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TRANSCRIPT
SPA
CE
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
HE
ALT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N IL
WE
LFA
RE
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
SE
EN
RE
PR
OD
UC
ED
EX
AC
TLY
AS
RE
CE
IVE
D F
RO
M T
HE
- P
ER
SO
N O
R O
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
N O
RIG
INA
TIN
G IT
.P
OIN
TS
OF
VIE
W O
R O
PIN
ION
S
ST
AT
ED
DO
NO
T N
EC
ES
SA
RIL
Y R
EP
RE
SE
NT
OF
FIC
IAL
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
PO
SIT
ION
OR
PO
LIC
Y.
FOR
AU
DIO
-VIS
UA
LL
AR
GE
GR
OU
PIN
STR
UC
TIO
N
N m 0 0 0 LI Lu
UR
CU
NIV
ER
S1T
Y F
AC
ILIT
IES
RE
SE
AR
CH
CE
NT
ER
WIT
H T
HE
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
FA
CIL
ITIE
S L
AB
OR
AT
OR
IES
INC
.
5
TA
BLE
OF
CO
NT
EN
TS
Bac
kgro
und
1
Intr
oduc
tion
2,3
Des
igni
ng f
or th
e M
edia
4-9
Roo
m D
esig
n9-
11
Cir
cula
r Se
ctor
Roo
m11-13
Bro
ad R
ecta
ngul
ar R
oom
13-2
0
Nar
row
Rec
tang
ular
Roo
m20-28
Sele
ctio
n, E
quip
men
t28-33
App
endi
x34
Bib
liogr
aphy
35
Sec
ond
Prin
ting
Nov
embe
r 19
64
Uni
vers
ity F
acili
ties
Res
earc
h C
ente
rT
he U
nive
rsity
Fac
ilitie
s R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
was
cre
ated
in 1
96L
by
a sp
ecia
l gra
nt f
rom
the
Edu
catio
nal L
abor
eori
es, I
ne.,
to th
e C
omm
ittee
on I
nstit
utio
nal C
oope
ratio
n of
the
Wes
tern
Con
-fe
renc
e U
nive
rsiti
es a
nd th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Chi
-ca
go.
The
Cen
ter,
loca
ted
at th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Wis
con-
sin,
is n
ow e
xpan
ding
thos
e ac
tiviti
es a
imed
at
gene
ratin
g in
form
atio
n us
eful
to in
stitu
tions
of
high
er e
duca
tion
tow
ard
incr
easi
ng th
e ef
fect
ive-
ness
of
the
plan
ning
and
util
izat
ion
of th
eir
phys
ical
fac
ilitie
s.T
he a
ctiv
ities
of
the
Res
earc
h C
ente
r ar
eco
nduc
ted
by a
sm
all s
taff
, ass
iste
d by
con
sulta
nts
draw
n fr
om e
ither
pri
vate
arc
hite
ctur
al a
nd e
ngi-
neer
ing
firm
s ex
peri
ence
d in
col
lege
and
uni
ver-
sity
fac
ilitie
s de
sign
and
pla
nnin
g, o
r fr
omun
iver
sity
fac
ultie
s an
d st
aff.
UN
IVE
RSI
TY
FA
CIL
ITIE
SR
ESE
AR
CH
CE
NT
ER
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f W
isco
nsin
Mad
ison
, Wis
cons
in 5
3706
STA
FFB
yron
C. B
loom
fiel
d, A
IA, D
irec
tor
W. S
. Kin
ne, J
r., A
IA, C
onsu
ltant
Car
ol A
. Sm
ith, S
taff
Sec
reta
ry
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Lab
orat
orie
s In
c.47
7 M
adis
on A
venu
e ; N
ew Y
ork
22, N
ew Y
ork
Thi
s or
gani
zatio
n is
a n
onpr
ofit
corp
orat
ion
esta
blis
hed
in 1
958
by th
e Fo
rd F
ound
atio
n to
help
Am
eric
an s
choo
ls a
nd c
olle
ges
with
thei
rph
ysic
al p
robl
ems
by th
e en
cour
agem
ent o
f re
-se
arch
and
exp
erim
enta
tion
and
the
diss
emin
atio
nof
kno
wle
dge
rega
rdin
g ed
ucat
iona
l fac
ilitie
s.
OFF
ICE
RS
Har
old
B. G
ores
, pre
side
ntJo
nath
an K
ing,
sec
reta
ry a
nd tr
easu
rer
UF
RC
Pro
ject
Ass
ocia
tein
Cha
rge
of S
tudy
:C
arl H
, Gau
sew
itz, A
IA
UN
IVE
RSI
TY
FA
CIL
ITIE
S R
ESE
AR
CH
CE
NT
ER
Mon
ogra
ph S
erie
s
Plum
bing
Fix
ture
Req
uire
men
ts in
Uni
vers
ityIn
stru
ctio
nal a
nd R
esea
rch
Bui
ldin
gs
Hor
izon
tal a
nd V
ertic
al C
ircu
latio
n in
Uni
ver-
sity
Ins
truc
tiona
l and
Res
earc
h B
uild
ings
Park
ing
Prog
ram
s fo
r U
nive
rsiti
es
Spac
e fo
r A
udio
-Vis
ual L
arge
Gro
upIn
stru
ctio
n
Uni
vers
ity R
esea
rch
Bui
ldin
gs f
or S
hort
-Ter
mG
rant
Pro
gram
s
Hig
h-R
ise
or L
ow-R
ise?
A S
tudy
of
Dec
isio
nFa
ctor
s fo
r R
esid
ence
Hal
l Pla
nnin
g
Cen
tral
Foo
d St
ores
Fac
ilitie
s
TH
E B
AC
KG
RO
UN
DU
npre
cede
nted
enr
ollm
ent i
ncre
ases
in A
mer
-ic
an c
olle
ges
and
univ
ersi
ties
are
with
us
and
ahea
d of
us.
The
se s
ame
inst
itutio
ns a
re g
reat
lyex
pand
ing
thei
r ac
tiviti
es in
the
fiel
ds o
f re
sear
chan
d se
rvic
e to
the
publ
ic. A
ll of
this
add
s up
toth
e cr
eatio
n of
a n
eed
for
new
bui
ldin
g fa
cilit
ies
in a
mag
nitu
de n
ever
bef
ore
expe
rien
ced.
The
Uni
vers
ity F
acili
ties
Res
earc
h C
ente
rha
s re
cent
ly c
ompl
eted
a b
uild
ing
surv
ey w
hile
stud
ying
imm
edia
te n
eeds
for
inst
ruct
iona
l, re
-se
arch
, ope
ratin
g an
d ho
usin
g co
nstr
uctio
n at
the
larg
e m
iddl
ewes
tern
uni
vers
ities
com
pris
ing
the
Cou
ncil
of T
en a
nd th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Chi
cago
.T
his
surv
ey c
over
ed th
e pe
riod
fro
m th
e en
d of
Wor
ld W
ar I
I th
roug
h th
e te
n ye
ar f
orw
ard
plan
-ni
ng ti
me
adop
ted
by th
e el
even
uni
vers
ities
. It
indi
cate
d th
at a
ppro
xim
atel
y $1
.85
billi
ons
in c
on-
stru
ctio
n co
uld
be e
xpec
ted
betw
een
1946
and
1970
. Of
this
abo
ut $
1.1
billi
on in
con
stru
ctio
n, o
r60
%, i
s no
w b
eing
pla
nned
or
built
or
proj
ecte
dfo
r th
e ne
ar f
utur
e. O
n a
natio
nal s
cale
, thi
s w
ould
indi
cate
col
lege
and
uni
vers
ity b
uild
ing
prog
ram
sam
ount
ing
to s
omet
hing
in th
e or
der
of $
15 b
illio
nbe
twee
n no
w a
nd th
e en
d of
this
dec
ade.
Am
ong
the
obje
ctiv
es o
f th
e R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
is th
e is
olat
ion
of p
lann
ing
and
desi
gn c
rite
ria
prob
lem
s, f
ollo
wed
by
the
find
ing
or d
evel
opin
gof
mea
sure
s fo
r de
sign
--al
l to
the
end
of p
erm
it-tin
g th
e be
st p
ossi
ble
use
of th
e un
iver
sity
and
colle
ge c
onst
ruct
ion
dolla
r. A
naly
sis
of s
tatis
tics
and
inte
rvie
ws
and
conf
eren
ces
with
inte
rest
edpe
ople
in th
e fi
eld
have
con
trib
uted
to th
e se
lect
ion
of s
ever
al m
onog
raph
sub
ject
s, o
f w
hich
this
pub
-lic
atio
n is
one
.T
he m
ater
ial i
s ad
med
at a
idin
g un
iver
sity
and
colle
ge a
dmin
istr
ator
s an
d th
eir
plan
ning
and
build
ing
com
mitt
ee p
eopl
e. I
t is
also
dir
ecte
d at
priv
ate
arch
itect
and
eng
inee
r fi
rms
enga
ged
inth
e de
sign
and
exe
cutio
n of
new
fac
ilitie
s.
Spac
e fo
r A
udio
-Vis
ual L
arge
Gro
up I
nstr
uc-
tion
was
sel
ecte
d as
a s
ubje
ct f
or s
tudy
in r
e-sp
onse
to a
n ex
pres
sed
need
for
des
ign
stan
dard
sin
this
hig
hly
spec
ializ
ed f
ield
whi
ch is
bec
omin
gin
crea
sing
ly im
port
ant a
t the
col
lege
and
uni
ver-
sity
leve
l with
the
curr
ent r
apid
phy
sica
l gro
wth
and
acco
mpa
nyin
g fa
culty
and
sta
ff s
hort
ages
.E
ncou
ragi
ng p
rogr
ess
has
been
ach
ieve
d in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
e ed
ucat
iona
l pro
cess
of
usin
g au
dio-
visu
als
for
unde
rgra
duat
e an
d gr
adu-
ate
inst
ruct
ion,
and
in th
e pr
ogra
mm
ing
and
pro-
duct
ion
of in
stru
ctio
nal m
ater
ial.
