+at t r+s o* *ri "!s'ip.H

T' ! * "!a"t t sti*%i"& i" 'is o(" ! * "s st at ! t'at $po" s i"& t'at t' ! r, ('i#'t' ! # as ! 'a! also "oti# !, +i&'t s#ap , ' +a! 'ast to approa#' t' latt r, ('o'a! 'is a#) to(ar! 'i+ a"! (as o" 'is l *t, a"! t'at, i" ta)i"& '$rri ! st ps *or t'at

p$rpos , t' ! * "!a"t st$+ l ! a&ai"st a" + a")+ "t or pilapil t'at la% t( " 'i+a"! t' ! # as ! t'at t' r $po" ' * ll o" o" )" , a" a##i! "t ('i#' #a$s ! t's'ot&$", ('i#' ' 'a! alr a!% loa! !, #o#) !, a"! ai+ ! at t' ! r, t' 'al* o* ('os

o!% (as "o( lost *ro+ si&'t, to !is#'ar& !, t'is o" #'ar& stri)i"& t' ! # as ! i"t' ' a!.

T' #ri+ #'ar& ! i" t' pr s "t #as s'o$l! $ali*i ! as o" o* 'o+i#i!o##asio" ! % r #)l ss " &li& "# a #ri+ pro/i! ! *or a"! p$"is' ! % arti#l > 8,i" #o"" #tio" (it' arti#l 404, o* t' 6 "al o! *or t' r aso" t'at t' r (as "o+ali# or #ri+i"al i"t "tio" o" t' part o* t' ! * "!a"t i" t' !is#'ar& o* 'is s'ot&$"('i#' r s$lt ! i" (o$"!i"& a"! #a$si"& t' i"sta"ta" o$s ! at' o* t' ! # as !,:a$ri#io Ra+os $t t'at (as, 'o( / r, r #)l ss " &li& "# o" t' part o* ! * "!a"t,*or, as t' ! # as ! ('o+ ' (as approa#'i"&, (as al+ost !ir #tl% i" *ro"t o* 'i+, 's'o$l! 'a/ ta) " t' pr #a$tio" a" l + "tal o" i" 'a"!li"& *ir ar+s so li) l% to

!is#'ar& ! % t' sli&'t st a##i! "t "ot to 'a/ #arri ! 'is s'ot&$" #o#) ! a"!ai+ !, as ' !i! o" t' o##asio" i" $ stio".


4/41

T' ! * "!a"t 'a/i"& app al ! *ro+ sai! $!&+ "t, 'is #o$"s l a## pts t' *i"!i"&t' r i" +a! o* t' pro/ ! *a#ts, $t #o"t "!s t'at t' #o$rt rr ! i" 'ol!i"& t'at s$#'*a#ts #o"stit$t r #)l ss " &li& "# a"!, t' r *or , i" appl%i"& arti#l > 8 o* t' 6 "al

o! .

A##or!i"& to t' trial $!& , t' r #)l ss " &li& "# o" t' part o* t' ! * "!a"t#o"sists i" t'at latt r !i! "ot ta) t' " # ssar% pr #a$tio", ('i#' t' #o$rt #o"si! r !

l + "tal o" t'at o##asio" i" /i ( o* t' #ir#$+sta"# s, "ot to #arr% 'is s'ot&$"#o#) ! a"! ai+ ! $t t' #o$rt also too) i"to a##o$"t t' *a#t t'at, as t sti*i ! % t'! * "!a"t, t' !is#'ar& o* 'is *ir ar+ ?t' s'ot *ro+ ('i#' (o$"! ! a"! )ill ! t'! # as !@ (as #a$s ! % 'is st$+ li"& a&ai"st a" " a")+ "t or pilapil t'at la(

t( " 'i+ a"! t' /i#ti+, #a$si"& 'i+ to *all to o" o* 'is )" s.

T' a##i! "tal #a$s , t' ", o* t' !is#'ar& o* t' ar+ (as "ot !$ to t' *a#t o* t'! * "!a"t s 'a/i"& it #o#) ! a"! ai+ !, $t to t' a##i! "t o* 'is st$+ li"& a&ai"st a"

+ a")+ "t i" t' (a%. T' o##$rr "# (as "tir l% a##i! "tal a"! i"/ol$"tar%.o"s $ "tl%, t' #ri+ #'ar& ! i" t'is pros #$tio" la#)s t' " # ssar% l + "t to

allo( o* its i"& #o"si! r ! as r #)l ss " &li& "# $"! r arti#l > 8 o* t' 6 "al

o! , as (o$l! 'a/ " t' #as i* t'o$&' t'ro$&' "o +ali# o" t' part o* t'! * "!a"t, t' !a+a& 'a! " pro!$# !, " / rt' l ss, % so+ /ol$"tar% a#t o* 'is.( .S. vs. !arnes, "# $hil. Rep., %&' and decision of the s pre)e co rt of Spain, of * ne#+, "++".

T' !ili& "# (it' ('i#' t' la( r $ir s t' i"!i/i!$al at all ti+ s to &o/ r" 'is#o"!$#t /ari s (it' t' "at$r o* t' sit$atio" i" ('i#' ' is pla# ! a"! (it' t'i+porta"# o* t' a#t ('i#' ' is to p r*or+. ( .S. vs. Reyes, " $hil. Rep., & .

I" t' #as o* J"it ! Stat s /s. 5arias ?23 6'il. R p., 434@ t'is #o$rt, #iti"& t' #as o* A' r" /s. Or &o" T l p'o" o., ?24 Or &., 2B , 294 3> 6a#., >49@, sai!C N &li& "#is (a"t o* t' #ar r $ir ! % t' #ir#$+sta"# s. It is a r lati/ or #o+parati/ , "ot a"a sol$t , t r+ a"! its appli#atio" ! p "!s $po" t' sit$atio" o* t' parti s a"! t'

! &r o* #ar a"! /i&ila"# ('i#' t' #ir#$+sta"# s r aso"a l% r $ir . ' r t'!a"& r is &r at, a 'i&' ! &r o* #ar is " # ssar%, a"! t' *ail$r to o s r/ it is a (a"to* or!i"ar% #ar $"! r t' #ir#$+sta"# s.

I" or! r to ! t r+i" , t' r *or , (' t' r t' r (as i+pr$! "# or " &li& "# o" t' part o* t' ! * "!a"t, or (' t' r or "ot ' too) t' " # ssar% pr #a$tio"s to a/oi! t'$"*ort$"at a##i! "t t'at o##$rr !, t' s$rro$"!i"& #ir#$+sta"# s, t' "at$r o* t' a#tt'at ' (as a o$t to p r*or+ or (as p r*or+i"& a"! t' sit$atio" i" ('i#' ' *o$"!'i+s l*, +$st ta) " i"to a##o$"t.

I" t' $!&+ "t app al ! *ro+ t' stat + "t is +a! t'at t' ! * "!a"t, a##or!i"& to'is t sti+o"%, (' " ' st$+ l ! a&ai"st t' " a")+ "t or pilapil a"! * ll to t'&ro$"! o" o" )" alr a!% 'a! 'is s'ot&$" #o#) ! a"! ai+ ! at t' ! r, t' 'al* o* ('os o!% (as t' " lost to si&'t.

It is s'o(" % t' t sti+o"% o* t' ! * "!a"t 'i+s l* t'at (' " ' p r# i/ ! t'at t' r(as a ! r i" si&'t ' (as t'r or *o$r + t rs a(a% *ro+ t' ! # as ! a"!, (it'r sp #t to t' r lati/ positio" o* t' latt r a"! t' ! * "!a"t, at t' poi"t +ar) ! No. 3o" t' ro$&' s) t#' ?7 'i it 1@, t'at is, 'i"! t' ! # as !, ('o (as at a poi"t a littlasi! a"! to t' ri&'t o* a strai&'t li" i" t' !ir #tio" o* t' ! r, so t'at, as app ar *ro+ t' sai! s) t#', t' ! * "!a"t, *ro+ (' r ' (as, #o$l! 'a/ !is#'ar& ! 'is &$"at t' a"i+al (it'o$t s rio$s !a"& r to t' ! # as !, #a$s t' latt r (as "ot i" t'!ir #t li" o* *ir , $t so+ !ista"# a(a%. T' ! * "!a"t, plai"i"& ('at o##$rr ! a"! ('at ' !i! as soo" as ' #a+ a(aro* t' pr s "# o* t' ! r, t sti*i ! as *ollo(s, i" a"s( r to /ario$s $ stio"sC

. T ll 'o( t' a##i! "t t'at is t' s$ #t +att r o* t' i"*or+atio" *il ! a&ai"st %o$

*or t'is #o$rt o##$rr !. A. O" a*t r"oo" o* t' +o"t' o* D # + r, o" "i&'t o* t' +o"t' o* D # + r, :a$ri#io Ra+os a"! Sa"tia&o A a"!ia #a+ to +% 'o$s a"!tol! + to & t r a!%. I *ollo( ! t' + a"! o" +% r pl%i"& % s, t' % a!! ! $i#)l%. I'ast " ! to sa!!l +% 'ors a"! (' " it (as sa!!l ! +o$"t ! it a"! ( ro! to(ar!t' "ort'. ' " ' arri/ ! at t' arrio o* $i"ati'a" a"! t' irri&at ! la"! t' r , (loa! ! o$r s'ot&$"s a"! ' a! ! *or t' "ort', t'ro$&' t'is irri&at ! la"!, i" $ st o* ! r, a"! ( 'a! "ot tra/ l ! lo"& *or ' stopp ! 'is 'ors .

. 'o (as ' ; A. T' ! # as !, :a$ri#io Ra+os. A"! +% 'ors #a+ $p to 'is'ors , 'i"! 'is 'ors . O" s i"& t'at ' (as !isa+o$"ti"&, I #' #) ! +% 'ors ,

a#) ! it $p, ti ! it a"! ( "t to t' pla# (' r ' (as $t, o" +a)i"& a t$r" to passaro$"! 'i"! 'is 'ors , I sa( 'i+ i" t' a#t o* l a"i"& *or(ar!, ta)i"& ai+, a"!,o(i"& to +% 'ast , *or I sa( t'at t' ! r (as a o$t to r$", I st$+ l ! a&ai"st

so+ t'i"& a"! slipp !, ('i#' #a$s ! t' s'ot&$" I (as #arr%i"& to &o o**.

. Is t'is t' s'ot&$" %o$ ( r #arr%i"&; A. K s, sir.

. ' " %o$ ( r '$rr%i"& to t' pla# (' r ' (as, a*t r %o$ 'a! ti ! %o$r 'ors ,'o( (as %o$r s'ot&$"; A. I (as &oi"& to(ar! 'i+ (it' t' s'ot&$", poi"t !$p(ar!s a"! ' l! i" ot' 'a"!s, a"! (as p$s'i"& t' sa* t% #at#' to r l as it, (' " Isa( t' ! # as ! i" a stoopi"& positio", al+ost o" 'is )" s, ai+i"& at t' ! r.

. So t'at t' s'ot&$" o* %o$rs (as at sa* t% or 'a! t' sa* t% #at#' (' " %o$ ( r&oi"& to(ar! 'i+; A. K s, sir.


5/41

. a"! ('% !i! %o$ &o to 'i+, *or ('at p$rpos ; A. 5 #a$s ' (as stoopi"& a"!(as ai+i"&, a"! I sa( t'at ! r.

. A"! *or ('at p$rpos a"! ('% !i! %o$ r$" to(ar! t' ! # as !; A. I sa( al+ost)" li"& !o(" o" t' &ro$"! a"! ai+i"&, $t ' 'a! " i" t'is positio" *or so+littl ti+ a"! 'a! "ot *ir !. I sa( t' ! r, or 'al* o* its o!%. It (as a o$t to s#ap . I,too, (a"t ! to s'oot, a"! ( "t i" 'is !ir #tio" so I #o$l! s'oot t' ! r.

. 'at !i! %o$ st$+ l a&ai"st; A. A" + a")+ "t o* art', *or it (as i" 'i&' pla# .

. Di! %o$ sa% t'at $po" %o$r st$+ li"& a&ai"st so+ t'i"& t' s'ot&$" ( "t o**;

A. K s sir.

T' #o$rtC

. ' " %o$r &$" (as !is#'ar& ! (as t' sa* t% #at#' still #los !; A. No, sir. $stat t' +o+ "t I rais ! t' sa* t% #at#' I slipp ! a"! !i! "ot )"o( 'o( t' &$" ( "to**, *or it (as !is#'ar& ! at t' +o+ "t I st$+ l !.

T' *is#alC

. o( ( r %o$ #arr%i"& t' s'ot&$" (' ", as %o$ sai!, %o$ pr ss ! t' sa* t% #at#'to lo#) it; A. I 'a! +% s'ot&$" (it' + . T' ot' r +a" 'a! 'is s'ot&$" i" a'ori


6/41

! # as ! (as s $atti"& a"! al+ost )" li"& i" t'is positio" t' latt r #o$l! "ot i"!a"& r o* i"& 'it i* t' &$" (as *ir !, ('il , o" t' ot' r 'a"!, ' (o$l! 'a/ "*r *ro+ all !a"& r, 'a! t' ! * "!a"t s$## ! ! i" & tti"& si! 'i+, as ' i"t "! !to !o, i" or! r to s'oot t' "# , as i"& a poi"t *ro+ ('i#' ' #o$l! s t' ('ol o* t' ! r.