The
re h
ave
been
a nu
mbe
r of
sig
nifi
cant
new
adv
ance
s in
equ
ip-
men
t des
ign
for
open
cir
cuit
and
clos
ed c
ircu
itte
levi
sion
, as
wel
l as
fur
film
or
slid
e vi
ewin
g.T
he p
robl
em th
en is
how
to b
est p
rovi
desp
ace
for
use
of th
ese
med
ia. M
any
thou
sand
s of
new
aud
io-v
isua
l cla
ssro
om s
eats
are
to b
e pr
o-vi
ded
in th
e ne
ar f
utur
e; m
any
exis
ting
faci
litie
sw
ill b
e re
mod
eled
or
conv
erte
d fo
r au
dio-
visu
alus
e.T
his
mon
ogra
ph, b
ased
qui
te la
rgel
y on
new
sour
ce m
ater
ial,
sugg
ests
des
ign
stan
dard
s fo
rse
atin
g pa
ttern
s, v
iew
ing
angl
es, s
cree
n ch
arac
-te
rist
ics,
equ
ipm
ent p
erfo
rman
ce f
or T
V a
nd f
orfi
lm. C
arl H
. Gau
sew
itz, A
.I.A
., w
hile
a m
embe
r of
the
Res
earc
h C
ente
r st
aff,
is r
espo
nsib
le f
or m
ost
of th
e co
nten
ts o
f th
is s
tudy
and
rep
ort ;
he
re-
ceiv
ed g
ener
ous
assi
stan
ce a
nd a
id a
nd c
ouns
elfr
om n
umer
ous
sour
ces
in e
duca
tion
and
indu
stry
.
Ws Con
sulta
nt, F
orm
er D
irec
tor
Uni
vers
ity F
acili
-tie
s R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Mad
ison
, Wis
cons
in
Dec
embe
r, 1
963
1
."`
"r ,r
mn,
m,,
- -
SP
AC
E F
OR
AU
DIO
VIS
UA
LLA
RG
E G
RO
UP
INS
TR
UC
TIO
N INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
The
eye
is a
mec
hani
sm w
hich
see
s pr
opor
-tio
n. I
t see
s th
e w
hole
of
an o
bjec
t and
dis
tin-
guis
hes
it fr
om o
ther
like
obj
ects
by
the
deta
ilof
whi
ch th
e ob
ject
is c
ompo
sed,
reg
ardl
ess
ofsi
ze. T
hus
the
eye
can
read
wor
ds o
f al
mos
t any
size
, and
in m
any
kind
s of
scr
ipt a
nd h
andw
ritin
g,ev
en w
hen
dist
orte
d to
a c
onsi
dera
ble
degr
ee, y
et.
still
rec
ogni
ze th
e le
tters
and
thus
rea
d th
e w
rit-
ing.
Whe
n th
e ey
e ca
nnot
rec
ogni
ze a
lette
r, it
trys
to r
ecog
nize
the
wor
d by
iden
tifyi
ng o
ther
lette
rs in
the
wor
d, a
nd th
en b
y de
duct
ion
arri
veat
the
unkn
own
lette
r.It
rec
ogni
zes
face
s, e
ven
whe
n th
e fe
atur
esar
e ex
agge
rate
d by
car
toon
ists
, dis
tort
edby
car
-ni
val m
irro
rs, o
r co
ncea
led
in a
maz
e. I
t is
not a
nac
cura
te d
evic
e fo
r m
easu
ring
exc
ept b
y co
mpa
ri-
son
with
obj
ects
of
know
nsi
zean
d th
en b
ypr
opor
tion.
The
eye
has
no
mem
ory
for
size
,co
lor,
dis
tanc
e, o
r un
its o
f lig
ht in
tens
ity e
xcep
tby
com
pari
son
to a
kno
wn
stan
dard
with
in th
efi
eld
of v
isio
n ; t
hus
the
eye
is u
nlik
e th
e ea
r w
hich
can
com
mit
to m
emor
y tu
nes,
tone
s, a
ndno
tes.
The
eye
doe
s re
mem
ber
patte
rns
and
it st
ores
them
. New
vis
ions
are
com
pare
d to
exi
stin
g pa
t-te
rns
in th
e m
emor
y an
d th
us d
efin
ed, o
r st
ored
if a
new
cat
egor
y is
nee
ded.
The
eye
fai
ls to
rec
ogni
ze b
y pr
opor
tion
whe
nth
e w
hole
is lo
st to
the
part
si.e
. whe
n th
e en
tire
obje
ct c
anno
t be
seen
and
the
deta
ils th
emse
lves
do n
ot c
onve
y to
the
eye
wha
t the
obj
ect i
s.T
heey
e al
so f
ails
to p
erce
ive
whe
n de
tails
whi
ch d
is-
tingu
ish
it fr
om s
imila
r ob
ject
s ar
e re
duce
d to
om
uch
in s
ize
to b
e se
en.
Thi
s la
tter
limita
tion
is c
alle
d vi
sual
acu
ityan
d is
bel
ieve
d to
be
limite
d by
the
actu
al s
paci
ngof
the
rods
and
con
es w
ithin
the
eye.
Vis
ual
acui
ty is
the
angl
e w
hich
the
limiti
ng d
etai
l mus
tsu
bten
d at
the
eye
in o
rder
for
the
eye
to r
ecog
-ni
ze th
e ob
ject
. Thi
s an
gle
has
been
em
pira
cly
foun
d to
be
2.47
min
utes
of
arc
for
the
aver
age
eye
in d
aylig
ht, a
nd b
ecau
se it
is a
n an
gle,
aga
inin
dica
tes
the
prop
ortio
ning
pro
pert
ies
of th
e ey
e.O
bjec
ts c
lose
to th
e ey
e ca
n ha
ve s
mal
ler
limiti
ngde
tails
. As
obje
cts
mov
e aw
ay f
rom
the
eye,
the
limiti
ng d
etai
l mus
t nec
essa
rily
be
prop
ortio
nate
lyla
rger
in s
ize
for
the
obje
ct to
be
reco
gniz
ed.
Acu
ity is
aff
ecte
d by
ligh
t int
ensi
ty. A
cuity
is r
educ
ed a
t low
er li
ght l
evel
s.T
he a
bilit
y to
rec
ogni
ze c
olor
s, to
o, is
aff
ecte
dby
ligh
t int
ensi
ty. C
olor
vis
ion
is o
nly
poss
ible
inth
e ph
otop
ic a
rea
of th
e ey
e (t
he c
one
area
) an
dth
en o
nly
if th
e br
ight
ness
of
the
obje
ct is
gre
aten
ough
(.0
3 lu
men
s pe
r sq
uare
foo
t min
imum
),an
d pr
ovid
ed th
at th
e ar
ea o
f co
lor
subt
ends
an
angl
e at
the
eye
grea
ter
than
5 m
inut
es. S
mal
ler
colo
r bl
otch
es a
re to
o sm
all t
o be
rec
ogni
zed
for
colo
r, a
nd le
sser
bri
ghtn
ess
inte
nsiti
es a
re o
nly
visi
ble
to th
e ro
ds o
f th
e ey
e w
hich
do
not r
ec-
ogni
ze c
olor
.E
ven
colo
r is
rec
ogni
zed
on a
pro
port
iona
lba
sis,
and
the
eye
is a
poo
r ju
dge
of a
bsol
ute
colo
r--e
xcep
t by
com
pari
son.
Var
iatio
ns o
f lig
htin
tens
ity, l
ight
sou
rce,
bac
kgro
und
and
size
of
obje
ct a
ll af
fect
the
eye'
s ab
ility
to ju
dge
colo
r,bo
th in
hue
and
chr
oma.
The
eye
has
a f
anta
stic
ran
ge o
f br
ight
ness
in w
hich
it c
an s
ee; b
ut it
acc
ompl
ishe
s th
e fu
llga
mut
at l
ower
inte
nsiti
es b
y ut
ilizi
ng th
e ro
ds(s
coto
pic
visi
on)
alm
ost e
xclu
sive
ly a
nd a
t day
-lig
ht le
vels
the
visi
on is
shi
fted
by
pref
eren
ce to
the
cone
s, w
ith th
e ro
ds p
layi
ng a
sec
onda
ry r
ole
in th
e fi
eld
of v
isio
n. I
n fa
ct, t
he m
ost i
nten
seco
ncen
trat
ion
of v
isio
n is
cen
tere
d on
the
fove
aat
the
cent
er o
f vi
sion
whi
ch is
a v
ery
smal
l are
aof
the
retin
a w
ith a
n ex
ceed
ingl
y hi
gh c
once
ntra
-tio
n of
con
es, c
lose
to th
e op
tic n
erve
. The
fov
eape
rcep
tionl
ess
at th
e ra
nge
of lo
w in
tens
ities
of li
ght,
but i
n da
ylig
ht d
oes
mos
t of
the
wor
k.be
caus
e th
e ey
e is
a p
ropo
rtio
ning
mec
ha-
nism
, thn
obj
ect b
ound
s ca
n be
bes
t exp
ress
edin
angl
es s
ubte
nded
at t
he e
ye. T
hus
an o
bjec
t 20
feet
aw
ay a
wl 2
fee
t hig
h ap
pear
s th
e sa
me
as a
nob
ject
10
feet
aw
ay a
nd 1
foo
t hig
h ex
cept
for
the
bino
cula
r or
ste
reos
copi
c ef
fect
cre
ated
by
two
eyes
get
ting
slig
htly
diff
eren
t vie
ws
of th
e ob
ject
.R
elat
ing
this
to th
e au
dio-
visu
al f
ield
, one
isno
t con
cern
ed w
ith b
inoc
ular
eff
ects
as
it is
as-
sum
ed th
at th
e pi
ctur
es to
be
pres
ente
d ar
e tw
odi
men
sion
al. T
hree
dim
ensi
onal
pic
ture
s ar
e po
s-si
ble
for
audi
o-vi
sual
s, b
ut th
ey r
equi
re s
peci
aleq
uipm
ent f
or ta
king
the
pict
ures
and
pro
ject
ing
them
as
wel
l as
two
film
trac
ks to
pro
vide
left
and
righ
t eye
vie
ws.
Thi
s m
akes
thre
e di
men
sion
alpr
esen
tatio
ns m
ore
cost
ly a
nd a
djus
tmen
t of
per-
fect
alig
nmen
t of
pict
ures
is c
umbe
rsom
e. S
ince
dept
h ca
n be
ach
ieve
d in
two
dim
ensi
onal
pre
sen-
tatio
ns b
y m
eans
of
pers
pect
ive,
col
or, s
hade
and
shad
ow, o
bjec
t com
pari
son,
and
by
para
llax,
the
extr
a co
st is
sel
dom
um
-ren
ted
end,
ste
reos
copi
cvi
sual
s w
ill b
e ig
nore
d in
this
dis
cuss
ion.
Ass
umin
g tw
o di
men
sion
al p
rese
ntat
ions
then
, and
the
fact
that
the
fiel
d is
lim
ited
by c
er-
tain
sta
ndar
d si
zes
of f
ilm, o
ne c
an e
xpre
ss th
isan
gula
rity
in te
rms
of th
e vi
ewer
's d
ista
nce
from
the
scre
en r
elat
ive
to th
e sc
reen
siz
e, i.
e. th
ean
gle
subt
ende
d at
the
eye
coul
d be
mea
sure
das
a f
unct
ion
of th
e ra
tio o
f th
e sc
reen
wid
th,
heig
ht, o
r di
agon
al, t
o th
e di
stan
ce o
f th
e sc
reen
from
the
eye.
In
audi
o-vi
sual
ana
lysi
s th
is is
don
eby
exp
ress
ing
the
dist
ance
of
the
eye
from
the
scre
en in
term
s of
mul
tiple
s of
the
scre
enw
idth
.T
hus
an 8
W v
iew
ing
dist
ance
infe
rs th
at th
e vi
ew-
ing
dist
ance
is 8
tim
es th
e sc
reen
wid
th. A
vie
wer
wou
ld s
ee e
xact
ly th
e sa
me
imag
e w
heth
er th
esc
reen
wer
e 2
feet
w5d
e an
d he
wer
e 16
fee
t aw
ayor
if th
e sc
reen
wer
e 10
fee
t wid
e an
d he
wer
e80
fee
t aw
ay. T
he a
ngle
sub
tend
ed a
t the
eye
wou
ld b
e th
e sa
me
in e
ither
cas
e.In
the
abov
e di
scus
sion
, it w
as a
ssum
ed th
atbr
ight
ness
wou
ld b
e th
e sa
me
in e
ach
inst
ance
.If
the
light
inte
nsity
for
the
2 fo
ot w
ide
scre
enw
as 1
0 fo
ot c
andl
es (
lum
ens
per
squa
re f
oot)
,th
e 10
foo
t wid
e sc
reen
wou
ld a
lso
have
to h
ave
a br
ight
ness
of
10 lu
men
s pe
r sq
uare
foo
t. H
ow-
ever
, the
are
aof
the
larg
er s
cree
n is
25
times
as g
reat
as
the
smal
ler
scre
en, r
equi
ring
that
the
proj
ecto
r la
mp
light
out
put o
r po
wer
inpu
tbe
25
times
grea
t to
prod
uce
the
sam
e br
ight
-ne
ss in
tens
ify.
The
pro
blem
of
audi
o-vi
sual
s in
volv
es u
nder
-st
andi
ng th
ese
rela
tions
and
then
dev
elop
ing
spac
es a
nd e
quip
men
t to
pres
ent
them
pro
perl
y.T
his
mon
ogra
ph s
ugge
sts
grap
hs f
or q
uick
ly d
e-te
rmin
ing
occu
panc
y, in
tens
ities
of
light
and
scre
en s
izes
for
var
ious
spa
ces
base
d on
acc
epte
dst
anda
rds
and
then
pre
sent
s a
tabu
latio
n of
thos
est
anda
rds.
3
DE
SIG
NIN
G F
OR
TH
E M
ED
IA
O O
To
desi
gn n
ew s
pace
s or
to a
dapt
exi
stin
gsp
aces
for
larg
e gr
oup
audi
o-vi
sual
inst
ruct
ion
re-
quir
es a
rat
her
com
plet
e an
d pe
rcep
tive
unde
r-st
andi
ng o
f th
e m
edia
invo
lved
. Thi
s de
sign
thin
k-in
g al
so r
equi
res
a th
orou
gh s
ympa
thy
of th
eco
nditi
ons
nece
ssar
y fo
r th
e be
st p
ossi
ble
rece
p-tio
n by
the
hum
an m
ind,
with
esp
ecia
l atte
ntio
nto
the
pote
ntia
ls a
nd th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f th
e ey
ean
d of
the
ear.
An
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
mec
hani
-ca
l equ
ipm
ent a
nd o
f th
e te
chni
ques
use
d to
conv
ey th
e m
essa
ges
and
the
limita
tions
of
such
equi
pmen
t, is
ess
entia
l. T
oday
mor
e im
prop
er a
p-pl
icat
ions
of
audi
o-vi
sual
equ
ipm
ent i
n la
rge
grou
p co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d in
stru
ctio
n re
sult
from
a la
ck o
f an
und
erst
andi
ng o
f th
e lim
itatio
ns o
fth
e eq
uipm
ent t
han
from
any
oth
er o
ne s
ourc
e.Fi
gure
1 s
how
s th
e co
mfo
rt a
nd d
esig
nst
anda
rds
whi
ch s
houl
d be
met
for
inst
ruct
iona
lau
dio-
visu
al r
oom
s at
the
colle
ge a
nd u
nive
rsity
leve
l. The
mos
t eff
ectiv
e re
cept
ion
by th
e le
arni
ngau
dien
ce is
obt
aine
d w
hen
reas
onab
le s
tand
ards
for
tem
pera
ture
, hum
idity
, ven
tilat
ion,
ligh
ting,
soun
d co
ntro
l, co
mfo
rtab
le s
eatin
g, a
nd p
rope
rge
nera
l roo
m a
tmos
pher
e ar
e m
et, a
nd w
hen
ex-
tran
eous
sou
rces
of
dist
ract
ion
are
elim
inat
ed.
The
hum
an e
ye is
per
haps
mos
t im
port
ant h
ere
;
4
its b
est u
se r
equi
res
cert
ain
optim
um li
ghtin
g re
-qu
irem
ents
whi
ch a
re o
utlin
ed in
Fig
ure
1. C
on-
trol
and
dis
play
req
uire
men
ts f
or th
is p
urpo
se a
real
so c
over
ed in
Fig
ure
1. I
mpr
oper
con
trol
and
use
of li
ghtin
g m
ay b
ecom
e a
seri
ous
sour
ce o
fdi
stra
ctio
n fo
r id
eal v
iew
ing.
Figu
re 2
sho
ws
com
para
tive
view
ing
char
-ac
teri
stic
s fo
r fi
lm p
roje
ctor
s an
d fo
r T
V v
iew
ing.
Des
ign
for
this
type
of
equi
pmen
t is
mod
ular
is s
how
n on
the
char
t; pr
oper
vie
win
g di
stan
ces
are
expr
esse
d no
ndim
ensi
onal
ly in
term
s of
the
scre
en w
idth
as
the
mod
ule.
The
impo
rtan
t poi
nthe
re is
that
tele
visi
on a
nd f
ilm s
how
ings
hav
e en
-tir
ely
diff
eren
t scr
een
view
ing
char
acte
rist
ics.
To
use
both
on
the
sam
e sc
reen
, in
the
sam
e sc
ale
and
size
, for
the
sam
e au
dien
ce, e
ither
by
fron
tor
bac
k pr
ojec
tion,
wou
ld b
e ill
adv
ised
. Sim
ilarl
y,tr
ying
to e
mpl
oy f
ilm p
roje
ctio
n in
a s
hado
w b
oxof
the
sam
e si
ze a
s a
TV
rec
eive
r fo
r th
e sa
me
audi
ence
wou
ld r
epre
sent
a p
roba
ble
mis
use.
If th
e ge
nera
l lig
htin
g is
not
spe
cial
ly d
e-si
gned
for
one
or
anot
her
of th
e ab
ove
two
case
s,th
e lig
htin
g w
ill b
e pr
obab
ly im
prop
er f
or o
ne o
rth
e ot
her.
Unl
ess
the
view
ing
angl
e is
con
side
red,
it is
like
ly th
at o
nly
the
TV
pic
ture
will
be
prop
-er
ly a
nd e
ffec
tivel
y vi
ewed
.Fi
lm p
roje
ctio
ns a
re to
day
usua
lly m
ade
from
fine
gra
in f
ilms.