N it' r #a" it ' l! t'at t' r (as " &li& "# or la#) o* #ar i" t' *a#t t'at t'! * "!a"t tri ! to op " t' sa* t% #at#' o* t' &$" ('il ' (as &oi"& to(ar! t'! # as ! a"! (' " ' (as $t a s'ort !ista"# *ro+ 'i+, *or, i" /i ( o* t' "at$r o* t' a#t ('i#' ' (as a o$t to p r*or+, it (as "at$ral t'at ' s'o$l! 'a/ t' &$"

pr par ! to *ir at t' &a+ , at o"# , or as soo" as ' s'o$l! 'a/ s$## ! ! i" pla#i"&'i+s l* si! 'is #o+pa"io". So, i* t' &$" (as !is#'ar& ! t'ro$&' t' ! * "!a"t s'a/i"& st$+ l ! a&ai"st a" + a")+ "t t' r , t' s'ot #a$si"& t' ! at' o* 'is#o+pa"io", a"! t'is + a")+ "t #a""ot attri $t ! to a (a"t o* #a$tio" or

pr #a$tio" o" t' part o* t' ! * "!a"t ?' !i! "ot s it, *or, as ' 'i+s l* t sti*i !, '(as &oi"& alo"& (it' 'is % s *i ! o" t' ! r, a"! it is also $"! rstoo! t'at ' (o$l!"ot 'a/ " loo)i"& !o(", as ' 'a! 'is #o+pa"io" " ar at 'a"!@, t' ! at' o* t'! # as ! #a" o"l% attri $t ! to a" $"*or s " a"! $"*ort$"at a##i! "t, *or ('i#'t' ! * "!a"t #a" "ot ' l! #ri+i"all% lia l .

T' Attor" %-G " ral, 'o( / r, stat s i" 'is ri * t'at t' ! * "!a"t s lia ilit% +a%r aso"a l i"* rr ! *ro+ 'is t sti+o"% &i/ " i" t' #ri+i"al i"/ sti&atio" ' l!

*or t' $sti# o* t' p a# o* a"! laria, Ta%a as.

T'at t sti+o"%, ('i#' is s'o(" i" 7 'i it 5 pr s "t ! i" /i! "# at t' trial, i" t' part t' r o* p rti" "t to t' +att r i" $ stio", r a!s as *ollo(sC ( r '$"ti"& o"'ors a#) a"! 'a! a&r ! t'at i* t' +a" ('o (as ( ll a' a!, t'at is, :a$ri#io, s'o$l!ali&'t *ro 'is 'ors , it (o$l! a si&" t'at ' 'a! *o$"! a" a"i+al a"! it 'app " ! i"*a#t t'at :a$ri#io !i! ali&'t *ro+ 'is 'ors . T' " I also !is+o$"t ! a"! o" s i"& t'att' r (as a ! r i++ !iat l% *ir ! at it, $t, o(i"& to t' #o"*$sio" isti"& at t'ti+ , I a+ $"a l to sa% positi/ l% (' t' r or "ot ' *ir ! *or I !i!, or (' t' r I

s'ot t' ! r or t' ! # as !.

A##or!i"& to t' $sti# o* t' p a# 'i+s l*, ('o t sti*i ! at t' trial, t' sai!t sti+o"% (as ta) " !o(" % 'i+ i" Spa"is', ' 'a/i"& tra"slat ! it *ro+ Ta&alo&, i"('i#' la"&$a& t' ! * "!a"t t sti*i ! *or 'i+. o$"s l *or t' ! * "s , o" t'ot' r 'a"!, tri ! to pro/ % + a"s o* #ross- $ stio"s a!!r ss ! to t' $sti# o* t'

p a# at t' ' ari"&, t'at t' latt r, i" ta)i"& !o(" t' sai! t sti+o"% i" Spa"is', a*t r tra"slati"& it *ro+ Ta&alo& t' la"&$a& $s ! % t' ! * "!a"t +$st 'a/ o+itt !t' r *ro+ t'at part o* t' stat + "t ' +a! at t' trial, r lati/ to t' #a$s o* t'!is#'ar& o* t' s'ot&$" o" t'at o##asio".

Fro+ t' a*or + "tio" ! t sti+o"% it + r l% app ars i"! ! t'at a" a&r + "t 'a! " +a! t( " t' ! # as !, :a$ri#io Ra+os, 'is ot' r #o+pa"io" a"! t'! * "!a"t, t'at (' " t' +a" ('o (as ( ll a' a!, t'at is, t' ! # as !, s'o$l! ali&'t*ro+ 'is 'ors , it (o$l! a si&" t'at t' r (as &a+ i" si&'t a"! t'at t' ! * "!a"t,o" s i"& t'at :a$ri#io, t' ! # as !, 'a! ali&'t ! *ro+ 'is 'ors , also !is+o$"t !*ro+ 'is a"!, o" s i"& t'at i" *a#t t' r (as a ! r, i++ !iat l% *ir ! 'is s'ot&$" at it.T' lo( r #o$rt ! s#ri ! / r% littl i+porta"# to t'is t sti+o"%, *or it is "ot+ "tio" ! i" t' ! #isio", $t too) !$ a##o$"t o* t'at &i/ " % t' ! * "!a"t at t'trial ' *o$"! 'i+ &$ilt% $po" t' &ro$"! t'at, as a*or sai!, ' !i! "ot ta) t' prop r

pr #a$tio", i" /i ( o* t' #ir#$+sta"# s, "ot to #arr% 'is s'ot&$" at t'at ti+ #o#) !a"! ai+ !. 5$t / " t'o$&' t' *irst t sti+o"% 'a! " ta) " i"to a##o$"t, it #o$l!"ot s r/ to pro/ t'at t' ! * "!a"t a#t ! (it' " &li& "# or (a"t o* !ili& "# i"*iri"& t' s'ot, *or t' si+pl r aso" t'at t' r is "ot a si"&l i" t' t sti+o"% i"

$ stio" as to t' positio"s o* t' ! * "!a"t a"! t' ! # as ! (it' r latio" to a#'ot' r, "or to t'at o* t' ! # as ! i" r latio" to t' ! r, ('i#' i" si&'t o* t' ! * "!a"t.

N it' r #a" it a**ir+ !, $po" a+i"atio" o* t' ro$&' s) t#' 7 'i it 1, t'at t'! # as ! (as i" t' li" o* *ir , *or, o" !ra(i"& a strai&'t li" *ro+ t' ! r to t'! * "!a"t, as s'o(" i" t' s) t#', it is s " t'at t' ! # as ! (as "ot o" t' li" , $t ato" si! o* it a"! at s$#' a !ista"# a(a% *ro+ it as to pr #l$! t' i! a t'at ' (o$l!

i" s$#' !a"& r as to 'a/ +a! it " # ssar% *or t' ! * "!a"t to 'a/ a!opt ! pr #a$tio"s ot' r t'a" t'os t' a#t$al #ir#$+sta"# s o * t' #as r $ir ! *or '*ir ! 'is &$" *ro+ t'at positio".

A*t r !$ #o"si! ratio", t' ", o* t' sai! t sti+o"%, it' r s parat l% or i" r latio" (it't' + rits o* t' #as , a"! o* t'at &i/ " % t' ! * "!a"t 'i+s l* at t' trial, also i"#o"" #tio" (it' t' sa+ + rits, it #a""ot ' l! t'at t' ! * "!a"t is &$ilt% o* t'#ri+ o* 'o+i#i! t'ro$&' r #)l ss " &li& "# , as #'ar& ! i" t' #o+plai"t.T' r *or , r / rsi"& t' $!&+ "t app al ! *ro+, ( *r l% a sol/ t' ! * "!a"t, (it't' #osts o* ot' i"sta"# s ! o**i#io.

Arellano, /.*., Torres, *ohnson, /arson and 0oreland, **., conc r.


7/41

G.R. No. 24084. No/ + r 3, 192 .

EN BANC

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS , $laintiff-Appellee, v. PEDRO RAMIREZ, 1efendant-Appellant.

2icente Llanes for Appellant. Acting Attorney-General Reyes for Appellee.

SKLLA5JS

1. RI:INAL. LA O:I ID7 O:I ID7 T ROJG R7 L7SSI:6RJD7N 7. ' r it app ars t'at t' a##$s ! )ill ! t' ! # as ! ('il'$"ti"& at "i&'t % s'ooti"& 'i+ i" t' li * t'at ' (as a ! r, a*t r 'a/i"& l *t t'! # as !, ('o (as 'is #o+pa"io", at a"ot' r pla# , ' #a""ot #o"/i#t ! o* t'#ri+ o* 'o+i#i! , "o proo* 'a/i"& " i"tro!$# ! as to t' ist "# o* "+it%

t( " t' +, $t o* 'o+i#i! t'ro$&' r #)l ss i+pr$! "# , si"# ' 'as "ot r#is !!$ !ili& "# to a/oi! t' a##i! "t.

D 7 I S I O N

VILLAMOR, J. :

T' app lla"t (as s "t "# ! % t' o$rt o* First I"sta"# o* Ilo#os Nort , *or t'#ri+ o* 'o+i#i! , to t' p "alt% o* *o$rt " % ars i&'t +o"t's a"! o" !a% o* r #l$sio" t +poral, to i"! +"i*% t' +ot' r o* t' ! # as ! i" t' s$+ o* 6>00 a"! to

pa% t' #osts. O" t' "i&'t o* F r$ar% 18, 1923, o" 5artolo+ $iaoit i "/it ! 6 !roRa+ir


8/41

t' r #or! a"% #ir#$+sta"# as to (' t' r or "ot t' ! # as ! a"! t' (it" ss A&$sti": "or ( r i" t' sa+ pla# (' r t' % ( r l *t % t' ! * "!a"t, (' " t' latt r *ir !. T' "i&'t i"& !ar) li) t'at (' " t' / "t too) pla# , t' '$"t r i" t' +i!sto* a *or st (it'o$t pat's is li) l% to & t #o"*$s ! as to 'is r lati/ sit$atio" a"! a*t r (al)i"& aro$"!, ' +a% t'i") 'a/i"& &o" / r% *ar, (' " i" *a#t ' 'as "ot, *ro+ t'

poi"t o* ! part$r . A"! so, $!&i"& t' #as *ro+ ('at t' t(o (it" ss s A&$sti": "or a"! 6 !ro Ra+ir < 'a/ t sti*i ! to, a"! ta)i"& i"to a##o$"t t'at t' r ist !"o +oti/ ('at / r *or r s "t+ "t o" t' part o* t' ! * "!a"t a&ai"st t' o** "! !

part%, ( ar #o+p ll ! to #o"#l$! t'at t' a#t #o+plai" ! o* #o"stit$t s 'o+i#i!t'ro$&' r #)l ss i+pr$! "# . T' ! * "!a"t, ('o (as #arr%i"& a *ir ar+ to '$"t at"i&'tti+ (it' t' ai! o* a la"t r", )"o(i"& t'at ' 'a! t(o #o+pa"io"s, s'o$l! 'a/

r#is ! all t' " # ssar% !ili& "# to a/oi! / r% $"! sira l a##i! "t, s$#' as t'o" t'at $"*ort$"at l% o##$rr ! o" t' p rso" o* Vi#toria"o Ra"&a.

'il t' *a#t t'at t' ! * "!a"t, a * ( !a%s a*t r t' / "t, 'as o** r ! to t' +ot' r o* t' ! # as ! a #ara ao a"! a 'ors % (a% o* i"! +"it%, i"!i#at s o" t' o" 'a"!t'at t' ! * "!a"t a!+itt ! t' #o++issio" o* t' #ri+ , o" t' ot' r it s'o(s t'at '

p r*or+ ! t' a#t (it'o$t #ri+i"al i"t "t a"! o"l% t'ro$&' a r al i+pr$! "# .

T' ! * "s all & s t'at t' trial #o$rt +$st 'a/ sol/ ! t' r aso"a l !o$ t i" *a/or o* t' ! * "!a"t. A*t r #o"si! ri"& #ar *$ll% t' /i! "# a"! all t' #ir#$+sta"# s o* t' #as , ( ar o* t' opi"io" a"! so 'ol! t'at t' ! * "!a"t is &$ilt% o* t' #ri+ o* 'o+i#i! t'ro$&' r #)l ss i+pr$! "# , a"! +$st p$"is' ! $"! r para&rap' 1 o* arti#l > 8 o* t' 6 "al o! .

' r *or t' p "alt% o* o" % ar a"! o" !a% o* prisio" #orr #io"al, (it' t'a## ssori s pr s#ri ! % t' la(, +$st i+pos ! $po" 'i+, a"! (it' t'is+o!i*i#atio", t' $!&+ "t app al ! *ro+ is a**ir+ ! i" all ot' r r sp #ts, (it' t'#osts a&ai"st t' app lla"t. So or! r !.

Avanceña, /.*., Street, 0alcol), Ostrand, *ohns and 2illa-Real, **., conc r.

Sep ! "e Op#$#%$s

RO0 AL134, *., !iss "ti"&C

I li / t'at t' &$ilt o* t' ! * "!a"t is o"l% $"! r para&rap' 2 o* arti#l > 8 o* t'6 "al o! .


9/41

G.R. No. L-B4324 No/ + r 1B, 1988

FIRST DIVISION

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plaintiff-appellee,vs.

FERNANDO PUGAY & BALCITA, ' BENJAMIN SAMSON & MAGDALENA,acc sed-appellants.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee./iti5ens Legal Assistance Office for acc sed-appellants.

MEDIALDEA, J.:

For t' ! at' o* 5a%a"i :ira"!a, a r tar!at , F7RNANDO 6JGAK % 5AL ITA a"!

57N A:IN SA:SON % :AGDAL7NA ( r #'ar& ! (it' t' #ri+ o* :JRD7R i"ri+i"al as No. L-1B>-82 o* t' o$rt o* First I"sta"# ?"o( R &io"al Trial o$rt@o* a/it , $"! r a" i"*or+atio" ('i#' r a!s as *ollo(sC

T'at o" or a o$t :a% 19, 1982 at t' to(" pla,000.00.

L t t' pr / "ti/ i+priso"+ "t o* 6$&a% ! !$#t ! *ro+ t' pri"#ipal p "alt%.

ost a&ai"st ot' a##$s !.

SO ORD7R7D ?p. 248, R #or!s@.

Not satis*i ! (it' t' ! #isio", ot' a##$s ! i"t rpos ! t' pr s "t app al a"! assi&" !t' *ollo(i"& rrors #o++itt ! % t' #o$rt a $oC

1. T 7 OJRT A JO 7RR7D IN JTILI ING T 7 STAT7:7NTS OFA JS7D-A667LLANTS IN ITS A66R7 IATION OF FA TS D7S6IT7 ITSAD:ISSION T AT T 7 A JS7D-A667LLANTS 7R7 NOT ASSIST7D 5K A

OJNS7L DJRING T 7 JSTODIAL INV7STIGATION.