The
pra
ctic
al li
mit
for
the
clos
e-ne
ss a
t whi
ch o
ne c
an c
omfo
rtab
ly r
evie
w th
efi
lm (
mea
sure
d in
scr
een
wid
ths)
is d
eter
min
edno
t by
the
grai
n of
the
film
, but
by
the
amou
nt o
fey
e sc
anni
ng th
e vi
ewer
mus
t do
to c
omfo
rtab
lyen
joy
and
perc
eive
the
fiel
d of
the
film
. TV
, on
the
othe
r ha
nd, d
oes
not p
rese
nt a
fin
e gr
ain
pic-
ture
, but
rat
her
an im
age
com
pose
d of
ver
y ev
i-de
nt li
nes
and
not s
o ev
iden
t dot
s. T
he T
V im
age
was
dev
elop
ed to
hav
e no
hig
her
defi
nitio
n as
far
as g
rain
is c
once
rned
than
that
of
an o
rdin
ary
FIG
UR
E 1
.R
OO
M D
ES
IGN
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
a
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
VE
NT
ILA
TIO
N
SU
MM
ER
WIN
TE
R-
1104
5 F
dry
bal
k
70%
73' F
dry
CIR
CU
LAT
ION
6 ai
r ch
ange
s
FR
ES
H A
IR
EA
I
65".
.67
F w
et40
.50
isM
ille*
wir
AC
CO
US
TIC
S
Rev
edra
telle
s tim
e #
mea
d or
low
Tam
osob
sion
104
1110
011
shou
ld b
e 40
alb
lob.
from
sios
owed
hog
room
s.M
elly
to h
oar
depe
nds
on lo
ch o
f Wei
ler*
,en
d al
leiro
ciie
g so
b*.
Filt
ered
5.10
(T
M/p
erso
nT
empe
rs
5-10
CF
M/p
erso
n
and
Sup
ply
mor
e ak
thenfil-
exha
usM
d to
cre
ate
posi
tive
pres
sure
and
adre
fbvo
id in
filtr
atio
n
Con
side
r:1.
Ele
cton
k pr
ecip
-N
atio
n of
fins
per
-tic
les,
pol
len,
desk
sm
oke.
IL N
egat
ive
ioni
sa-
tion
of a
ir F
orco
mfo
rt.
3. S
aniti
sing
air
with
ultr
avio
let
radi
atio
n.
4. C
arbo
n fil
ter
loe
rem
oval
of o
dors
from
rec
ircul
ated
air.
SO
UN
D
70 d
h so
und
deliv
ery
in e
venl
y an
d w
ell d
lishi
belo
d
=sk
yto
con
cent
rate
it In
vers
ely
prop
ortio
nal t
oth
e ef
fort
req
uire
d to
hew
.
a.
LIG
HT
DE
CO
RA
TIO
N
ELE
CT
RIC
DA
YLI
GH
T
CE
ILIN
G
WA
LLS
Aw
e w
allo
w*
SID
E W
ALL
Sbe
low
wai
nsco
t
FLO
OR
Cla
ssro
om u
se
Aud
io-V
isua
lP
rofo
cted
imag
ft.
m5
lum
ens
sq.
ft. a
tw
ritin
g su
rfac
e an
dle
ss th
an .1
lum
en/
sq. f
t. in
cide
nt b
right
-ne
ss o
n sc
reen
.
TV
Rec
eive
r U
se10
lum
ens/
sq ft
. on
surf
aces
in R
eld
ofvi
sion
aro
und
TV
scre
en o
r 1
/10
scre
en b
right
ness
Uod
eika
ble
fat p
roje
cted
imag
es
Cau
ses
untle
sita
blit
glom
effe
cts
on tr
le..-
face
, TV
Cat
hode
ray
tutia
--
75%
min
imem
rel
leci
onas
75%
min
imum
if in
dire
ct li
ghte
d50
% m
inim
um if
dire
ct li
ghte
d
50%
*in
form
er
35%
min
imum
pre
fera
bly.
Low
brig
htne
ss fi
x--
turn
, uni
form
brig
ht-
nets
; acc
ent l
ight
ing
on d
ispl
ay:,
Avo
idbr
ight
spo
ts a
nd d
ark
spot
s, p
artic
ular
lysh
arp
chan
ge fr
omon
e to
the
othe
r.1/
10 r
etie
allo
wed
max
imum
. 1/4
pre
-fe
rred
.
II su
pple
men
tary
/P
row
l* k
llioc
iing
and
shie
ldin
g w
ith a
uto-
met
ed c
ontr
ols
pref
.st
ably
for
scre
enin
gov
t sam
e.
Ple
asan
t-
Use
war
m c
olon
and
mat
eria
ls in
mod
est
good
tast
e w
ith m
ei.
Nig
*A
void
loud
or
hars
htr
eatm
ents
in te
x-tu
re, c
olor
pat
tern
,-c
onto
rt o
r de
sign
.
SE
AT
ING
CO
MF
OR
T
Sea
ling
mus
t be
com
fort
able
for
perio
dm
etin
g.t L
ye_
seel
log.
hole
y be
form
ed p
lyw
ood,
pla
dic
or h
erd
sest
ets.
2 ho
ur o
r m
ore
seat
ing.
Ste
rovi
ol b
e cu
shio
ned
and
with
ens
rob
.D
isco
mfo
rt it
a d
iaira
cdor
k.
CO
NT
RO
LS
Roo
s lig
*en
ee(d
ime*
*eq
uipe
reet
teco
rede
d)A
TP
. A. *
rim w
ood
leve
lpr
ojec
tios
Slid
es p
roje
ctor
T.V
.D
aylig
ht W
eide
,
Roo
m s
hoei
d be
«pi
pped
wid
t mul
ti w
ader
:rot
,M
idas
ow
l tel
eya
opin
es, l
ow v
olta
ge s
yste
mto
ver
ities
pro
ject
ors,
mon
d sy
stem
, low
vol
tage
pow
er, e
tc. C
oaxi
al c
able
for
T.V
.
MO
M
Acc
ent l
ight
leg dc
oeiro
lled
at lo
wtw
o **
Aw
e py
s.N
EA
RD
opes
for
dram
atic
pre
stet
etio
nLE
CT
ER
Nes
etro
lled
Fro
m le
der*
.tk
4ago
eNc
boar
ds, k
ook
aod,
loop
boar
ds, &
mg
boar
d, p
egbo
W,
cork
boar
d an
d ot
her
type
s.
FIG
UR
E 2
.C
OM
PA
F!A
TIV
E C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
FIL
M P
RO
JEC
TO
RS
AN
D P
i
inrm
irri
tTT
",""
47er
gw"
Vis
s aw
l &is
cles
ivee
db
ins
Flit
val
e Iv
of ts
ps d
ista
idi
nV
I *W
hit
u it ph
otos
phot
os.
:tum
;viti
ol.m
ittiim
ontim
pow
itom
omiu
mm
t...
Nak
aoA
iwa
W5
V'
1/15
01/
70
Min
ims
idea
lsw
at d
iefte
ct4W
1/35
new
spap
er p
icto
rial
. A n
ewsp
aper
pho
togr
aph
ism
eant
to b
e vi
ewed
fro
m a
dis
tanc
e of
14"
. To
stud
y it
from
a c
lose
r di
stan
ce, o
r m
agni
fy it
,do
es n
ot im
prov
e th
e cl
arity
, and
in f
act,
tend
s to
dist
ort i
t. So
it is
with
the
view
ing
of a
tele
visi
onpi
ctur
e ; f
or th
e se
er to
mov
e cl
oser
than
5 s
cree
nw
idth
s fr
om th
e sc
reen
mak
es th
e lin
es o
f th
eim
age
quite
evi
dent
; bei
ng c
lose
r do
esn'
t im
prov
eth
e cl
arity
on
the
scre
en. T
he id
eal v
iew
ing
dis-
tanc
e fo
r no
rmal
vis
ion
is in
the
rang
e of
7 o
r8W
, tho
ugh
satis
fact
ory
perc
eptio
n is
still
ob-
tain
ed f
rom
as
far
away
as
14W
fro
m th
e sc
reen
.A
roo
m d
evel
oped
to a
ccom
mod
ate
film
pro
-je
ctio
ns, t
hen,
with
2W
min
imum
and
8W
max
i-m
um s
eatin
g di
stan
ces
is n
ot s
atis
fact
ory
for
tele
-vi
sion
vie
win
g if
the
entir
e sc
reen
is u
sed.
In
fact
,a
prac
tical
ans
wer
to th
e pr
oble
m (
assu
min
g pr
o-je
ctio
n of
eac
h) is
to u
se th
eftk
iisc
reen
for
film
proj
ectio
ns, a
nd o
ne-h
alf
of it
s en
gth
and
wid
thdi
men
sion
s (o
r on
e-fo
urth
its
area
) fo
r T
V p
ro-
ject
ions
in o
rder
to h
old
the
sam
e au
dien
ce a
tpr
oper
vie
win
g di
stan
ce. F
or T
V p
roje
ctio
n th
en,
the
audi
ence
will
be
seat
ed b
etw
een
4W m
iHm
uman
d 16
W m
axim
um, w
hich
is f
airl
y cl
ose
to th
eid
eal p
ract
ical
lim
its.
It m
ight
see
m th
at if
the
sam
e pi
ctur
e is
re-
duce
d to
one
-fou
rth
its a
rea
a si
gnif
ican
t am
ount
of d
etai
l is
lost
. How
ever
, if
the
scop
e of
the
back
grou
nd o
f th
e pi
ctur
e is
red
uced
so
that
the
obje
ct r
emai
ns th
e sa
me
size
in b
oth
pict
ures
with
res
pect
to th
e sc
reen
with
onl
y a
loss
inba
ckgr
ound
the
resu
lt to
the
eye
is th
e sa
me.
Thi
s is
a s
igni
fica
nt p
oint
, cle
arly
indi
catin
g th
edi
ffer
ence
of
the
med
ia. S
ee F
igur
e 6.
In o
rder
to a
ccom
plis
h th
is, t
he o
bjec
t mus
tbe
dou
bled
in s
ize
with
res
pect
to th
e T
V p
ictu
rew
idth
. If
the
obje
ct o
ccup
ied
the
full
scre
en o
f th
em
otio
n pi
ctur
e pr
ojec
tor,
then
to m
aint
ain
the
6
sam
e de
gree
of
clar
ity th
e T
V p
roje
ctio
n w
ould
have
to e
nlar
ge p
ortio
ns o
f th
e ob
ject
to g
ive
aneq
ual p
ictu
re a
nd to
dev
elop
all
deta
il.A
TV
scr
een
usua
lly h
as a
bri
ghtn
ess
on th
eor
der
of 1
00 lu
men
s*pe
r sq
uare
foo
t, w
hile
am
otio
n pi
ctur
e sc
reen
is o
f th
e or
der
of 1
0 lu
men
spe
r sq
uare
foo
t. T
hus
the
film
pro
ject
ion
requ
ires
a da
rken
ed r
oom
whi
le th
e T
V s
cree
n do
es n
ot.
In f
act,
supp
lem
enta
l lig
htin
g is
ess
entia
l in
the
TV
roo
m b
ecau
se th
e sc
reen
at
prop
er v
iew
ing
dist
ance
occ
upie
s th
e sm
all
zone
of
the
eye
acti-
vate
d by
the
cone
s (p
hoto
pic
visi
on)
whi
le th
ero
d po
rtio
n of
the
eye
(sco
topi
c vi
sion
) w
hich
part
ially
con
trol
s th
e si
ze o
f th
e ir
is is
rec
eivi
ngno
pic
ture
sig
nal a
t all.
The
eye
is r
eadi
ly s
trai
ned
unle
ss th
e le
vel o
f th
e br
ight
ness
sur
roun
ding
the
scre
en is
hel
d to
at l
east
one
-ten
th th
esc
reen
brig
htne
ss.
The
two
char
acte
rist
ics
by w
hich
scr
eens
are
eval
uate
d ar
e its
gai
n an
d si
de v
iew
ing
angl
e.G
ain
of a
par
ticul
ar s
cree
n is
def
ined
as
the
inte
n-si
ty o
f th
e lig
ht e
man
atin
g fr
om th
e sc
reen
fro
ma
give
n pr
ojec
tion
sour
ce, a
s co
mpa
red
to th
ein
tens
ity o
f lig
ht f
rom
that
sam
e lig
ht s
ourc
ere
flec
ted
from
a p
ure
mag
nesi
um c
arbo
nate
scre
en. F
or f
ront
pro
ject
ion
scre
ens
this
inte
n-si
ty is
due
to r
efle
ctan
ce; a
nd f
or b
ack
proj
ectio
nsc
reen
s, th
e in
tens
ity is
due
to tr
ansm
issi
on.
The
sid
e vi
ewin
g an
gle
is d
efin
ed a
s th
ean
gle
mad
e in
a h
oriz
onta
l pla
ne b
etw
een
the
* T
his
mon
ogra
ph u
ses
the
term
lum
ens
per
squa
re f
oot f
or b
oth
lum
inou
s su
rfac
es a
ndre
flec
tive
surf
aces
to a
void
the
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
the
corr
ect t
erm
s, f
oot l
ambe
rts
(due
to lu
min
esce
nce)
and
foo
t can
dles
(du
eto
ref
lect
ance
) w
hich
are
dim
ensi
onal
ly e
x-pr
esse
d in
lum
ens
per
squa
re f
oot.
view
er a
nd th
e pr
ojec
tor
at th
e ce
nter
line
of
the
scre
en.
Log
ical
ly, t
he g
ain
of a
scre
en w
ill n
ot b
eth
e sa
me
for
all s
ide
view
ing
angl
es (
decr
eas-
ing
as th
e si
de a
ngle
incr
ease
s.)
Nor
will
the
gain
be
the
sam
e fo
r al
l por
tions
of
the
scre
en(t
endi
ng to
dec
reas
e fo
r th
e m
ost r
emot
e pa
rt o
fth
e sc
reen
.) F
ortu
nate
ly th
e ey
esre
spon
se to
light
is lo
gari
thm
ic a
nd v
aria
tion;
as g
reat
as
3to
1 a
re to
lera
ble
and
not o
verl
y no
ticea
ble.
Lig
htin
tens
ity v
aria
tion
is m
ore
exac
tly a
ccou
nted
for
by p
roje
ctio
n en
gine
ers
in te
rms
of a
noth
er a
ngle
calle
d th
e be
nd a
ngle
use
d in
poi
nt b
y po
int a
naly
-si
s ac
ross
the
scre
en, r
esul
ts b
eing
ave
rage
d ou
tto
arr
ive
at a
gai
n va
lue.
Suc
h an
alys
is is
bey
ond
the
scop
e of
this
text
.G
ains
for
scr
eens
use
d in
this
text
will
repr
e-se
nt th
e de
sign
for
the
sect
or in
volv
ed, t
he d
esig
nva
lue
bein
g cl
oser
to th
e ga
in f
or th
e se
ctor
near
the
extr
eme
side
vie
win
g an
gle
rath
er th
an th
epe
ak v
alue
at t
he p
roje
ctio
n ax
isor
the
aver
age
gain
. See
fig
ures
3 a
nd 4
for
des
ign
gain
val
ues
of v
ario
us s
cree
ns, a
nd v
iew
ing
char
acte
rist
ics.
Film
scr
eens
in c
omm
onus
age
have
a n
ar-
row
ang
le o
f ef
fect
ive
view
ing
as c
ompa
red
to T
V.
TV
scr
eens
bec
ause
of
thei
r cu
rved
sur
face
s,pe
r-m
it th
e au
dien
ce to
sit
as f
aras
45°
to o
ne s
ide
ofth
e pr
ojec
tion
axis
. Mat
te s
cree
ns, u
ntil
rece
ntly
,pe
rmitt
ed th
e w
ides
t vie
win
g an
gle
-30°
, with
alm
ost u
nifo
rm b
righ
tnes
s th
roug
hout
the
satir
evi
ewin
g se
ctor
, with
low
gai
n(a
bout
one
.)B
eade
d sc
reen
s, w
hich
hav
e th
e hi
ghes
t gai
n,ha
ve a
pra
ctic
al s
ide
angl
e vi
ewin
g lim
itatio
n of
200
with
a r
elat
ive
brig
htne
ss v
aria
tion
in th
em
agni
tude
of
3 to
1 a
s on
e m
oves
thro
ugh
the
side
vie
win
g an
gle
from
the
proj
ectio
n ax
is.
Met
allic
and
non
met
allic
lent
icul
ar s
cree
ns,
rece
ntly
dev
elop
ed, h
ave
a ga
in v
aria
tion
sim
ilar 7
FIG
UR
E 3
.C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
OF
PR
OJE
CT
OR
SC
RE
EN
S
FIG
UR
E 4
.R
OO
M D
ES
IGN
GA
IN A
ND
SID
E V
IEW
ING
AN
GLE
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S O
F V
AR
IOU
SF
RO
NT
AN
D B
AC
K P
RO
JEC
TIO
N S
CR
EE
NS
to b
eade
d sc
reen
s, v
aryi
ng w
ith th
e si
de a
ngle
.B
ut th
e pe
ak g
ain
is n
ot a
s gr
eat a
nd th
e va
ria-
tion
is n
ot a
s in
tens
e. S
atis
fact
ory
gain
s, (
grea
ter
than
one
) ha
ve b
een
exte
nded
to s
ide
view
ing
angl
es a
s gr
eat a
s 50
°.It
will
be
note
d th
at d
ue to
the
ciir
:Atio
nal
char
acte
rist
ics
of b
eade
d an
d m
etal
lent
icul
arsc
reen
s, h
ighe
r ga
ins
are
reco
rded
for
the
less
ervi
ewin
g an
gles
of
the
scre
ens;
thes
e di
min
ish
asth
e an
gle
incr
ease
s. I
t is
obse
rved
that
the
gain
of c
erta
in o
f th
ese
scre
ens
repr
esen
ts a
hig
her
lum
en p
er s
quar
e fo
ot e
mis
sion
by
the
scre
enth
an th
e lu
men
per
squ
are
foot
inpu
t by
the
pro-
ject
or la
mp.
Thi
s ef
fect
is o
btai
ned
by b
unch
ing
the
light
by
use
of le
ntic
les
or b
eads
. Len
ticle
san
d be
ads
or te
xtur
e va
riat
ions
are
siz
ed s
o th
atth
e gr
ain
they
impo
se o
n th
e pi
ctur
e is
not
app
ar-
ent a
t the
pro
per
view
ing
dist
ance
, but
the
effe
c-tiv
e lig
ht in
tens
ity o
f th
e pi
ctur
e is
incr
ease
d by
the
degr
ee o
f bu
nchi
ng th
at o
ccur
s at
the
vi.ii
ous
view
ing
angl
es.
Hig
h ga
in c
hara
cter
istic
s ar
e a!
so a
cqui
red
from
rea
r pr
ojec
tion
scre
ens
mad
e of
cle
ar g
lass
or p
last
ic w
ith a
rou
ghen
ed d
iffu
sing
sur
face
act
-in
g as
the
scre
en. T
he r
ough
ness
of
the
surf
ace
caus
es a
dif
fusi
ng o
f th
e lig
ht c
reat
ing
a bu
nch-
ing
of th
e lig
ht s
imila
r to
that
exp
erie
nced
with
lent
icul
ar a
nd b
eade
d sc
reen
. If
the
grai
n of
the
diff
usio
n pa
rtic
les
is s
mal
l with
res
pect
to th
evi
ewin
g di
stan
ce, t
he v
iew
er, d
oes
not b
ecom
eaw
are
of th
e bu
nchi
ng. H
igh
gain
tran
sluc
ent
scre
ens
are
rest
rict
ed to
a n
arro
wer
vie
win
gan
gle
than
met
allic
or
non
met
allic
lent
icul
arsc
reen
s ar
e. W
ork
is b
eing
don
e to
impr
ove
tran
s-lu
cent
scr
eens
with
the
use
of F
resn
el le
nses
and
othe
r re
frac
ting
devi
ces.