10/41

2. T 7 OJRT A JO 7RR7D IN NOT FINDING T AT T 7SJ66R7SSION 5K T 7 6ROS7 JTION OF SO:7 7VID7N 7 IS FATAL TO ITS

AS7.

3. T 7 OJRT A JO 7 RR7D I N L 7NDING R7D7N 7 TO T 7IN R7DI5L7 T7STI:ONK OF 7DJARDO GA5ION O AS ON7 OF T 7:ANK SJS67 TS ARR7ST7D 5K T 7 6OLI 7 ?A##$s !-app lla"ts 5ri *, p. 48,Rollo@.

T' a"t # ! "t *a#ts ar as *ollo(sC

T' ! # as ! :ira"!a, a 2>-% ar ol! r tar!at , a"! t' a##$s ! 6$&a% ( r *ri "!s.:ira"!a $s ! to r$" rra"!s *or 6$&a% a"! at ti+ s t' % sl pt to& t' r. O" t' / "i"&o* :a% 19, 1982, a to(" *i sta *air (as ' l! i" t' p$ li# pla


11/41

A##$s !-app lla"ts also atta#) t' #r !i ilit% o* t' % (it" ss Ga io" all &i"& t'at"ot o"l% (as t' latt r r $ st ! % t' +ot' r o* t' ! # as ! to t sti*% *or t'

pros #$tio" i" #'a"& *or 'is a sol$tio" *ro+ lia ilit% $t also #a$s 'is t sti+o"%t'at ' (as r a!i"& a #o+i# oo) !$ri"& a" $"$s$al / "t is #o"trar% to '$+a"

'a/ior a"! p ri "# .

Ga io" t sti*i ! t'at it (as 'is $"#l a"! "ot t' +ot' r o* t' ! # as ! ('o as) ! 'i+to t sti*% a"! stat t' tr$t' a o$t t' i"#i! "t. T' +ot' r o* t' ! # as ! li) (ist sti*i ! t'at s' " / r tal) ! to Ga io" a"! t'at s' sa( t' latt r *or t' *irst ti+(' " t' i"sta"t #as (as tri !. 5 si! s, t' a##$s ! 6$&a% a!+itt ! t'at Ga io" (as'is *ri "! a"! ot' 6$&a% a"! t' ot' r a##$s ! Sa+so" t sti*i ! t'at t' % 'a! "o

pr /io$s +is$"! rsta"!i"& (it' Ga io". l arl%, Ga io" 'a! "o r aso" to t sti*%*als l% a&ai"st t' +.

I" s$pport o* t' ir #lai+ t'at t' t sti+o"% o* Ga io" to t' ** #t t'at ' sa( 6$&a% po$r &asoli" o" t' ! # as ! a"! t' " Sa+so" s t 'i+ o" *ir is i"#r !i l , t'a##$s !-app lla"ts $ot Ga io" s t sti+o"% o" #ross- a+i"atio" t'at, a*t r t lli"&6$&a% "ot to po$r &asoli" o" t' ! # as !, ' ?Ga io"@ r s$+ ! r a!i"& #o+i#s a"!t'at it (as o"l% (' " t' /i#ti+ s o!% (as o" *ir t'at ' "oti# ! a #o++otio".

o( / r, plai"i"& t'is t sti+o"% o" r -!ir #t a+i"atio", Ga io" stat !C

. :r. Ga io", %o$ tol! t' o$rt o" #ross- a+i"atio" t'at %o$ ( r r a!i"&#o+i#s (' " %o$ sa( 6$&a% po$r ! &asoli" $"to 5a%a"i :ira"!a a"! li&'t ! %Sa+so". o( #o$l! %o$ possi l% s t'at i"#i! "t ('il %o$ ( r r a!i"& #o+i#s;

A. I p$t !o(" t' #o+i#s ('i#' I a+ r a!i"& a"! I sa( ('at t' % ( r !oi"&.

. A##or!i"& to %o$ also *or 5a%a"i (as po$r ! (it' &asoli" a"! li&'t !a"! $r" ! lat r %o$ 'a! a t al) (it' 6$&a%, is t'at #orr #t;

A. ' " ' (as po$ri"& &asoli" o" 5a%a"i :ira"!a I (as tr%i"& to pr / "t'i+ *ro+ !oi"& so.

. (a"t to #lari*%. A##or!i"& to %o$ a ('il a&o %o$ 'a! a tal) (it' 6$&a%a"! as a +att r o* *a#t, %o$ tol! 'i+ "ot to po$r &asoli" . T'at is ('at I (a"t to )"o(*ro+ %o$, i* t'at is tr$ ;

A. K s, sir.

. Asi! *ro+ 5a%a"i i"& ti#)l ! (it' a sti#) o" 'is ass, !o %o$ + a" to sa%%o$ #o+ to )"o( t'at 6$&a% (ill po$r &asoli" $"to 'i+;

A. I !o "ot )"o( t 'at (o$l! t'at i"#i! "t.

. '% !i! %o$ as?)@ 6$&a% i" t' *irst pla# "ot to po$r &asoli" *or ' !i!t'at a#t$all%;

A. 5 #a$s I pit % 5a%a "i , sir.

. ' " %o$ sa( 6$&a% ti#)li"& 5a%a"i (it' a sti#) o" ' is ass %o$ tri !a##or!i"& to %o$ to as) 'i+ "ot to a"! t' " lat r %o$ sai! %o$ as) ! "ot to po$r &asoli" . Di! 6$&a% t ll %o$ ' (as &oi"& to po$r &asoli" o" 5a %a"i;

A. I (as "ot tol!, sir.

. Di! %o$ #o+ to )"o(..... 'o( !i! %o$ #o+ to )"o( ' (as &oi"& to po$r &asoli" t'at is ('% %o$ pr / "t 'i+;

A. 5 #a$s ' (as 'ol!i"& o" a #o"tai" r o* &asoli" . I t'o$&'t it (as (at r $tit (as &asoli" .

. It is #l ar t'at ('il 6$&a% (as ti#)li"& 5a%a"i (it' a sti#) o" 'is ass, 'lat r &ot 'ol! o* a #a" o* &asoli" , is t'at #orr #t;

A. K s, sir.

. A"! (' " ' pi#) $p t' #a" o* &asoli" , (as t'at t' ti+ %o$ tol! 'i+ "otto po$r &asoli" (' " ' + r l% pi#) $p t' #a" o* &asoli" .

A. I sa( ' i+ po$ri"& t ' &asoli" o" t' o!% o* o .

. So, it is #l ar (' " %o$ tol! 6$&a% "ot to po$r &asoli" ' (as alr a!% i" t' pro# ss o* po$ri"& &asoli" o" t' o!% o* 5a%a"i;

A. K s, sir ?Ts", $l% 30, 1983, pp. 32-33@.

It is t'$s #l ar t'at prior to t' i"#i! "t i" $ stio", Ga io" (as r a!i"& a #o+i# oo)t'at Ga io" stopp ! r a!i"& (' " t' &ro$p o* 6$&a% start ! to +a) *$" o* t'! # as ! t'at Ga io" sa( 6$&a% & t t' #a" o* &asoli" *ro+ $"! r t' "&i" o* t'* rris (' l t'at it (as ('il 6$&a% (as i" t' pro# ss o* po$ri"& t' &asoli" o" t'

o!% o* t' ! # as ! (' " Ga io" (ar" ! 'i+ "ot to !o so a"! t'at Ga io" lat r sa (Sa+so" s t t' ! # as ! o" *ir .

o( / r, t' r is "ot'i"& i" t' r #or!s s'o(i"& t'at t' r (as pr /io$s #o"spira#% or $"it% o* #ri+i"al p$rpos a"! i"t "tio" t( " t' t(o a##$s !-app lla"tsi++ !iat l% *or t' #o++issio" o* t' #ri+ . T' r (as "o a"i+osit% t( " t'


12/41

! # as ! a"! t' a##$s ! 6$&a% or Sa+so". T' ir + ti"& at t' s# " o* t' i"#i! "t(as a##i! "tal. It is also #l ar t'at t' a##$s ! 6$&a% a"! 'is &ro$p + r l% (a"t ! to+a) *$" o* t' ! # as !. "# , t' r sp #ti/ #ri+i"al r spo"si ilit% o* 6$&a% a"!Sa+so" arisi"& *ro+ !i** r "t a#ts !ir #t ! a&ai"st t' ! # as ! is i"!i/i!$al a"! "ot#oll #ti/ , a"! a#' o* t' + is lia l o"l% *or t' a#t #o++itt ! % 'i+ ?J.S. /s.:ao+ot, t. al. 13, 6'il. 38 J.S. /s. A io&, t. al. 3B 6'il. 13B1@.

T' " t $ stio" to ! t r+i" ! is t' #ri+i"al r spo"si ilit% o* t' a##$s ! 6$&a%.a/i"& ta) " t' #a" *ro+ $"! r t' "&i" o* t' * rris (' l a"! 'ol!i"& it *or

po$ri"& its #o"t "ts o" t' o!% o* t' ! # as !, t'is a##$s ! )" ( t'at t' #a"#o"tai" ! &asoli" . T' sti"&i"& s+ ll o* t'is *la++a l li $i! #o$l! "ot 'a/ s#ap !'is "oti# / " *or po$ri"& t' sa+ . l arl%, ' *ail ! to r#is all t' !ili& "#" # ssar% to a/oi! / r% $"! sira l #o"s $ "# arisi"& *ro+ a"% a#t t'at +a% #o++itt ! % 'is #o+pa"io"s ('o at t' ti+ ( r +a)i"& *$" o* t' ! # as !. a&r (it' t' Soli#itor G " ral t'at t' a##$s ! is o"l% &$ilt% o* 'o+i#i! t'ro$&'r #)l ss i+pr$! "# ! *i" ! i" Arti#l 3 > o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! , as a+ "! !. I"J.S. /s. :al


13/41

G.R. Nos. 8 883-8> a"$ar% 29, 1993

FIRST DIVISION

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plai"ti**-app ll ,vs.

NORBERTO MANERO, JR., EDILBERTO MANERO, ELPIDIO MANERO,SEVERINO LINES, RUDY LINES, EFREN PLE(AGO, ROGER BEDA(O,

RODRIGO ESPIA, ARSENIO VILLAMOR, JR., JOHN DOE $) PETER DOE,acc sed.

SEVERINO LINES, RUDY LINES, EFREN PLE(AGO $) ROGER BENDA(O, acc sed-appellants.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee. Ro)eo $. *orge for acc $s !-app lla"ts.

BELLOSILLO, J.:

T'is (as &r$ so+ +$r! r i" a +ai" t'oro$&'*ar a" 'o$r *or s$"!o(". A 'apl ss*or i&" r li&io$s +i"ist r (as ri!!l ! (it' $ll ts, 'is ' a! s'att r ! i"to its a"!

pi # s a+i!st t' r / lli"& o* 'is #$tio" rs as t' % !a"# ! a"! la$&' ! aro$"! t' ir $arr%, #'a"ti"& t' t$" :$t%a a 5al l "& , a pop$lar r &io"al *ol) so"&, )i#)i"&

a"! s#o**i"& at 'is prostrat , +is ra l , spiritl ss *i&$r t'at (as &aspi"& its last.S +i"&l% $"satiat ! (it' t' i&"o+i"% o* t' ir +a"sla$&'t r, t' ir l a! r pi#) ! $p

pi # s o* t' splatt r ! rai" a"! +o#)i"&l% !ispla% ! t' + *or 'orri*i ! sp #tators.So+ a##o$"ts s( ar t'at a#ts o* #a""i alis+ "s$ !, alt'o$&' t' % ( r "ots$**i#i "tl% ! +o"strat !. o( / r, *or t' ir o$tra& o$s * at, t' &a"&l a! r alr a!%

ar" ! t' +o"i#) r #a""i al pri st-)ill r 5$t, ('at is i"!$ ita l is t'at Fr. T$lioFa/ali 1 (as s "s l ssl% )ill ! *or "o appar "t r aso" t'a" t'at ' (as o" o* t'Italia" at'oli# +issio"ari s la ori"& i" ' ir /i" %ar! i" t' 'i"t rla"!s o* :i"!a"ao. 2

I" t' a*t r+at' o* t' +$r! r, poli# a$t'oriti s la$"#' ! a +assi/ +a"'$"t ('i#'r s$lt ! i" t' #apt$r o* t' p rp trators # pt Ars "io Villa+or, r., a"! t(o$"i! "ti*i ! p rso"s ('o l$! ! arr st a"! still r +ai" at lar& .

I"*or+atio"s *or :$r! r, 3 Att +pt ! :$r! r 4 a"! Arso" > ( r a##or!i"&l% *il !a&ai"st t'os r spo"si l *or t' *r "


14/41

i"! +"i*% t' 6o"ti*i#al I"stit$t o* For i&" :issio" ?6I:7@ 5rot' rs, t'#o"&r &atio" to ('i#' Fat' r T$lio Fa/ali lo"& !, t' s$+ o* 619,000.00r pr s "ti"& t' /al$ o* t' +otor#%#l a"! to pa% t' #osts.

Fi"all%, t' o$rt *i"!s t' a##$s ! Nor rto :a" ro, r., alias o++a"! r 5$#a%,7!il rto :a" ro alias 7!il, 7lpi!io :a" ro, S / ri"o Li" s, R$!% Li" s, Ro!ri&o7spia alias R$!%, 7*r " 6l a&o a"! Ro& r 5 !a o GJILTK %o"! r aso"a l !o$ to* t' o** "s o* Att +pt ! :$r! r a"! (it' t' appli#atio" o* t' I"! t r+i"atS "t "# La(, ' r % s "t "# s a#' o* t' + to a" i"! t r+i"at p "alt% o* i+priso"+ "t o* "ot l ss t'a" t(o ?2@ % ars, *o$r ?4@ +o"t's a"! o" ?1@ !a% o* prisio"#orr ##io"al, a"! +i"i+$+, to i&'t ?8@ % ars a"! t( "t% ?20@ !a%s o* prisio" +a%or,as +a i+$+, a"! to pa% t' #o+plai"a"t R$*i"o Ro l s t' s$+ o* 620,000.00 asattor" % s * s a"! 62,000.00 as #o$rt app ara"# * *or / r% !a% o* trial a"! to pa%

proportio"at l% t' #osts.