A c
ompa
riso
n of
rto
rit a
nd r
ear
scre
en p
ro-
ject
ions
for
var
ious
con
side
ratio
ns is
giv
en in
$
figu
re 5
. The
des
igne
r sh
ould
car
eful
ly c
onsi
der
all o
f th
em, a
nd d
epen
ding
on
his
requ
irem
ents
choo
se a
ccor
ding
ITT
he c
urre
nt tr
end
is to
pre
-pro
gram
min
gan
d re
mot
e co
ntro
l for
aud
io v
isua
l pre
sent
atio
ns.
From
his
lect
ern,
the
lect
urer
sho
uld
have
con
-tr
ol o
f se
vera
l pro
ject
ors,
all o
f w
hich
wer
epr
oper
ly th
read
ed w
ith f
ilm in
pro
per
sequ
ence
befo
re th
e le
ctur
e. H
e sh
ould
als
o ha
ve c
ontr
ol o
fth
e ro
om li
ghts
and
the
soun
d sy
stem
. Sys
tem
sha
ve b
een
deve
lope
d to
ful
fill
this
pur
pose
and
mak
e th
e en
tire
proc
edur
e of
the
lect
ure,
ligh
tco
ntro
l, so
und
cont
rol,
slid
es, f
ilm c
lips,
etc
. pro
-ce
ed a
utom
atic
ally
fro
m a
pro
gram
min
g co
m-
pute
r. I
n fa
ct, i
t is
poss
ible
to p
ut th
e le
ctur
e on
tape
, tag
ged
so it
will
ope
rate
all
the
appa
ratu
sw
ithou
t the
lect
urer
bei
ng p
rese
nt. R
emot
e co
ntr
ol o
f op
aque
and
ove
rhea
d pr
ojec
tors
is n
otav
aila
ble
as o
f th
is d
ate.
Rem
ote
syst
ems
are
avai
labl
e w
hich
hav
ebe
en d
evel
oped
to th
e ex
tent
that
mor
e th
an o
nepi
ctur
e ca
n be
dis
play
ed a
t the
sam
e tim
e; in
fac
t,tw
o or
thre
e pi
ctur
es c
an b
e sh
own
on s
ever
alsc
reen
ssi
mul
tane
ousl
y to
allo
w m
ultip
lefo
cipr
esen
tatio
ns.
RO
OM
DE
SIG
N
Usi
ng th
e pr
inci
ples
of
desi
gn p
rese
nted
inth
is m
onog
raph
it is
pos
sibl
e to
gra
phic
ally
sol
vepr
oble
ms,
ach
ievi
ng g
ood
desi
gn f
or=
var
ying
di-
men
sion
s, a
reas
, occ
upan
cies
, scr
een
wid
ths,
gai
n,pr
ojec
t uis
tanc
es, l
ens
foca
l len
gths
, and
lam
psi
zes
requ
ired
for
the
seve
ral t
ypes
of
film
and
proj
ecto
rs th
at m
ay b
e us
ed. S
olut
ions
for
thes
epr
oble
ms
can
be d
ivid
ed in
to a
t lea
st tw
o ca
te-
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es. T
he f
irst
of
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e re
late
s ro
om d
imen
sion
s,ar
eas,
occ
upan
cies
and
occ
upie
d ar
eas
to s
cree
n 9
FIG
UR
E S
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OM
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RIS
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ON
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AR
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RE
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OJE
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R V
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HU
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TO
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:A.R
E T
EL
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ISIO
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O F
ILM
PR
OJE
CT
ION
S
FIG
UR
E 7
.S
EA
T S
PA
CIN
G F
OR
AU
DIO
VIS
UA
L P
UR
PO
SE
S
Clo
se s
eatin
g: a
udito
rium
or
thea
tre
stat
ing
Con
fere
nce
or s
emin
ar s
eatin
g
seat
ing,
list
enin
g la
b se
atin
g
Caf
eter
ia s
ettin
g, li
brar
y se
atin
g, o
rdin
ary
clas
sroo
m s
eatin
gor
cla
ssro
om d
esk
and
chai
r se
at
Offi
ce d
esk
seat
ing,
loos
e cl
assr
oom
seat
ing
Labo
rato
ry s
paci
ng, d
esk
and
refe
renc
eta
bles
, lar
ge d
rafti
ng ta
bles
.
4 as
rut
of
0404
S to
111
ail.
IL
PIPP
,Pos
s
Ner
,`17
.r
wid
th, a
ssum
ing
the
char
acte
rist
ic o
f th
e ty
pe o
fpr
ojec
tion
to b
e us
ed is
kno
wn.
The
sec
ond
cate
-go
ry r
elat
es s
cree
n br
ight
ness
, pro
ject
ion
dis-
tanc
es, t
ypes
of
scre
en, c
hara
cter
istic
s of
gai
n,an
d th
e re
latio
ns o
f la
mp
lum
ens,
to s
cree
n. w
idth
,as
sum
ing
that
the
desi
red
p(.3
rfor
man
ce r
equi
re-
men
ts a
re k
now
n. T
he c
omm
on d
enom
inat
or f
orea
ch ty
pe o
f de
sign
app
roac
h is
scr
een
wid
th. T
hegr
aphs
des
crib
ed h
ere
can
be u
sed
to p
rope
rly.
dete
rmin
e th
e be
st w
ay to
a p
robl
em s
olut
ion.
.
The
fir
st ty
pe o
f de
sign
gra
ph is
use
ful i
n th
ede
sign
of
room
s fo
r re
quir
ed o
ccup
anci
es, o
r fo
rad
apta
tion
of e
xist
ing
room
s to
pro
ject
or u
se, o
rfo
r so
lvin
g e,
.,cPp
ancy
and
are
a pr
oble
ms;
it m
ay b
eem
ploy
ed f
or' s
izin
g th
e sc
reen
kno
win
g th
e ge
ner
al r
oom
req
uire
men
ts. F
or u
sual
occ
upan
cyse
atin
g re
quir
emen
ts s
ee F
igur
e 7.
The
sec
ond,
type
of
desi
gn g
raph
is u
sefu
l for
sol
ving
pro
b-le
ms
in th
e se
ectin
.g o
f eq
uipm
ent f
erkn
owin
g th
e pr
ojec
tion
dist
ance
s an
d th
e sc
reen
wid
thss
olvi
ng f
or ty
pe o
f sc
reen
to b
e us
ed,
gain
, foc
al le
ngth
of
proj
ecto
r, a
nd b
r!gh
tnes
s of
proj
ectio
n la
mp,
kno
win
g th
e ty
pe o
f vi
sual
mat
e-ri
al to
be
proj
ecte
d ef
fect
ivel
y.
It is
as
advi
sabl
e fo
r de
sign
ers
of r
oom
s to
chec
k th
roug
h th
is s
econ
d de
sign
con
side
ratio
n,to
ass
ure
them
selv
es o
f th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
equ
ip-
men
t. fo
r th
e ro
om d
esig
ned,
as
it is
for
the
equi
p-m
ent m
anuf
actu
rers
to d
esig
n an
d m
anuf
actu
reeq
uipm
ent f
or a
udio
-vis
ual r
oom
s in
term
s of
new
ly d
efin
ed n
eeds
. Mod
ific
atio
ns o
utsi
de th
esc
ope
of p
rese
nt s
tand
ard
equi
pmen
t or
prac
tices
are
likel
y to
be
a pr
ime
need
for
. som
e tim
e in
the
imm
edia
te f
utur
e.
In th
e fi
rst c
ateg
ory
(rel
atin
g ro
om d
imen
-si
ons.
occ
upan
cies
, sea
ting
area
s, a
nd r
atio
s of
10
occu
pied
are
as to
scr
een
wid
ths
for
assu
med
equi
pmen
t) g
raph
s ar
e he
re d
evel
oped
for
sea
t-in
gand
vie
win
g si
tuat
ions
for
sect
ors
of a
cir
-cl
e, f
or n
earl
y sq
uare
rec
tang
ular
roo
ms,
and
for
long
nar
row
rec
tang
ular
roo
ms.
The
sec
tor
grap
his
usa
ble
for
fan
shap
ed a
udito
rium
s, tr
iang
ular
,he
xago
nal,
and
othe
r an
gula
rly
shap
ed r
oom
s in
whi
ch s
eatin
g is
arr
ange
d in
a c
ircu
lar
sect
orty
pe p
atte
rn. O
ne o
f th
e re
ctan
gula
r ro
om g
raph
sis
dev
elop
ed f
or u
se f
or r
oom
s w
ith th
e pr
ojec
tor
axis
alo
ng th
e di
agon
al ;
this
act
ually
allo
ws
the
mos
t eff
icie
nt u
se o
f th
e sp
ace
with
in th
e ro
omw
hen
the
leng
th o
f th
e ro
om a
nd th
e br
eadt
h of
the
room
are
nea
rly
equa
l. T
he o
ther
rec
tang
ular
room
gra
ph is
dev
elop
ed f
or lo
ng n
arro
w r
oom
sw
here
the
proj
ectio
n ax
is is
mos
t eco
nom
ical
lypl
aced
alo
ng o
r cl
ose
to th
e ce
nter
line
of
the
room
par
alle
l to
the
long
sid
e of
the
room
.T
hem
athe
mat
ical
form
ulat
ions
for
the
grap
hica
lso
lutio
ns a
re c
onta
ined
in a
n ap
pend
ix p
ublis
hed
sepa
rate
ly a
nd a
vaila
ble
on r
eque
st. T
he g
raph
ical
solu
tions
yie
ld r
esul
ts m
ore
quic
kly
for
vari
atio
nsin
par
amet
ers
than
cal
cula
ted
resu
lts a
nd th
ey a
reac
cura
te e
noug
h fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e (w
ithin
1 to
3 %
).