T' *or &oi"& p "alti s s'all s r/ ! % t' sai! a##$s ! s$## ssi/ l% i" t' or! r o* t' ir r sp #ti/ s / rit% i" a##or!a"# (it' t' pro/isio"s o* Arti#l B0 o* t' R /is !6 "al o! , as a+ "! !. B

Fro+ t'is $!&+ "t o* #o"/i#tio" o"l% a##$s ! S / ri"o Li" s, R$!% Li" s, 7*r "6l a&o a"! Ro& r 5 !a o app al ! (it' r sp #t to t' #as s *or :$r! r a"!Att +pt ! :$r! r. T' :a" ro rot' rs as ( ll as Ro!ri&o 7spia !i! "ot app al" it' r !i! Nor rto :a" ro, r., i" t' Arso" #as . o"s $ "tl%, t' ! #isio" asa&ai"st t' + alr a!% #a+ *i"al.

$ll ! *ro+ t' r #or!s, t' *a#ts ar C O" 11 April 198>, aro$"! 10C00 o #lo#) i" t'+or"i"&, t' :a" ro rot' rs Nor rto r., 7!il rto a"! 7lpi!io, alo"& (it' Ro!ri&o7spia, S / ri"o Li" s, R$!% Li" s, 7*r " 6l a&o a"! Ro& r 5 !a o, ( r i"si! t'

at r% o* o" R %"al!o Dio#a! s at +. 12>, La 7sp ra"


15/41

a"! sa"& :$t%a a 5al l "& to t' ! li&'t o* t' ir #o+ra! s-i"-ar+s ('o "o( too) &$ar! ! positio"s to isolat t' /i#ti+ *ro+ possi l assista"# . 13

I" s )i"& #$lpatio" *ro+ #ri+i"al lia ilit%, app lla"ts S / ri"o Li" s, R$!% Li" s,7*r " 6l a&o a"! Ro& r 5 !a o #o"t "! t'at t' trial #o$rt rr ! i" !isr &ar!i"& t' ir r sp #ti/ ! * "s s o* ali i ('i#', i* prop rl% appr #iat !, (o$l! t "! to sta lis' t'at

t' r (as "o prior a&r + "t to )ill t'at t' i"t "! ! /i#ti+ (as Fr. 6 t r G r +ias,"ot Fr. T$lio Fa/ali t'at t' r (as o"l% o" ?1@ &$"+a", 7!il rto a"!, t'at t' r (asa sol$t l% "o s'o(i"& t'at app lla"ts #oop rat ! i" t' s'ooti"& o* t' /i#ti+ ! spitt' ir pro i+it% at t' ti+ to 7!il rto.

5$t t' /i! "# o" r #or! !o s "ot a&r (it' t' ar&$+ "ts o* a##$s !-app lla"ts.

O" t' ir ! * "s o* ali i, a##$s ! rot' rs S / ri"o a"! R$!% Li" s #lai+ t'at t' %( r 'ar/ sti"& pala% t' ('ol !a% o* 11 April 198> so+ o" )ilo+ t r a(a% *ro+t' #ri+ s# " . A##$s ! Ro& r 5 !a o all & s t'at ' (as o" a" rra"! *or t' #'$r#'to $% l$+ r a"! "ipa i" : la"&, ota ato, t'at +or"i"& o* 11 April 198>, ta)i"&alo"& 'is (i* a"! si#) #'il! *or + !i#al tr at+ "t a"! arri/ ! i" La 7sp ra" t' ! * "s o* ali i is ! *i"it l%* l . 1 A*t r all, it 'as " t' #o"sist "t r$li"& o* t'is o$rt t'at "o p'%si#ali+possi ilit% ists i" i"sta"# s (' r it (o$l! ta) t' a##$s ! o"l% *i*t " to t( "t%+i"$t s % p or tri#%#l , or so+ o" -a"!-a-'al* 'o$rs % *oot, to tra/ rs t'!ista"# t( " t' pla# (' r ' all & !l% (as at t' ti+ o* #o++issio" o* t'o** "s a"! t' s# " o* t' #ri+ . 1B R # "tl%, ( r$l ! t'at t' r #a" "o p'%si#ali+possi ilit% / " i* t' !ista"# t( " t(o pla# s is + r l% t(o ?2@ 'o$rs % $s.18 :or i+porta"t, it is ( ll-s ttl ! t'at t' ! * "s o* ali i #a""ot pr /ail o/ r

t' positi/ i! "ti*i#atio" o* t' a$t'ors o* t' #ri+ % t ' pros #$tio" (it" ss s. 19

I" t' #as *or Js, t(o ?2@ % (it" ss s, R %"al!o D o#a! s a"! :a"$ l 5a"tolo,t sti*i ! t'at t' % ( r ot' i"si! t' at r% at a o$t 10C00 o #lo#) i" t' +or"i"& o* 11 April 198> (' " t' :a" ro rot' rs, to& t' r (it' app lla"ts, *irst !is#$ss ! t' ir

pla" to )ill so+ #o++$"ist s%+pat'i< rs. T' (it" ss s also t sti*i ! t 'at t' % stillsa( t' app lla"ts i" t' #o+pa"% o* t' :a" ro rot' rs at 4C00 o #lo#) i" t'a*t r"oo" (' " R$*i"o Ro l s (as s'ot. F$rt' r, at >C00 o #lo#) t'at sa+ a*t r"oo",app lla"ts ( r / r% +$#' at t' s# " o* t' #ri+ , alo"& (it' t' :a" ro rot' rs,(' " Fr. Fa/ali (as r$tall% +$r! r !. 20 I"! !, i" t' *a# o* s$#' positi/! #laratio"s t'at app lla"ts ( r at t' lo#$s #ri+i"is *ro+ 10C00 o #lo#) i" t'+or"i"& $p to a o$t >C00 o #lo#) i" t' a*t r"oo", t' ali i o* app lla"ts t'at t ' % ( rso+ (' r ls , ('i#' is " &ati/ i" "at$r , #a""ot pr /ail. 21 T' pr s "# o* app lla"ts i" t' at r% at +. 12> 'a/i"& " positi/ l% sta lis' !, all !o$ ts t'att' % ( r "ot pri/% to t' plot to li $i!at all & ! #o++$"ist s%+pat'i< rs art' r *or r +o/ !. T' r (as !ir #t proo* to li") t' + to t' #o"spira#%.

T' r is #o"spira#% (' " t(o or +or p rso"s #o+ to a" a&r + "t to #o++it a#ri+ a"! ! #i! to #o++it it. 22 It is "ot ss "tial t'at all t' a##$s ! #o++it to& t' r

a#' a"! / r% a#t #o"stit$ti/ o* t' o** "s . 23 It is "o$&' t'at a" a##$s ! parti#ipat s i" a" a#t or ! ! (' r t' r is si"&$larit% o* p$rpos , a"! $"it% i" its

#$tio" is pr s "t. 24

T' *i"!i"&s o* t' #o$rt a $o $"+ista)a l% s'o( t'at t' r (as i"! ! a #o++$"it%o* ! si&" as /i! "# ! % t' #o"# rt ! a#ts o * all t' a##$s !. T'$s

T' ot' r si a##$s !, 2> all ar+ ! (it' 'i&' po( r ! *ir ar+s, ( r positi/ l%i! "ti*i ! (it' Nor rto :a" ro, r. a"! 7!il rto :a" ro i" t' #ari"! ria o* R %"al!o D o#a! s i" La 7sp ra"


16/41

+$r! r o* Fr. Fa/ali a"! t' att +pt ! +$r! r o* R$*i"o Ro l s % t' :a" ro rot' rs a"! t' ir +ilitia+ ". For s$r , app lla"ts all ass$+ ! a *i&'ti"& sta"# to!is#o$ra& i* "ot pr / "t a"% att +pt to pro/i! assista"# to t' *all " pri st. T' %s$rro$"! ! t' 'o$s o* Do+i"&o Go+ < to stop Ro l s a"! t' ot' r o##$pa"ts *ro+l a/i"& so t'at t' (o$"! ! Ro l s +a% !i o* ' +orr'a& . 2B J"!o$ t !l%, t' s( r o/ rt a#ts to "s$r s$## ss o* t' #o++issio" o* t' #ri+ s a"! i" *$rt' ra"# o* t' ai+s o* t' #o"spira#%. T' app lla"ts a#t ! i" #o"# rt i" t' +$r! r o* Fr. Fa/alia"! i" t' att +pt ! +$r! r o* R$*i"o Ro l s. 'il a##$s !-app lla"ts +a% "ot 'a/! li/ r ! t' *atal s'ots t' +s l/ s, t' ir #oll #ti/ a#tio" s'o( ! a #o++o" i"t "t to#o++it t' #ri+i"al a#ts.

'il it +a% tr$ t'at Fr. Fa/ali (as "ot ori&i"all% t' i"t "! ! /i#ti+, as it (as Fr.6 t r G r +ias ('o+ t' &ro$p tar& tt ! *or t' )ill, " / rt' l ss, Fr. Fa/ali (as! + ! a &oo! s$ stit$t i" t' +$r! r as ' (as a" Italia" pri st. O" t'is, t'#o"spirators pr ssl% a&r !. As (it" ss :a"$ l 5a"tolo plai" ! 28

Asi! *ro+ t'os p rso"s list ! i" t'at pap r to )ill !, ( r t' r ot' r p rso"s ('o ( r to li $i!at !;

A T' r ( r so+ ot' rs.

'o ( r t' %;

A T' % sai! t'at i* t' % #o$l! "ot )ill t'os p rso"s list ! i" t'at pap r t' "t' % (ill ?si#@ )ill a"%o" so lo"& as ' is ?si#@ a" Italia" a"! i* t' % #o$l! "ot )ill t'

p rso"s t' % li) to )ill t' % (ill ?si#@ +a) R %"al!o D o#a! s as t' ir sa+pl .

T'at app lla"ts a"! t' ir #o-a##$s ! r a#' ! a #o++o" $"! rsta"!i"& to )ill a"ot' r Italia" pri st i" t' / "t t'at Fr. 6 t r G r +ias #o$l! "ot spott ! (as l$#i!at ! %5a"tolo t'$s 29

'o s$&& st ! t'at Fr. 6 t r t ' *irst to )ill !;

A All o* t' + i" t' &ro$p.

'at (as t' r a#tio" o* Nor rto :a" ro (it' r sp #t to t' pla" to )ill Fr.6 t r;

A la$&' ! a"! / " sai!, a+o i"a + a"i"& % s, ( (ill )ill 'i+ a' a!.

'at a o$t S / ri"o Li" s; 'at (as ' is r a#tio";

A also la$&' ! a"! so #o"*or+ ! a"! a&r ! to it.

R$!% Li" s.

A also sai! % s .

'at !o %o$ + a" % s ;

A also a&r ! a"! ' (as 'app% a"! sai! % s ( (ill )ill 'i+.

'at a o$t 7*r " 6l a&o;

A also a&r ! a"! / " #o++ "t ! la$&'i"& &o a' a! .

Ro& r 5 !a o, ('at (as 'is r a#tio" to t'at s$&& stio" t'at s'o$l! t' % *ailto )ill Fr. 6 t r, t' % (ill ?si#@ )ill a"% o!% pro/i! ! ' is a" Italia" a"! i* "ot, t' %(ill ?si#@ +a) R %"al!o D o#a! s a" a+pl ;

A also a&r ! la$&'i"&.

o"spira#% or a#tio" i" #o"# rt to a#'i / a #ri+i"al ! si&" i"& s$**i#i "tl% s'o(",t' a#t o* o" is t' a#t o* all t' ot' r #o"spirators, a"! t' pr #is t "t or +o!alit%o* parti#ipatio" o* a#' o* t' + #o+ s s #o"!ar%. 30

T' a(ar! o* +oral !a+a& s i" t' a+o$"t o* 6100,000.00 to t' #o"&r &atio", t'6o"ti*i#al I"stit$t o* For i&" :issio" ?6I:7@ 5rot' rs, is "ot prop r. T' r is "ot'i"&o" r #or! ('i#' i"!i#at s t'at t' ! # as ! ** #ti/ l% s / r ! 'is #i/il r latio"s (it''is *a+il%, or t'at ' !isi"' rit ! a"% + + r t' r o*, (' " ' oi" ! 'is r li&io$s#o"&r &atio". As a +att r o* *a#t, Fr. 6 t r G r +ias o* t' sa+ #o"&r &atio", ('o(as t' " a paris' pri st o* i!apa(a", t sti*i ! t'at t' r li&io$s *a+il% lo"&s to t'"at$ral *a+il% o* ori&i". 31 5 si! s, as alr a!% ' l!, 32 a $ri!i#al p rso" is "ot

"titl ! to +oral !a+a& s #a$s , "ot i"& a "at$ral p rso", it #a""ot p ri "# p'%si#al s$** ri"& or s$#' s "ti+ "ts as (o$"! ! * li"&s, s rio$s a" i t%, + "tala"&$is' or +oral s'o#). It is o"l% (' " a $ri!i#al p rso" 'as a &oo! r p$tatio" t'at is! as !, r s$lti"& i" so#ial '$+iliatio", t'at +oral !a+a& s +a% a(ar! !.

N it' r #a" a(ar! +oral !a+a& s to t' ' irs o* t' ! # as ! ('o +a% ot' r(is la(*$ll% "titl ! t' r to p$rs$a"t to par. ?3@, Art. 220 , o* t' i/il o! , 33 *or t'r aso" t'at t' ' irs " / r pr s "t ! a"% /i! "# s'o(i"& t'at t' % s$** r ! + "tala"&$is' +$#' l ss !i! t' % ta) t' (it" ss sta"!. It 'as " ' l! 34 t'at +oral!a+a& s a"! t' ir #a$sal r latio" to t' ! * "!a"t s a#ts s'o$l! satis*a#toril% pro/ !