TH
E C
IRC
UL
AR
SE
CT
OR
Figu
re 8
sho
ws
a ci
rcul
ar s
ecto
r fo
r a
view
-in
g au
dien
ce a
nd in
dica
tes
the
dim
ensi
ons
W o
fth
e sc
reen
, Dx,
the
max
imum
see
ing
dist
ance
,an
d D
n, th
e m
inim
um s
eein
g di
stan
ce a
nd e
, the
max
imum
sid
e vi
ewin
g an
gle.
The
are
a fa
ctor
in a
sec
tor
expr
esse
d in
non
-di
men
sion
al te
rms
is a
s fo
llow
s :
A1(
Dx
Dn
\2re
W2
wk
wj 1
80°
11
FIG
UR
E 8
.C
IRC
ULA
R S
EC
TO
R R
OO
M Dx)
2F
IGU
RE
9. G
raph
for
solv
ing
(Tv
(Dny
\WI
MAX. DEPTH SCREEN WIDTHS
111111111111111111111
0 0
e$o
1.5
2.0 N 25q,
3.012
0 3s g co
4.o AF
For
deri
vatio
n, s
ee a
ppen
dix
supp
lem
ent f
ur-
nish
ed o
n re
ques
t.Fi
gure
9 s
how
s ho
w th
e di
men
sion
less
por
tion
with
in th
e br
acke
ts is
sol
ved.
To
mul
tiply
by
180
°,
figu
re 1
0 w
as d
evel
oped
.
Thi
s re
sults
in th
e di
men
sion
less
area
mul
tiplie
ral
ong
the
botto
m e
dge
of th
e gr
aph
in F
igur
e 10
.T
o m
ultip
ly th
is d
imen
sion
less
num
ber
by W
2on
e sh
ould
add
the
lines
sho
wn
in F
igur
e 11
.T
hen
to d
ivid
e th
is a
rea
by th
e nu
mbe
r of
squa
refe
et p
er p
erso
n on
e sh
ould
incl
ude
the
lines
sho
wn
in F
igur
e 12
.So
to u
se th
e gr
aph
to s
olve
an e
ntir
e pr
oble
mon
e sh
ould
pro
ceed
as
follo
ws
:Su
ppos
e th
at th
e pr
oble
m is
to d
esig
n a
room
for
audi
o-vi
sual
film
pre
sent
atio
n ;,z
ing
a 5'
wid
em
atte
scr
een.
wou
ld b
e th
e ar
ea o
f th
e se
at-
ing
sect
or a
nd w
hat w
ould
be
the
usef
uloc
cupa
ncy
area
, and
how
man
y oc
cupa
nts
coul
d on
e pl
ace
inth
is r
oom
in s
emin
ar s
eatin
g? F
rom
pre
viou
s da
tait
wou
ld b
e kn
own
that
the
furt
hest
sea
ting
wou
ldha
ve to
be
with
in 8
W o
f th
esc
reen
; the
min
imum
wou
ld b
e be
yond
2W
of
the
scre
en a
nd th
e se
atin
gw
ould
req
uire
abo
ut 1
0 sq
uare
fee
tpe
r oc
cupa
nt.
Ent
er th
e gr
aph
at 8
W a
nd th
en p
roce
ed a
long
the
diag
onal
line
unt
il it
cros
sed
the
min
imum
ratio
2W
; th
en p
roce
ed h
oriz
onta
lly to
e eq
uals
30°
(the
max
imum
sid
e vi
ewin
g an
gle
for a
mat
tesc
reen
) ; t
hen
vert
ical
ly to
the
scre
en w
idth
60"
(or
5')
; the
n ho
rizo
ntal
ly to
the
mar
gin
whe
re it
is s
een
that
the
occu
pied
are
aw
as a
bout
800
squa
re f
eet.
Tur
ning
bac
k on
this
last
hor
izon
tal
line
until
the
path
has
cro
ssed
the
line
whe
re th
esq
uare
fee
t per
occ
upan
t was
10,
one
wou
ld p
ro-
ceed
ver
tical
ly to
the
botto
m o
f th
e ch
art w
here
it is
see
n th
at th
e nu
mbe
r of
the
occu
pant
s w
ould
be a
bout
80.
Thi
s pr
oced
ure
is il
lust
rate
d in
Fig
-ur
e 13
.T
o de
term
ine
the
entir
e ar
ea w
ithin
the
room
, one
wou
ld th
en p
roce
ed f
rom
8W
hor
izon
tally
to th
ean
gle,
then
ver
tical
ly to
the
scre
en w
idth
, the
nho
rizo
ntal
ly to
the
righ
t-ha
nd m
argi
n an
d th
ere
one
coul
d fi
nd th
e en
tire
area
with
in th
e se
ctor
.A
noth
er w
ay in
whi
ch th
is s
ame
grap
h m
ight
be u
sed
wou
ld b
e fo
r de
term
inin
g th
e be
stsc
reen
wid
th, k
now
ing
the
max
imum
and
min
imum
vie
w-
ing
dept
h ra
tios,
the
side
vie
win
g an
gle,
the
oc-
cupa
ncy
desi
red,
and
the
squa
re f
oot p
er o
ccu-
pant
req
uire
d. T
o do
this
, one
wou
ld p
roce
ed v
er-
tical
ly o
n th
e gr
aph
from
the
occu
panc
y no
tatio
nun
til r
each
ing
the
squa
re f
oot p
er o
ccup
ancy
char
t, th
ence
hor
izon
tally
to th
e ri
ght-
hand
mar
-gi
n w
here
one
can
rea
d th
e pr
obab
le o
ccup
ied
area
. Kno
win
g w
here
this
hor
izon
tal l
ine
is, o
new
ill n
ow p
roce
ed o
ver
to th
e le
ft-h
and
side
of
the
grap
h, f
ollo
win
g th
e m
axim
um a
nd m
inim
umsp
ace
requ
irem
ents
; th
en w
ill p
roce
ed h
oriz
onta
llyun
til s
trik
ing
the
view
ing
angl
e re
quir
ed; t
henc
eve
rtic
ally
unt
il st
riki
ng th
e ho
rizo
ntal
line
fro
mth
e oc
cupi
ed a
rea.
Whe
re th
ese
two
lines
mee
t,on
e ca
n re
ad th
e sc
reen
wid
th r
equi
red
by in
ter-
pola
ting
betw
een
the
scre
en w
idth
line
s sh
own
onth
e gr
aph.
To
find
the
sect
or a
rea,
sta
rt a
t the
max
imum
rat
io, p
roce
ed h
oriz
onta
lly to
the
view
-in
g an
gle
and
then
ce v
ertic
ally
to th
eno
w f
ound
scre
en w
idth
. Pro
ceed
ing
hori
zont
ally
fro
m th
isin
ters
ectio
n, o
ne w
ill f
ind
the
sect
orar
ea o
f th
ero
om. T
his
is il
lust
rate
d in
Fig
ure
14.
TH
E B
RO
AD
RE
CT
AN
GU
LA
R R
OO
M
(Len
gth
and
brea
dth
not t
oo f
ar d
iffe
rent
fro
mea
ch o
ther
dim
ensi
onal
ly)
and
the
diag
onal
isus
ed a
s a
proj
ectio
n ax
is.
13
MIN
. DE
PT
H S
CR
EE
N W
IDT
HS
Wkg
( NiM
Mq7
20
SID
E V
IEW
ING
OR
HA
LF S
EC
TO
R A
NG
LE-D
EG
RE
ES
0 500
1000
1500
W U.
2000
3
010
020
0
14F
IGU
RE
11.
Gra
ph fo
r so
lvin
g se
ctor
vie
win
g ar
ea fr
om g
iven
val
ues
!Li
Dri
0 an
d W
W,
W,
300
VA
LUE
S O
FA
4000
400
DN
MIN
. DE
PT
H S
CR
EE
N W
IDT
HS
Wq
Ncm
to10
20
SID
E V
IEW
ING
OR
HA
LF S
EC
TO
R A
NG
LED
EG
RE
ES
500
1000
14 13 12 II
10
800
TO
O60
050
040
030
0
FIG
UR
E 1
2. G
raph
for
solv
ing
num
ber
of o
ccup
ants
, kno
win
g ar
ea p
eroc
cupa
ntD
x D
n0
and
WW
,W
,15
MIN
. DE
PT
H S
CR
EE
N W
IDT
HS
W
ict
0 ic
tin
020
- N
ito
toIf
SID
E V
IEW
ING
OR
HA
LF S
EC
TO
R A
NG
LED ,411
7)
AS
A#A
ahl
0
°
tVgi
7004.
°600
P40
020
0
FIG
UR
E 1
3Sol
utio
n to
illu
stra
tive
prob
lem
I us
ing
Fig
ure
18
SO
OO
CC
UP
AN
TS
A
16
'MIN
. DE
PT
H S
CR
EE
N M
OT
HS
Act
111-
4
20 19
it 0 sr
SID
E V
IEW
ING
Olt
HA
LF S
500
15
is
1000
IT 16 15 14 13
1500
IL
2000
3 rs
0
12
2500
10 5
BO
O70
060
050
0O
CC
UP
AN
TS
FIG
UR
E 1
4 S
olut
ion
to s
econ
d. il
lust
rativ
e pr
oble
m u
sing
Fig
ure
18
400
200
17
The
se r
elat
ims
are
indi
cate
d in
Fig
ure
15.