% t' #lai+a"t. It is l + "tar% t'at i" or! r t'at +oral !a+a& s +a% a(ar! ! t' r


17/41

+$st proo* o* +oral s$** ri"&. 3> o ( / r, #o"si! ri"& t'at t' r$tal sla%i"& o* Fr.T$lio Fa/ali (as att "! ! (it' a $s o* s$p rior str "&t', #r$ lt% a"! i&"o+i"% %! li rat l% a"! i"'$+a"l% a$&+ "ti"& t' pai" a"! a"&$is' o* t' /i#ti+, o$tra&i"& or s#o**i"& at 'is p rso" or #orps , +plar% !a+a& s +a% a(ar! ! to t' la(*$l' irs, 3 / " t'o$&' "ot pro/ ! "or pr ssl% pl a! ! i" t' #o+plai"t, 3B a"! t'a+o$"t o* 6100,000.00 is #o"si! r ! r aso"a l .

it' r sp #t to t' #i/il i"! +"it% o* 612,000.00 *or t' ! at' o* Fr. T$lio Fa/ali, t'a+o$"t is i"#r as ! to 6>0,000.00 i" a##or!a"# (it' isti"& $rispr$! "# , ('i#'s'o$l! pai! to t' la(*$l ' irs, "ot t' 6I:7 as t' trial #o$rt r$l !.

7R7FOR7, t' $!&+ "t app al ! *ro+ i"& i" a##or! (it' la( a"! t' /i! "#is AFFIR:7D (it' t' +o!i*i#atio" t'at t' #i/il i"! +"it% ('i#' is i"#r as ! *ro+612,000.00 to 6>0,000.00 is a(ar! ! to t' la(*$l ' irs o* t' ! # as ! pl$s

+plar% !a+a& s o* 6100,000.00 'o( / r, t' a(ar! o* +oral !a+a& s is ! l t !.

osts a&ai"st a##$s !-app lla"ts.

SO ORD7R7D.

/r 5, $adilla and Gri ño-A7 ino, **., conc r.

F%%"$%"es

1 T$lio is /aria l% sp ll ! as T$llio i" # rtai" parts o* t' r #or!s. I"#i! "tall%, t'"a+ Fr. 6 t r G r +ias is li) (is i"t r#'a"& a l% r * rr ! to as Fr. 6 t r G r +ia.2 TSN, 24 O#to r 198>, pp. >>-> .3 Do#) t ! as ri+. as No. 1881 *or t' +$r! r o* Fr. T$lio Fa/ali. T'os #'ar& ! ar

Nor rto :a" ro, r., 7!il rto :a" ro, 7lpi!io :a" ro, S / ri"o Li" s, R$!% Li" s, 7*r "6l a&o, Ro& lio 5 !a o a"! Ro!ri&o 7spia.4 Do#) t ! as ri+. as No. 1884 *or t' att +pt ! +$r! r o* R$*i"o Ro l s. T'os#'ar& ! ar t' sa + a##$s ! i" ri+. as No. 1881 # pt Ars "io Villa+or, r., o'" Do a"!6 t r Do .

> Do#) t ! as ri+. as No. 1883 *or arso" *or t' $r"i"& o* t' +otor#%#l o* Fr.T$lio Fa/ali. T' lo" a##$s ! is Nor rto :a" ro, r.

S R #or!s, p. 44>.B 6 "" ! % $!& 5 " a+i" :. 7sta ol, R &io"al Trial o$rt, 5ra"#' 1B, i!apa(a",

ota ato R #or!s, pp. 8 0- 1.8 S Not 2.9 I!., pp. 8-B0.10 I!., pp. B0-B9.11 I!., pp. >B- 0.12 I!., pp. 82-89.13 TSN, 4 O#to r 198>, pp. 91-108 TSN, No/ + r 198>, pp. 8-B8.14 6 opl /s. 6$&al, G.R. No. 90 3B, 29 O#to r 1992.

1> All a##$s !-app lla"ts all & t'at t' % ( r i" T$l$"a", ota ato, t' to(" (' r t'o** "s s ( r #o++itt !, al it "ot at t' / r% s# " o* t' #ri+ i" +. 12>.1 6 opl /s. 5a 4> , 18 S pt + r 1992, #iti"& 6 opl /. Sa at r, No. L-381 9, 23 F r$ar% 19B8, 81 S RA 110.1B 6 opl /. D G$2>4->>, 21 $l% 1992.19 6 opl /. A"t$!, G.R. No. 9> 84, 2B O#to r 1992.20 D #isio", p. 3 Rollo, p. 230.21 6 opl /. S r!a", G. R. No. 8B318, 2 S pt + r 1992.22 6 opl /. asiro", G.R. No. 100B9B, 1> O#to r 1992, #iti"& Art. 8, R /is ! 6 "al

o! .23 6 opl /. Sa or"i!o, G.R. No. 102141, 18 S pt + r 1992.24 6 opl /s. :arti"a!o, G.R. No. 92020, 19 O#to r 1992.2> A##$s !-app lla"ts to& t' r (it' t(o ?2@ ot' r $"i! "ti*i ! p rso"s.2 D #isio", p. 30 Rollo, p. 224.2B TSN, 28 A$&$st 198 , pp. 93-94.28 TSN, 4 O#to r 198>, p. 118.29 TSN, No/ + r 198> , pp. 3 -43.30 6 opl /. ! los R % s, No. L-44112, 22 O#to r 1992, #iti"& 6 opl /. D &o+a, G.R.

Nos. 89404-0>, 22 :a% 1992.31 S TSN, 28 A$&$s t 198 , p. >1.

32 Si+ I"t r"atio"al ?:a"ila@, I"#. /. o$rt o* App als, G.R. No. 88013, 19 :ar#'1990, 183 S RA 3 0.33 Art. 220 ?3@ pro/i! sC T' spo$s , l &iti+at a"! ill &iti+at ! s# "!a"ts a"!as# "!a"ts o* t' ! # as ! +a% ! +a"! +oral !a+a& s *or + "tal a"&$is' % r aso" o* t' ! at'o* t' ! # as !.34 Raa&as /. Tra%a, 130 6 'i l. 84 ?19 [email protected]> Dara"& /. 5 li14 ?19>3@ 6AL /. A, G.R. Nos. >0>04-0>, 13 A$&$st1990, 188 S RA 4 1, #iti"& apo /. :asa, G.R. No. >04B3, 21 a"$ar% 198>, 134 S RA 231.


18/41

G.R. No. 93833 S pt + r 28, 199>

FIRST DIVISION

SOCORRO D. RAMIREZ, petitioner,vs.

HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, $) ESTER S. GARCIA, respondents.

*APUNAN, J.:

A #i/il #as !a+a& s (as *il ! % p titio" r So#orro D. Ra+ir < i" t' R &io"al Trialo$rt o* $


19/41

J I 7', !i sa"a

7SG $(a& +o"& ipa&+ala)i " a +a% $ta) )a )asi ( al a )a"& $ ta).A)ala +o a +a)$)$'a )a !ito )$"& 'i"!i a)o.

J I :a&- plai" a)o.

7SG $(a& "a, ' i" !i a )o +a&-papa- plai" sa %o, +a)aalala )a )$"& paa"o )a p$+a-rito. 6$ta"&-i"a sasa i-sa i'i" +o )a+a&-a"a) "& "a"a% at tata% +oa"& +&a +a&$la"& )o.

7SG ala "a a)o"& pa)iala+, !a'i l "a"! ito )a sa loo , "asa la as )a p$( ! )a "& 'i"!i p$+aso), o) % %a" "asaloo )a $+alis )a !oo".

J I asi : a+, i" ali)a" a)o "& +&a ta&a J"io".

7SG Na"!i %a " "a r i" a )o, p ro ' $(a& + o"& ) al i+$ta" " a 'i"!i ) a+a)a)apaso) )$"& 'i"!i a)o. $"& 'i"!i +o )i"i)ilala %a" o) % la"& sa a)i", !a'iltapos )a "a.

J I I"a-a"o )o + a+ "a $ta"& "a loo .

7SG $(a& "a la"&, 'i"!i + o $ta" & "a l oo , )asi )$"& a&a s a "o,"ilapasta"&a" +o a)o.

J I 6aa"o )i ta "i lapas ta"&a"a";

7SG :a $ti p a l$+a as ) a "a. i"!i " a a)o + a)i )ipa&$sap s a %o.L$+a as )a "a. :a&s$+ o"& )a. 3

As a r s$lt o* p titio" r s r #or!i"& o* t' / "t a"! all &i"& t'at t' sai! a#t o* s #r tl%tapi"& t' #o"*ro"tatio" (as ill &al, pri/at r spo"! "t *il ! a #ri+i"al #as *or t'

R &io"al Trial o$rt o* 6asa% it% *or /iolatio" o* R p$ li# A#t 4200, "titl ! A" A#tto pro'i it a"! p "ali< (ir tappi"& a"! ot' r r lat ! /iolatio"s o* pri/at#o++$"i#atio", a"! ot' r p$rpos s. A" i"*or+atio" #'ar&i"& p titio" r o* /iolatio" o* t' sai! A#t, !at ! O#to r , 1988 is $ot ! ' r (it'C

INFOR:ATION

T' J"! rsi&" ! Assista"t it% Fis#al A##$ss s So#orro D. Ra+ir < o* Violatio" o* R p$ li# A#t No. 4200, #o++itt ! as *ollo(sC

T'at o" or a o$t t' 22"! !a% o* F r$ar%, 1988, i" 6asa% it% : tro :a"ila,6'ilippi" s, a"! (it'i" t' $ris!i#tio" o* t'is 'o"ora l #o$rt, t' a o/ -"a+ !

a##$s !, So#orro D. Ra+ir < "ot i"& a$t'ori< ! % 7st r S. Gar#ia to r #or! t'latt r s #o"/ rsatio" (it' sai! a##$s !, !i! t' " a"! t' r (ill*$ll%, $"la(*$ll% a"!* lo"io$sl%, (it' t' $s o* a tap r #or! r s #r tl% r #or! t' sai! #o"/ rsatio" a"!t' r a*t r #o++$"i#at i" (riti"& t' #o"t "ts o* t' sai! r #or!i"& to ot' r p rso".

o"trar% to la(.

6asa% it%, : tro :a"ila, S pt + r 1 , 1988.

:ARIANO :. JN7TA

Asst. it% Fis#al

Jpo" arrai&"+ "t, i" li $ o* a pl a, p titio" r *il ! a :otio" to $as' t' I"*or+atio"o" t' &ro$"! t'at t' *a#ts #'ar& ! !o "ot #o"stit$t a" o** "s , parti#$larl% a /iolatio"o* R.A. 4200. I" a" or! r :a% 3, 1989, t' trial #o$rt &ra"t ! t' :otio" to $as',a&r i"& (it' p titio" r t'at 1@ t' *a#ts #'ar& ! !o "ot #o"stit$t a" o** "s $"! r R.A. 4200 a"! t'at 2@ t' /iolatio" p$"is' ! % R.A. 4200 r * rs to a t' tapi"& o* a#o++$"i#atio" % a p rso" ot' r t'a" a parti#ipa"t to t' #o++$"i#atio". 4

Fro+ t' trial #o$rt s Or! r, t' pri/at r spo"! "t *il ! a 6 titio" *or R /i ( o"rtiorari (it' t'is o$rt, ('i#' *ort'(it' r * rr ! t' #as to t' o$rt o* App als i"

a R sol$tio" ? % t' First Di/isio"@ o* $" 19, 1989.

O" F r$ar% 9, 1990, r spo"! "t o$rt o* App als pro+$l&at ! its assail ! D #isio"! #lari"& t' trial #o$rt s or! r o* :a% 3, 1989 "$ll a"! /oi!, a"! 'ol!i"& t'atC

TP' all &atio"s s$**i#i "tl% #o"stit$t a" o** "s p$"is'a l $"! r S #tio" 1 o* R.A.4200. I" t'$s $as'i"& t' i"*or+atio" as ! o" t' &ro$"! t'at t' *a#ts all & ! !o "ot#o"stit$t a" o** "s , t' r spo"! "t $!& a#t ! i" &ra/ a $s o* !is#r tio"#orr #ti l % # rtiorari. >

o"s $ "tl%, o" F r$ar% 21, 1990, p titio" r *il ! a :otio" *or R #o"si! ratio"('i#' r spo"! "t o$rt o* App als ! "i ! i" its R sol$tio" !at ! $" 19, 1990.

"# , t' i"sta"t p titio".

6 titio" r /i&oro$sl% ar&$ s, as ' r +ai" a"! pri"#ipal iss$ B t'at t' appli#a l pro/isio" o* R p$ li# A#t 4200 !o s "ot appl% to t' tapi"& o* a pri/at #o"/ rsatio" % o" o* t' parti s to t' #o"/ rsatio". S' #o"t "!s t'at t' pro/isio" + r l% r * rsto t' $"a$t'ori< ! tapi"& o* a pri/at #o"/ rsatio" % a part% ot' r t'a" t'osi"/ol/ ! i" t' #o++$"i#atio". 8 I" r latio" to t'is, p titio" r a/ rs t'at t' s$ sta"#or #o"t "t o* t' #o"/ rsatio" +$st all & ! i" t' I"*or+atio", ot' r(is t' *a#ts#'ar& ! (o$l! "ot #o"stit$t a /iolatio" o* R.A. 4200. 9 Fi"all%, p titio" r a&$ s t'at


20/41

R.A. 4200 p "ali< s t' tapi"& o* a pri/at #o++$"i#atio", "ot a pri/at#o"/ rsatio" a"! t'at #o"s $ "tl%, ' r a#t o* s #r tl% tapi"& ' r #o"/ rsatio" (it'

pri/at r spo"! "t (as "ot ill &al $"! r t' sai! a#t. 10

!isa&r .

First, l &islati/ i"t "t is ! t r+i" ! pri"#ipall% *ro+ t' la"&$a& o* a stat$t . ' rt' la"&$a& o* a stat$t is #l ar a"! $"a+ i&$o$s, t' la( is appli ! a##or!i"& to its

pr ss t r+s, a"! i"t rpr tatio" (o$l! r sort ! to o"l% (' r a lit ral i"t rpr tatio"(o$l! it' r i+possi l 11 or a s$r or (o$l! l a! to a" i" $sti# . 12

S #tio" 1 o* R.A. 4200 "titl !, A" A#t to 6ro'i it a"! 6 "ali< ! ir Tappi"& a"!Ot' r R lat ! Violatio"s o* 6ri/at o++$"i#atio" a"! Ot' r 6$rpos s, pro/i! sC

S #. 1. It s'all $"la(*$ll *or a"% p rso", "ot i"& a$t'ori< ! % all t' parti s toa"% pri/at #o++$"i#atio" or spo) " (or!, to tap a"% (ir or #a l , or % $si"& a"%ot' r ! /i# or arra"& + "t, to s #r tl% o/ r' ar, i"t r# pt, or r #or! s$#'#o++$"i#atio" or spo) " (or! % $si"& a ! /i# #o++o"l% )"o(" as a !i#tap'o" or !i#ta&rap' or ! t #tap'o" or (al)i -tal)i or tap r #or! r, or 'o( / r ot' r(is

! s#ri !.

T' a*or stat ! pro/isio" #l arl% a"! $" $i/o#all% +a) s it ill &al *or a"% p rso", "ota$t'ori< ! % all t' parti s to a"% pri/at #o++$"i#atio" to s #r tl% r #or! s$#'#o++$"i#atio" % + a"s o* a tap r #or! r. T' la( +a) s "o !isti"#tio" as to(' t' r t' part% so$&'t to p "ali< ! % t' stat$t o$&'t to a part% ot' r t'a" or !i** r "t *ro+ t'os i"/ol/ ! i" t' pri/at #o++$"i#atio". T' stat$t s i"t "t to

p "ali< all p rso"s $"a$t'ori< ! to +a) s$#' r #or!i"& is $"! rs#or ! % t' $s o* t' $ali*i r a"% . o"s $ "tl%, as r spo"! "t o$rt o* App als #orr #tl% #o"#l$! !,

/ " a ?p rso"@ pri/% to a #o++$"i#atio" ('o r #or!s 'is pri/at #o"/ rsatio" (it'a"ot' r (it'o$t t' )"o(l !& o* t' latt r ?(ill@ $ali*% as a /iolator 13 $"! r t'is

pro/isio" o* R.A. 4200.

A p r$sal o* t' S "at o"&r ssio"al R #or!s, +or o/ r, s$pports t' r spo"! "t#o$rt s #o"#l$sio" t'at i" "a#ti"& R.A. 4200 o$r la(+a) rs i"! ! #o"t +plat ! to+a) ill &al, $"a$t'ori< ! tap r #or!i"& o* pri/at #o"/ rsatio"s or #o++$"i#atio"sta) " it' r % t' parti s t' +s l/ s or % t'ir! p rso"s. T'$sC

S "ator Ta a!aC T'at $ali*i ! o"l% o/ r' ar .

S "ator 6a!illaC So t'at (' " it is i"t r# pt ! or r #or! !, t' l + "t o* s #r #%(o$l! "ot app ar to +at rial. No(, s$ppos , Ko$r o"or, t' r #or!i"& is "ot +a!

% all t' parti s $t % so+ parti s a"! i"/ol/ ! "ot #ri+i"al #as s t'at (o$l!

+ "tio" ! $"! r s #tio" 3 $t (o$l! #o/ r, *or a+pl #i/il #as s or sp #ial pro# !i"&s (' r % a r #or!i"& is +a! "ot " # ssaril% % all t' parti s $t p r'aps % so+ i" a" **ort to s'o( t' i"t "t o* t' parti s #a$s t' a#t$atio" o* t' parti s prior, si+$lta" o$s / " s$ s $ "t to t' #o"tra#t or t' a#t +a% i"!i#ati/ o* t' ir i"t "tio". S$ppos t' r is s$#' a r #or!i"&, (o$l! %o$ sa%, Ko$r o"or, t'at t'i"t "tio" is to #o/ r it (it'i" t' p$r/i ( o* t'is ill or o$tsi! ;

S "ator Ta a!aC T'at is #o/ r ! % t' p$r/i ( o* t'is ill, Ko$r o"or.

S "ator 6a!illaC 7/ " i* t' r #or! s'o$l! $s ! "ot i" t' pros #$tio" o* o** "s $t as /i! "# to $s ! i" i/il as s or sp #ial pro# !i"&s;

S "ator Ta a!aC T'at is ri&'t. T'is is a #o+pl t a" o" tap r #or! ! #o"/ rsatio"sta) " (it'o$t t' a$t'ori


21/41

S "ator Dio)"oC Do %o$ $"! rsta"!, :r. S "ator, t'at $"! r S #tio" 1 o* t' ill as"o( (or! !, i* a part% s #r tl% r #or!s a p$ li# sp #', ' (o$l! p "ali< ! $"! r S #tio" 1; 5 #a$s t' sp #' is p$ li#, $t t' r #or!i"& is !o" s #r tl%.

S "ator Ta a!aC ll, t'at parti#$lar asp #t is "ot #o"t +plat ! % t' ill. It is t'#o++$"i#atio" t( " o" p rso" a"! a"ot' r p rso" "ot t( " a sp a) r a"! a

p$ li#.

? o"&r ssio"al R #or!, Vol. III, No. 33, p. 2 , :ar#' 12, 19 4@

T' $"a+ i&$it% o* t' pr ss (or!s o* t' pro/isio", ta) " to& t' r (it' t' a o/ -$ot ! ! li ratio"s *ro+ t' o"&r ssio"al R #or!, t' r *or plai"l% s$pports t'

/i ( ' l! % t' r spo"! "t #o$rt t'at t' pro/isio" s )s to p "ali< / " t'os pri/%to t' pri/at #o++$"i#atio"s. ' r t' la( +a) s "o !isti"#tio"s, o" !o s "ot!isti"&$is'.

S #o"!, t' "at$r o* t' #o"/ rsatio"s is i++at rial to a /iolatio" o* t' stat$t . T's$ sta"# o* t' sa+ " ! "ot sp #i*i#all% all & ! i" t' i"*or+atio". 'at R.A.4200 p "ali< s ar t' a#ts o* s #r tl% o/ r' ari"&, i"t r# pti"& or r #or!i"& pri/at#o++$"i#atio"s % + a"s o* t' ! /i# s "$+ rat ! t' r i". T' + r all &atio" t'ata" i"!i/i!$al +a! a s #r t r #or!i"& o* a pri/at #o++$"i#atio" % + a"s o* a tapr #or! r (o$l! s$**i# to #o"stit$t a" o** "s $"! r S #tio" 1 o* R.A. 4200. As t'Soli#itor G " ral poi"t ! o$t i" 'is O::7NT *or t' r spo"! "t #o$rtC

No(' r ?i" t' sai! la(@ is it r $ir ! t'at *or o" #a" r &ar! ! as a /iolator,t' "at$r o* t' #o"/ rsatio", as ( ll as its #o++$"i#atio" to a t'ir! p rso" s'o$l!

pro* ss !. 14

Fi"all%, p titio" r s #o"t "tio" t'at t' p'ras pri/at #o++$"i#atio" i" S #tio" 1 o* R.A. 4200 !o s "ot i"#l$! pri/at #o"/ rsatio"s "arro(s t' or!i"ar% + a"i"& o* t' (or! #o++$"i#atio" to a poi"t o* a s$r!it%. T' (or! #o++$"i#at #o+ s *ro+t' lati" (or! #o++$"i#ar , + a"i"& to s'ar or to i+part. I" its or!i"ar%si&"i*i#atio", #o++$"i#atio" #o""ot s t' a#t o* s'ari"& or i+parti"& si&"i*i#atio",#o++$"i#atio" #o""ot s t' a#t o* s'ari"& or i+parti"&, as i" a #o"/ rsatio", 1> or si&"i*i s t' pro# ss % ('i#' + a"i"&s or t'o$&'ts ar s'ar ! t( " i"!i/i!$alst'ro$&' a #o++o" s%st + o* s%+ ols ?as la"&$a& si&"s or & st$r s@ 1 T' s! *i"itio"s ar roa! "o$&' to i"#l$! / r al or "o"-/ r al, (ritt " or pr ssi/#o++$"i#atio"s o* + a"i"&s or t'o$&'ts ('i#' ar li) l% to i"#l$! t' +otio"all%-#'ar& ! #'a"& , o" F r$ar% 22, 1988, t( " p titio" r a"! pri/at r spo"! "t, i"t' pri/a#% o* t' latt r s o**i# . A"% !o$ ts a o$t t' l &islati/ o!% s + a"i"& o* t'

p'ras pri/at #o++$"i#atio" ar , *$rt' r+or , p$t to r st % t' *a#t t'at t' t r+s

#o"/ rsatio" a"! #o++$"i#atio" ( r i"t r#'a"& a l% $s ! % S "ator Ta a!a i"'is 7 pla"ator% Not to t' ill $ot ! lo(C

It 'as " sai! t'at i""o# "t p opl 'a/ "ot'i"& to * ar *ro+ t' ir #o"/ rsatio"s i"& o/ r' ar!. 5$t t 'is stat + "t i&"or s t' $s$al "at$r o* #o"/ rsatio"s as ( llt' $"! "ia l *a#t t'at +ost, i* "ot all, #i/ili< ! p opl 'a/ so+ asp #ts o* t' ir

li/ s t' % !o "ot (is' to pos . Fr #o"/ rsatio"s ar o*t " #'ara#t ri< ! %a&& ratio"s, o s# "it%, a&r a l *als 'oo!s, a"! t' pr ssio" o* a"ti-so#ial ! sir s

o* /i (s "ot i"t "! ! to ta) " s rio$sl%. T' ri&'t to t' pri/a#% o* #o++$"i#atio",a+o"& ot' rs, 'as pr ssl% " ass$r ! % o$r o"stit$tio". N !l ss to stat ' r ,t' *ra+ rs o* o$r o"stit$tio" +$st 'a/ r #o&"i< ! t' "at$r o* #o"/ rsatio"s

t( " i"!i/i!$als a"! t' si&"i*i#a"# o* +a" s spirit$al "at$r , o* 'is * li"&s a"! o* 'is i"t ll #t. T' % +$st 'a/ )"o(" t'at part o* t' pl as$r s a"! satis*a#tio"s o* li*ar to *o$"! i" t' $"a$!it !, a"! *r #'a"& o* #o++$"i#atio" t( "i"!i/i!$als *r *ro+ / r% $" $sti*ia l i "tr$sio" % ('at / r + a"s. 1B

I" Gaa"a" /s. I"t r+ !iat App llat o$rt, 18 a #as ('i#' ! alt (it' t' iss$ o* t l p'o" (ir tappi"&, ( ' l! t'at t' $s o* a t l p'o" t "sio" *or t' p$rpos o* o/ r' ari"& a pri/at #o"/ rsatio" (it'o$t a$t'ori


22/41

B Rollo, p. 13.8 I!.9 Rollo, p. 14.10 Rollo, p. 14-1>.11 6a#i*i# O %& " a"! A#%t l " o. /s. "tral 5a") 3B S RA 8> [email protected] as la /. o$rt o* App als, 3> S RA 2B9 [email protected] Rollo, p. 33.14 Rollo, p. B.1> 75ST7R S T IRD N7 INT7RNATIONAL DI TIONARK 4 0 ?19B @.1 I!.1B ONGR7SSIONAL R7 ORD, Vol. III, No. 31, at >B3 ?:ar#' 10, 19 [email protected] 14> S RA 112 ?198 @. S also, Sal# !o-Orta" < /. A 23> S RA 111 [email protected] I!., at 120.20 I!., at 121.

G.R. No. 10121> $l% 30, 1993

T IRD DIVISION

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plaintiff-appellee, vs.ALFREDO SALVADOR, ET AL., + acc sed , ALFREDO SALVADOR , acc sed-

appellant.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee. 9roilan L. 2alde5 for acc sed-appellant.

BIDIN, J.:

App lla"t Al*r !o Sal/a!or a" #o-a##$s ! o % A!ap, A$&$sto Ali+$ro"&, i++%A&$sti" a"! Ar+i" Ala!!i" ( r #'ar& ! *or t' R &io"al Trial o$rt, Fo$rt'

$!i#ial R &io", 5ra"#' 23, Tr # :artir s it% (it' t' #ri+ o* :$r! r i" a"i"*or+atio" all & !l% #o++itt ! as *ollo(sC

T'at o" or a o$t O#to r 14, 1984, i" t' :$"i#ipalit% o* G ". Trias, 6ro/i"# o* a/it , 6'ilippi" s a"! (it'i" t' $ris!i#tio" o* t'is o"ora l o$rt, t' a*or sai!

a##$s !, #o"spiri"& to& t' r, a#ti"& oi"tl% a"! assisti"& o" a"ot' r, (it' i"t "t to )ill,(it' tr a#' r% a"! /i! "t pr + !itatio", !i! t' " a"! t' r , (il*$ll%, $"la(*$ll% a"!* lo"io$sl%, assa$lt a"! atta#) Orla"!o Gr po (it' t' $s o* a pi # o* (oo!#o++o"l% )"o(" as !os por !os , 'allo( ?si#@ lo#), *ist a"! *oot lo(s #a$si"& t'

/i#ti+ to s$** r i" $ri s o" 'is ' a! a"! ot' r parts o* 'is o!%, r s$lti"& to 'is ! at',to t' !a+a& a"! pr $!i# o* t' ' irs o* Orla"!o Gr po.

T' a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# s o* "i&'tti+ a"! a $s o* s$p rior str "&t' ( r pr s "t i" t' #o++issio" o* t' o** "s .

ONTARK TO LA .

O"l% Al*r !o Sal/a!or (as appr ' "! ! % t' a/it IN6 o++a"! ('il 'is #o-a##$s ! 'a/ r +ai" ! at lar& ?I i!., p. 34@. Jpo" arrai&"+ "t, Sal/a!or pl a! ! "ot

$ilt% to t' o** "s #'ar& !. A*t r trial, $!&+ "t (as r "! r ! #o"/i#ti"& app lla"tSal/a!or, t' ! #r tal portio" o* ('i#' r a!sC

7R7FOR7, t'is #o$rt *i"!s a##$s ! Al*r !o Sal/a!or GJILTK %o"! r aso"a l!o$ t o* t' #ri+ o* :$r! r a"! s "t "# s 'i+ to s$** r t' p "alt% o* Li*i+priso"+ "t to i"! +"i*% t' ' irs o* Orla"!o Gr po i" t' a+o$"t o* 630.000.00(it'o$t s$ si!iar% i+priso"+ "t i" #as o* i"sol/ "#% a"! to pa% t' #osts.

SO ORD7R7D.

R #or!s !is#los t'at at aro$"! 9C30 i" t' / "i"& o* O#to r 14, 1984, pros #$tio"(it" ss o l D$ra" (as (al)i"& (it' Al rto Villa la"#a o" t' ir (a% 'o+ *ro+5a'a%- $ o i" t' to(" pla


23/41

Orla"!o (as ro$&'t to t' : !i#ar o++$"it% ospital i" G ". Trias (' r Dr.'arito :al!os Go, 1984 ?TSN, April 23, 198B p.3@.

As a*or sai!, t' trial #o$rt r "! r ! a $!&+ "t o* #o"/i#tio" a&ai"st Sal/a!or sp #i*i#all% *i"!i"& 'i+ to o" o* t'os i"str$+ "tal i" i"*li#ti"& t' *atal (o$"!s('i#' r s$lt ! i" t' ! at' o* Orla"!o Gr po.

App lla"t #lai+s t'at ' (as (it' 'is *a+il% at 'o+ (at#'i"& t l /isio" at t' ti+t' +a$li"& i"#i! "t too) pla# . is ali i (as #orro orat ! % 'is sist r, 7!itaSa"tor s, ('o t sti*i ! t'at app lla"t (at#' ! TV $"til 10C00 p.+. a"! i++ !iat l%( "t to ! t' r a*t r.

6r /io$s to 'is t sti+o"% i" op " #o$rt, 'o( / r, app lla"t #$t ! a" a**i!a/itstati"& t'at at aro$"! 9C00 o #lo#) i" t' / "i"& o* O#to r 14, 1984, ' (as (al)i"&*ro+ t' s#'ool (it' 'is *ri "! ill% 5$#lati" (' " t' % sa( Orla"!o Gr po (al)i"&(it' t'r p rso"s a"! (' " t' % r a#' ! 6ri" 1990P 6 opl /s. A"!r s, 1>> S RA 290 198BP 6 opl/s. Or"o1 S RA 49> 198BP 6 opl /s. T$a"!o, 1>0 S RA 8 198BP@ 6 opl /s.6 til, 149 S RA 92 198BP. 'il Sal/a!or (as o" t' (it" ss sta"!, t' ! * "s


24/41

#o$"s l $"! rsta"!a l% !i! "ot as) 'i+ a o$t t' !ista"# o* t' s# " o* t' #ri+*ro+ t' Sal/a!or r si! "# (' r ' (as all & !l% (at#'i"& TV. N it' r 'a! t'

pros #$tio" * rr t ! t'is i"*or+atio" *ro+ Sal/a!or o" #ross- a+i"atio". For ' r part,all t'at 7!it'a Sa"tor s #o$l! sa% (as t'at t' s# " o* t' #ri+ (as *ar *ro+ $s(' " as) ! % t' pros #$tio" i* t' !ista"# t( " t' t(o pla# s (as a o$t *i*t%+ t rs ?TSN, S pt + r 30, 198B, p.12@. o"si! ri"&, 'o( / r, t'at app lla"t

Sal/a!or (as 'i+s l* a r si! "t o* 6ri" 0 1992P@. T'$s, i"

t' a s "# o* a"% $ali*%i"& #ir#$+sta"# , t' #ri+ #o++itt ! is 'o+i#i! $"! r Art249 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! a"! "ot +$r! r.

As to a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# s, t' i"*or+atio" all & s "i&'tti+ a"! a $s o* s$p rior str "&t'. To appr #iat ! as a" a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# , t' r +$st a#o"/i"#i"& s'o(i"& t'at t' a##$s ! 'a! p$rpos l% so$&'t "i&'tti+ i" or! r to

*a#ilitat t' #o++issio" o* t' #ri+ or to pr / "t its !is#o/ r% or to /a! t'#$lprit s #apt$r ?6 opl /s. Ro!ri&$ 1 1990P #iti"& 6 opl /s. :a"a" $il,132 S RA 19 , 20B 1984P@. All t' s r $isit s ar pr s "t i" t'is #as . T'i"t "tio"al * lo"% (as t' +a$li"& o* Gr po a"!, i" t' #as o* app lla"t, 'is !roppi"&o* t' 'ollo( lo#) o" t' *all " a"! 'apl ss /i#ti+. T' latt r s ! at' 'a! " t'!ir #t, "at$ral a"! lo&i#al #o"s $ "# o* t' * lo"% as s'o(" % t' /i! "#

pro/i! ! % t' !o#tors ('o t sti*i ! *or t' pros #$tio".

J"! r Art. 249 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! , 'o+i#i! is p$"is'a l % r #l$sio"t +poral. I" /i ( o* t' pr s "# o* t' a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# o* a $s o* s$p rior str "&t', ('i#' is "ot o**s t % a"% +iti&ati"& #ir#$+sta"# , t' p "alt% s'all i+pos ! i" its +a i+$+ p rio! ?Art. 4 ?3@, R /is ! 6 "al o! @. 6ar "t' ti#all%, t'lo( r #o$rt rro" o$sl% i+pos ! t' p "alt% o* li* i+priso"+ "t *or +$r! r. T'

prop r p "alt% *or +$r! r $"! r Art. 248 is r #l$sio" p rp t$a a"! "ot li*


25/41

i+priso"+ "t. T' " ! to appl% t' #orr #t p "alt% is !i#tat ! % t' *a#t t'at i"appropriat #as s, a p "alt% $"! r t' R /is ! 6 "al o! #arri s (it' it a## ssor%

p "alti s ?S C 6 opl /s. r$!a, 212 S RA 12> 1992P@.

"# , t' appropriat p "alt% pr s#ri ! % la( *or t' #ri+ o* 'o+i#i! i" t' #asat ar is t' +a i+$+ p rio! o* r #l$sio" t +poral ('i#' is 1B % ars, 4 +o"t's a"! 1

!a% to 20 % ars. Appl%i"& t' I"! t r+i"at S "t "# La(, t' i+posa l p "alt% is t "?10@ % ars a"! o" ?1@ !a% o* prisio" +a%or +a i+$+ as +i"i+$+, to s / "t " ?1B@% ars, *o$r ?4@ +o"t's a"! o" ?1@ !a% o* r #l$sio" t +poral as +a i+$+.

' r *or , t' ! #isio" app al ! *ro+ is ' r % :ODIFI7D to t' t "t t'atapp lla"t Al*r !o Sal/a!or is ' r % ! #lar ! &$ilt% o* t' #ri+ o* 'o+i#i! a"! is' r % or! r ! to s$** r t' i"! t r+i"at s "t "# o* t " ?10@ % ars a"! o" ?1@ !a% o*

prisio" +a%or as +i"i+$+ to s / "t " ?1B@ % ars, *o$r ? 4@ +o"t's a"! o" ?1@ !a% o* r #l$sio" t +poral as +a i+$+. T' #i/il i"! +"it% is ' r % i"#r as ! to 6>0,000.00i" li" (it' #$rr "t $rispr$! "# .

SO ORD7R7D.

9eliciano, Ro)ero, 0elo and 2it g, **., conc r.


26/41

G.R. No. L-14BB a"$ar% 18, 19>0

7N 5AN

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plai"ti**-app ll , vs.JULIO GUILLEN, ! * "!a"t-app lla"t.

0ariano A. Al:ert for appellant.Office of the Solicitor General 9eli; !a tista Angelo and Solicitor 9rancisco A./arreon for appellee.

PER CURIAM, J.:

T'is #as is *or $s *or r /i ( o*, a"! % /irt$ o* app al *ro+, t' $!&+ "tr "! r ! % t' o$rt o* First I"sta"# o* :a"ila i" #as No. 2B4 , (' r % $lioG$ill " % orp$s, or $lio . G$ill ", is *o$"! &$ilt% %o"! r aso"a l !o$ t o* t'#ri+ o* +$r! r a"! +$ltipl *r$strat ! +$r! r, as #'ar& ! i" t' i"*or+atio", a"! iss "t "# ! to t' p "alt% o* ! at', to i"! +"i*% t' o* t' ! # as ! Si+ o" Val ra ?or 5arr la@ i" t' s$+ o* 62,000 a"! to pa% t' #osts.

Jpo" arrai&"+ "t t' a##$s ! "t r ! a pl a o* "ot &$ilt% to t' #'ar& s #o"tai" ! i"t' i"*or+atio".

T' " t' #as (as tri ! i" o" o* t' ra"#' s o* t' o$rt o* First I"sta"# o* :a"ila pr si! ! o/ r % t' 'o"ora l 5$ "a/ "t$ra O#a+po ('o, a*t r t' s$ +issio" o* t'

/i! "# o* t' pros #$tio" a"! t' ! * "s , r "! r ! $!&+ "t as a o/ stat !.

I" t'is #o"" #tio" it s'o$l! stat ! t'at, at t' &i""i"& o* t' trial a"! *orarrai&"+ "t, #o$"s l ! o*i#io *or t' a##$s ! +o/ ! t'at t' + "tal #o"!itio" o*

G$ill " a+i" !. T' #o$rt, "ot(it'sta"!i"& t'at it 'a! *o$"! o$t *ro+ t' a"s( rso* t' a##$s ! to $ stio"s propo$"! ! to 'i+ i" or! r to t st t' so$"!" ss o* 'is+i"!, t'at ' (as "ot s$** ri"& *ro+ a"% + "tal ! ra"& + "t, or! r ! t'at $lioG$ill " #o"*i" ! *or ospital, t' r to a+i" ! % + !i#al p rts ('o s'o$l!r port t' ir *i"!i"&s a##or!i"&l%. T'is (as !o" , a"!, a##or!i"& to t' r port o* t'

oar! o* + !i#al p rts, pr si! ! o/ r % Dr. F r"a"! < o* t' Natio"al 6s%#'opat'i#ospital, $lio G$ill " (as "ot i"sa" . Sai! r port ?7 'i it L@, $"! r t' ' a!i"&For+$latio" a"! Dia&"osis, at pa& s 13 a"! 14, r a!sC

FOR:JLATION AND DIAGNOSIS

$lio . G$ill " (as pla# ! $"! r #o"sta"t o s r/atio" si"# a!+issio". T' r (as "ota si"&l +o+ "t !$ri"& 'is ('ol 24 'o$rs !ail%, t'at ' (as "ot $"! r o s r/atio".

T' +oti/ 'i"! t' #o++issio" o* t' #ri+ is stat ! a o/ . T' / ra#it% o* t'is+oti/atio" (as ! t r+i" ! i" t' Nar#os%"t' sis. T'at t' "ar#o-s%"t' sis (ass$## ss*$l (as #' #) ! $p t' !a% a*t r t' t st. T' "ar#o-s%"t' sis pro/ ! "ot o"l%r / al a"% #o"*li#t or #o+pl t'at +a% plai" a ! l$sio"al or 'all$#i"ator% +oti/

'i"! t' a#t.

O$r o s r/atio" a"! a+i"atio" *ail ! to li#it a"% si&" or s%+pto+ o* i"sa"it% i" :r.$lio . G$ill ". (as *o$"! to i"t lli& "t, al(a%s a l to !i** r "tiat ri&'t *ro+

(ro"&, *$ll% a(ar o* t' "at$r o* t' #ri+ ' #o++itt ! a"! is $all% ! #i! ! tos$** r *or it i" a"% +a"" r or *or+.

is / rsio" o* t' #ir#$+sta"# s o* t' #ri+ , 'is #o"!$#t a"! #o"/ rsatio" r lati/

t' r to, t' +oti/ s, t +ptatio"s a"! pro/o#atio"s t'at pr # ! ! t' a#t, ( r all t'oso* a" i"!i/i!$al (it' a so$"! +i"!.

O" t' ot' r 'a"! ' is a" +a" o* stro"& (ill a"! #o"/i#tio" a"! o"# arri/i"& at a! #isio" ' #$t s, irr sp #ti/ o* #o"s $ "# s a"! as i" t'is #as , t' #o++issio"o* t' a#t at 6la


27/41

ti+ ' ra" a*t r a poli# +a" (it' a )"i* i" 'a"! a*t r i"& pro/o) ! to a *i&'ts / ral ti+ s. / " #'all "& ! o"&r ss+a" N$ "o to a *i&'t so+ ti+ *or(' " :r. N$ "o (as r$""i"& *or a s at i" t' :$"i#ipal 5oar! o* t' it% o* :a"ila,a*t r ' ari"& 'i+ ! li/ r o" o* 'is appar "tl% o$tspo) " sp #' s.

All t' s + a" a ! * #t i" 'is p rso"alit% #'ara#t ri< ! % a ( a)" ss o* # "sors'ip

sp #iall% i" r latio" to ratio"ali


28/41

#o+par ! (it' t' ( l*ar o* i&'t " +illio" so$ls. A"! ('% s'o$l! I "ot &i/ $p +%li* too i* o"l% t' &oo! o* t'os i&'t " +illio" so$ls.

T' s ar t' r aso"s ('i#' i+p ll ! + to !o ('at I !i! a"! I a+ (illi"& to ar $pt' #o"s $ "# s o* +% a#t. I t +att rs "ot i* ot' rs (ill #$rs + . Ti+ a"! 'istor%(ill s'o(, I a+ s$r , t'at I 'a/ o"l% !ispla% ! a 'i&' ! &r o* patriotis+ i" +%

p r*or+a"# o* +% sai! a#t.

$rra' *or a *r 6'ilippi" s.

' rs *or t' 'appi" ss o* / r% Filipi"o 'o+ .

:a% Go! pit% o" + .

A+ ".

JLIO . GJILL7N

A #op% ?7 'i it 5-1@ o* t' ori&i"al i" Ta&alo& ?7 'i it 5@, +a! at t' r $ st o*

G$ill " % 'is " p' (, (as 'a"! ! to 'i+ o"l% at a o$t o #lo#) i" t' a*t r"oo" o* :ar#' 10, 194B, *or ('i#' r aso" sai! 7 'i it 5-1 app ars $"si&" !, #a$s ' (asi" a '$rr% *or t'at + ti"& at 6la


29/41

a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# s o* "o#t$r"it% a"! o* #o"t +pt o* p$ li# a$t'oriti s i" t'#o++issio" o* #ri+ .

T' /i! "# *or t' pros #$tio", s$pport ! % t' ra< " stat + "ts +a! % t'a##$s !, s'o(s %o"! a"% s'a!o( o* !o$ t t'at, (' " G$ill " att "! ! t'at + ti"&,#arr%i"& (it' 'i+ t(o 'a"! &r "a! s, to p$t i"to #$tio" 'is pr #o"# i/ ! pla" to

assassi"at 6r si! "t Ro as, ' )" ( *$ll% ( ll t'at, % t'ro(i"& o" o* t'os t(o'a"! &r "a! s i" 'is poss ssio" at 6r si! "t Ro as, a"! #a$si"& it to plo! , ' #o$l!"ot pr / "t t' p rso"s ('o ( r aro$"! 'is +ai" a"! i"t "! ! /i#ti+ *ro+ i"&)ill ! or at l ast i" $r !, !$ to t' 'i&'l% plosi/ "at$r o* t' o+ +plo% ! %'i+ to #arr% o$t 'is /il p$rpos .

G$ill ", t sti*%i"& i" 'is o(" 'al*, i" a"s( r to $ stio"s propo$"! ! % t' trial $!& ?pa& 9 o* tra"s#ript@ s$pports o$r #o"#l$sio". stat ! t'at ' p r*or+ ! t'a#t /ol$"taril% t'at 'is p$rpos (as to )ill t' 6r si! "t, $t t'at it !i! "ot +a) a"%!i** r "# to 'i+ i* t' r ( r so+ p opl aro$"! t' 6r si! "t (' " ' '$rl ! t'at

o+ , #a$s t' )illi"& o* t'os ('o s$rro$"! ! t' 6r si! "t (as ta"ta+o$"t to)illi"& t' 6r si! "t, i" /i ( o* t' *a#t t'at t'os p rso"s, i"& lo%al to t' 6r si! "t

i"& lo%al to t' 6r si! "t, ( r i! "ti*i ! (it' t' latt r. I" ot' r (or!, alt'o$&' it

(as "ot 'is +ai" i"t "tio" to )ill t' p rso"s s$rro$"!i"& t' 6r si! "t, ' * lt "o#o" $"#tio" i" )illi"& t' + also i" or! r to attai" 'is +ai" p$rpos o* )illi"& t'6r si! "t.

T' *a#ts !o "ot s$pport t' #o"t "tio" o* #o$"s l *or app lla"t t'at t' latt r is &$ilt%o"l% o* 'o+i#i! t'ro$&' r #)l ss i+pr$! "# i" r &ar! to t' ! at' o* Si+ o" Var laa"! o* l ss s rio$s p'%si#al i" $ri s i" r &ar! to Al*r !o 7/a, os Fa io, 6 !ro arrilloa"! 7+ilio :a&lala"&, a"! t'at ' s'o$l! s "t "# ! to t' #orr spo"!i"& p "alti s*or t' !i** r "t * lo"i s #o++itt !, t' s$+ total o* ('i#' s'all "ot # ! t'r ti+ st' p "alt% to i+pos ! *or t' +ost s rio$s #ri+ i" a##or!a"# (it' arti#l B0 i"r latio" to arti#l B4 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! .

I" t'ro(i"& 'a"! &r "a! at t' 6r si! "t (it' t' i"t "tio" o* )illi"& 'i+, t'

app lla"t a#t ! (it' +ali# . is t' r *or lia l *or all t' #o"s $ "# s o* 'is(ro"&*$l a#t *or i" a##or!a"# (it' arti#l 4 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! , #ri+i"allia ilit% is i"#$rr ! % a"% p rso" #o++itti"& * lo"% ?! lito@ alt'o$&' t' (ro"&*$l a#t!o" !i** r "t *ro+ t'at ('i#' ' i"t "! !. I" #ri+i"al " &li& "# , t' i" $r% #a$s !to a"ot' r s'o$l! $"i"t "tio"al, it i"& si+pl% t' i"#i! "t o* a"ot' r a#t

p r*or+ ! (it'o$t +ali# . ?6 opl /s. Sara, >> 6'il., 939.@ I" t' (or!s o* Via!a, i"or! r t'at a" a#t +a% $ali*i ! as i+pr$! "# it is " # ssar% t'at it' r +ali# "or i"t "tio" to #a$s i" $r% s'o$l! i"t r/ " (' r s$#' i"t "tio" ists, t' a#t s'o$l!

$ali*i ! % t' * lo"% it 'as pro!$# ! / " t'o$&' it +a% "ot 'a/ " t' i"t "tio"o* t' a#tor to #a$s a" /il o* s$#' &ra/it% as t'at pro!$# !. ?Via!a s o++ "ts o"t' 6 "al o! , /ol. B, >t' !., p.B.@ A"!, as ' l! % t'is o$rt, a ! li rat i"t "t to !o

a" $"la(*$l a#t is ss "tiall% i"#o"sist "t (it' t' i! a o* r #)l ss i+pr$! "# . ?6 opl/s. Na" $il, 43 6'il., 232.@ ' r s$#' $"la(*$l a#t is (il*$ll% !o" , a +ista) i" t'i! "tit% o* t' i"t "! ! /i#ti+ #a""ot #o"si! r ! as r #)l ss i+pr$! "# . ?6 opl/s. Go"a, >4 6'il., 0>@

S $ar l% o" t' poi"t % #o$"s l is t' *ollo(i"& ! #isio" o* t' S$pr + o$rt o*

Spai"C

$ stio" 2. S pr s "ta A, a las o#'o ! la "o#' , " l sta"#o ! 5 a #o+prar ta a#o, % 'a i "!os " &a!o st a !ars lo al *ia!o, s r tira a $ l si" + !iar "tra+ os !isp$ta al&$"a p ro tr"s#$rri!o $" #$arto ! 'ora, 'alla"!os l sta" $ ro! spa#'a"!o a , s o% la ! to"a#io" ! $" ar+a ! *$ &o !ispara!a por A ! s! la#all , $ !a"!o +$ rtos " l a#to % l sta" $ ro s$p$ sta la "o i"t "#io" " A !+atar a % si solo al sta" $ ro, #a #ali*i#ar la +$ rt ! st ! 'o+i#i!io % la ! #! i+pr$! "#ia t + raria; La Sala ! lo ri+i"al ! la A$$!i "#ia ! Gra"a!a lo

sti+o asi, % #o"! "o al pro# sa!o a #ators a"os ! r #l$sio" por l 'o+i/#i!io % a $"a o ! prisio" #orr #tio"al por la i+pr$! "#ia. Apart ! $ la +$ rt ! l sta" $ ro! io #ali*i#ars ! ass si"ato % "o ! 'o+i#i!io, por 'a rs #$ta!o #o" al /iosa.

s /i! "t $ la +$ rt ! , s$po"i "!o $ "o s prop$si ra #$taria l

pro# sa!o, "o p$!o #ali*i#ars ! i+pr$! "#ia t + raria, si"o $ ta+ i " ! io! #larars l r spo"sa l ! la +is+a, a t "or ! lo p$ sto " st aparta!o $lti+o ! larti#$lo % $ si "!o a+ as +$ rt s pro!$#i!as por $" solo ' #'o, o s a por $" solo!isparo, ! io i+po" rs al r o la p "a ! l ! lito ! as si"ato " l &ra!o +a i+o, at "or ! lo !isp$ sto " l art. 90 ! l o!i&o, o s a la p "a ! +$ rt . S / , p$ s,#lara+ "t $ " l a"t !i#'a s "t "#ia, apart ! otros arti#$los ! l o!i&o, si"*ri"&io por la Sala la !isposi#io" ! st aparta!o $lti+o ! l arti#$lo +$%

pri"#ipal+ "t , % asi lo ! #laro l Tri $"al S$pr +o " S. ! 18 $"io ! 18B2. ?Ga# ta! 1,0 ! a&osto.@ ?I Via!a, >t' 7!., p. 42.@

Arti#l 48 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! pro/i! s as *ollo(sC

Art. 48. 6 "alt% *or o+pl ri+ s. ' " a si"&l a#t #o"stit$t s t(o or +or

&ra/ or l ss &ra/ * lo"i s, or (' " a" o** "s is a " # ssar% + a"s *or #o++itti"&t' ot' r, t' p "alt% *or t' +ost s rio$s #ri+ s'all i+pos !, t' sa+ to appli ! i" its +a i+$+ p rio!.

t'i") it is t' a o/ - $ot ! arti#l a"! "ot para&rap' 1 o* arti#l 49 t'at isappli#a l . T' #as *or $s is #l arl% &o/ r" ! % t' *irst #la$s o* arti#l 48

#a$s % a si"&l a#t, t'at a t'ro(i"& 'i&'l% plosi/ 'a"! &r "a! at 6r si! "tRo as, t' a##$s ! #o++itt ! t(o &ra/ * lo"i s, "a+ l%C ?1@ +$r! r, o* ('i#'Si+ o" Var la (as t' /i#ti+ a"! ?2@ +$ltipl att +pt ! +$r! r, o* ('i#' 6r si! "tRo as, Al*r !o 7/a, os Fa io, 6 !ro arrillo a"! 7+ilio :a&lala"& ( r t' i" $r !

parti s.


30/41

T' )illi"& o* Si+ o" Var la (as att "! ! % t' $ali*%i"& #ir#$+sta"# o* tr a#' r%.I" t' #as o* 6 opl /s. :a $&-at, s$pra, t'is #o$rt ' l! t'at t' $ali*%i"&#ir#$+sta"# o* tr a#' r% +a% prop rl% #o"si! r !, / " (' " t' /i#ti+ o* t'atta#) (as "ot t' o" ('o+ t' ! * "!a"t i"t "! ! to )ill, i* it app ars *ro+ t'

/i! "# t'at " it' r o* t' t(o p rso"s #o$l! i" a"% +a"" r p$t $p ! * "s a&ai"st t'atta#), or #o+ a(ar o* it. I" t' sa+ #as it (as ' l! t'at t' $ali*%i"&

#ir#$+sta"# o* pr + !itatio" +a% "ot prop rl% ta) " i"to t' a##o$"t (' " t' p rso" ('o+ t' ! * "!a"t propos ! to )ill (as !i** r "t *ro+ t' o" ('o #a+ 'is/i#ti+.

T' r #a" "o $ stio" t'at t' a##$s ! att +pt ! to )ill 6r si! "t Ro as %t'ro(i"& a 'a"! &r "a! at 'i+ (it' t' i"t "tio" to )ill 'i+, t' r % #o++ "#i"& t'#o++issio" o* a * lo"% % o/ r a#ts, $t ' !i! "ot s$## ! i" assassi"ati"& 'i+ %r aso" o* so+ #a$s or a##i! "t ot' r t'a" 'is o(" spo"ta" o$s ! sista"# . For t'sa+ r aso" ( $ali*% t' i" $ri s #a$s ! o" t' *o$r ot' r p rso"s alr a!% "a+ ! as+ r l% att +pt ! a"! "ot *r$strat ! +$r! r.

I" t'is #o"" #tio", it s'o$l! stat ! t'at , alt'o$&' t' r is a $"!a"t proo* t'at , i"/iolatio" o* t' pro/isio"s o* arti#l 148 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! , t' a##$s !

G$ill " 'as #o++itt ! a+o"& ot' rs t' o** "s o* assa$lt $po" a p rso" i" a$t'orit%,*or i" *a#t 'is **orts ( r !ir #t ! to(ar!s t' #$tio" o* 'is +ai" p$rpos o*

li+i"ati"& 6r si! "t Ro as *or 'is *ail$r to r ! + 'is l #toral #a+pai&" pro+is s, % t'ro(i"& at 'i+ i" 'is o**i#ial #apa#it% as t' 'i * 7 #$ti/ o* t' "atio" t' 'a"!&r "a! i" $ stio", % t, i" /i ( o* t' appropriat all &atio" #'ar&i"& G$ill " (it' t'#o++issio" o* sai! o** "s , ( s'all r *rai" +a)i"& a *i"!i"& to t'at ** #t.

T' #o+pl #ri+ s o* +$r! r a"! +$ltipl att +pt ! +$r! r #o++itt ! % t'a##$s ! (it' t' si"&l a#t o* t'ro(i"& a 'a"! &r "a! at t' 6r si! "t, (as att "! !

% t' /ario$s a&&ra/ati"& #ir#$+sta"# s all & ! i" t' i"*or+atio", (it'o$t a"%+iti&ati"& #ir#$+sta"# . 5$t ( !o "ot ! + it " # ssar% to #o"si! r sai! a&&ra/ati"&#ir#$+sta"# s #a$s i" a"% / "t arti#l 48 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! a o/ - $ot !r $ir s t'at t' p "alt% *or t' +ost s rio$s o* sai! #ri+ s appli ! i" its +a i+$+

p rio!. T' p "alt% *or +$r! r is r #l$sio" t +poral i" its +a i+$+ p rio! to ! at'.?Art. 248.@

It is o$r pai"*$l !$t% to appl% t' la( a"! + t o$t to t' a##$s ! t' tr + p "alt% pro/i! ! % it $po" t' *a#ts a"! #ir#$+sta"# s ' r i"a o/ "arrat !.

T' s "t "# o* t' trial #o$rt i"& #orr #t, ( 'a/ "o alt r"ati/ $t to a**ir+ it, a"!( ' r % !o so % a $"a"i+o$s /ot . T' ! at' s "t "# s'all #$t ! i"a##or!a"# (it' arti#l 81 o* t' R /is ! 6 "al o! , $"! r a

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