In a
dditi
on to
Dx,
Dn,
W a
nd a
alr
eady
de-
fine
d, a
is d
efin
ed a
s th
e ac
ute
angl
e fo
rmed
inth
e ho
rizo
ntal
pla
ne b
etw
een
the
diag
onal
and
the
long
sid
e of
the
room
and
d is
def
ined
as th
ele
ngth
of
the
diag
onal
of
the
room
.T
he n
on-d
imen
sion
al f
orm
ula
for
find
ing
the
area
of
occu
panc
y is
as
follo
ws
:A
1 (
Dx
2 [ s
in2
aco
ssi
n (c
it0
)W
22
W
sin
a co
s (a
+ 0
)]D
n7r
0W
180
°D
eriv
atio
n of
this
for
mul
ais
fou
nd in
the
App
endi
x.Fi
gure
16
is a
gra
ph f
or s
olvi
ngan
d d
whe
n th
e le
ngth
and
bre
adth
of
the
room
are
know
n. Figu
re 1
7 is
a g
raph
to b
e us
ed f
or s
olvi
ngfo
r th
e re
quir
edsc
reen
wid
th W
kno
win
g th
eD
xra
tio u
sed
as a
des
ign
crite
ria,
the
0 va
lue
for
the
scre
en a
ssum
ed, a
nd th
ea
and
d va
lues
foun
d in
Fig
ure
16. T
he le
ft-h
and
side
of
the
grap
h co
mpe
nsat
es th
eD
xra
tio f
or v
ario
us a
tan
d 0
angl
es b
y ev
alua
ting
the
com
plex
trig
ono-
met
ric
form
ula
sin
2a
cos
et s
in (
aip
)si
n a
cos
(a0)
J f
or th
e va
riou
s va
lues
indi
-ca
ted.
The
rig
ht-h
and
side
of
the
grap
h so
lves
for
the
scre
en w
idth
by
inte
rpol
atio
n be
twee
nsc
reen
wid
th li
nes
for
the
dept
h of
the
room
sel
ecte
d at
the
botto
m o
f th
e gr
aph.
Figu
re 1
8 is
a f
ive
pent
rant
gra
ph w
hich
solv
es f
or th
e co
mpl
ex m
athe
mat
ical
not
atio
n
21D
xsi
n 2
elco
s et
sin
(c4
--0)
sin
ak
wco
s (e
t +0)
](_
Dn
2W
e)
S
W18
0
Ent
erin
g th
e up
per
left
-han
d pe
ntra
nt w
ithkn
own
valu
es o
fa
and
e, o
ne p
roce
eds
hori
zon-
Dx
tally
to th
e va
lue
ofin
the
righ
t-ha
nd u
pper
pent
rant
; th
ence
ver
tical
ly to
the
botto
m o
f th
eup
per
righ
t-ha
nd p
entr
ant t
o th
e in
dica
ted
valu
eof
tota
l sec
tor
area
(no
t cor
rect
ed f
orar
ea lo
st b
y
non-
occu
panc
y in
side
the
Dn
limit
2 WD
x[s
in 2
a1
cos
a si
n (a
0)si
n a
cos
(a0)
]H
ere
the
oper
ator
pau
ses
mom
enta
rily
and
ent
ers
the
mid
dle
left
-han
d pe
ntra
nt w
ith v
alue
s ofDn W
'an
d 0
and
mak
es a
hor
izon
tal l
ine
from
the
inte
r-se
ctio
n. N
ow th
e de
sign
er p
roce
eds
from
the
vert
i-ca
l lin
e at
the
top
of th
e m
iddl
e ri
ght-
hand
pen-
tran
t unt
il th
e lin
e in
ters
ects
the
hori
zont
al li
nefr
om th
e m
iddl
e le
ft-h
and
pent
rant
. At t
his
inte
r-se
ctio
n th
e de
sign
er p
roce
eds
vert
ical
ly to
the
valu
e of
scr
een
wid
th in
the
botto
m p
entr
ant
foun
d fr
om th
e so
lutio
n of
Fig
ure
17; t
henc
eho
rizo
ntal
ly to
the
area
of
occu
panc
y at
the
mar
-gi
n or
hor
izon
tally
to th
e va
lue
ofar
ea p
er o
ccu-
pant
indi
cate
d in
a s
econ
d se
ries
of
diag
onal
line
s;an
d th
ence
ver
tical
ly to
the
occu
panc
y at
the
low
erm
argi
n. By
not f
ollo
win
g th
e cu
rved
line
impo
sed
byth
e gr
aphs
in th
e m
iddl
e se
ctio
n of
the
grap
h, b
utpr
ocee
ding
ver
tical
ly f
rom
the
uppe
r-ri
ght g
raph
to th
e lo
wer
-rig
ht g
raph
to th
esc
reen
wid
th, t
heop
erat
or c
an f
ind
the
tota
l are
a w
ithin
the
visu
alse
ctor
, ins
tead
of
the
occu
pied
area
onl
y.
Illu
stra
tion
Supp
ose
an e
xist
ing
rect
angu
lar
room
is40
' x 7
0' to
be
used
for
aud
io-v
isua
l pro
ject
ions
.W
hat s
houl
d th
e sc
reen
wid
th b
e, a
ssum
ing
am
atte
scr
een,
film
pro
ject
ion,
and
an o
ccup
ancy
FIG
UR
E 1
5.T
HE
BR
OA
D R
EC
TA
NG
ULA
R R
OO
M
FIG
UR
E 1
6Gra
phfo
r so
lvin
g d
and
et k
now
ing
b an
d I.
Rel
atio
n of
roo
m w
idth
and
leng
th to
roo
m d
iago
nal
and
leas
t acu
te a
ngle
and
illu
stra
ted
solu
tion
base
d on
ord
inar
y cl
assr
oom
sea
ting?
Fro
m F
ig-
ures
2, 3
, and
7 th
eD
x is
8 ; t
he D
n is
2 ;
e eq
uals
30°
; an
d cl
assr
oom
sea
ting
is 1
8 sq
. ft.
per
pers
on. F
rom
Fig
ure
16 e
equ
als
29°,
and
d eq
uals
80'
. Fro
m F
igur
e 17
the
scre
en w
idth
is11
4 ";
as
requ
ired
whe
n ci
equ
als
38°,
0 e
qual
s 30
°,an
d d
equa
ls 3
8'.
Ent
erin
g Fi
gure
18
at e
equ
als
30°,
c4
equa
ls
29°,
then
ce h
oriz
onta
lly to
Dx
equa
ls 8
; the
nce
vert
ical
ly d
ownw
ard
to th
e lo
wer
mar
gin.
Pau
s-in
g no
w, o
ne p
roje
cts
a ho
rizo
ntal
line
fro
m th
eD
nin
ters
ectio
n of
e e
qual
s 30
° an
d W
equ
als
2.T
his
hori
zont
al li
ne is
ext
ende
d un
til it
inte
r-w
L IN
DE
GR
EE
S
01°
15°
30P
45°
20
sect
s th
e ne
arly
ver
tical
cur
ved
line
(dra
wn
para
l-le
l to
the
seri
es o
f cu
rved
line
s sh
own)
ext
ende
dfr
om th
e ab
ando
ned
vert
ical
line
we
paus
ed a
t.Fr
om th
is in
ters
ectio
n th
e lin
e pr
ocee
ds v
ertic
ally
dow
nwar
d to
W e
qual
s 11
4" w
here
one
fin
ds th
ear
ea o
f oc
cupa
ncy
to b
e 15
00 s
q. f
t. Pr
ocee
ding
hori
zont
ally
fro
m th
is a
rea
of o
ccup
ancy
to th
esq
uare
foo
t per
per
son
and
then
ce v
ertic
ally
to th
eoc
upan
cy, o
ne f
inds
that
the
seat
ing
area
will
acco
mm
odat
e ap
prox
imat
ely
83 s
tude
nts.
See
Fig
-ur
e 19
. It i
s in
tere
stin
g to
not
e th
at o
nly
half
of
the
area
of
the
room
is e
ffec
tivel
y us
ed, c
ompa
red
to th
e ar
ea o
f th
e ro
om f
ound
by
mul
tiply
ing
the
leng
th b
y th
e w
idth
. Thi
s ef
fici
ency
impr
oves
as
the
room
get
s br
oade
r an
d e
appr
oach
es 4
5°.
SC
RE
EN
WID
TH
S (
W)
IN IN
CH
ES
4/
FIG
UR
E 1
7Gra
ph r
elat
ing
scre
enw
idth
to r
oom
dia
gona
l for
kno
wn
valu
esD
xan
d at
(leas
t acu
te a
ngle
of r
oom
)an
d ill
ustr
ated
sol
utio
n
200
e° 3
0°46
°20
4060
80D
IAG
ON
AL
(0)
IN F
EE
T10
012
014
0
TH
E N
AR
RO
W R
EC
TA
NG
UL
AR
RO
OM
(In
whi
ch th
e le
ngth
is c
onsi
dera
bly
grea
ter
than
the
brea
dth
of th
e ro
om a
nd in
whi
ch th
e ce
nter
line
of th
e ro
om p
aral
lel t
o th
e lo
ng a
xis
is u
sed
as a
pro
ject
ion
axis
.)T
hese
rel
atio
ns a
re in
dica
ted
in F
igur
e 20
.In
add
ition
to D
x, D
w, W
and
e, a
s ea
rlie
rde
scri
bed,
cie
is d
efin
ed a
s th
e ac
ute
angl
e fo
rmed
in th
e ho
rizo
ntal
pla
ne b
etw
een
the
half
roo
mdi
agon
al a
nd th
e lo
ng s
ide
of th
e ro
om a
nd d
' is
defi
ned
as th
e le
ngth
of
the
half
-roo
m d
iago
nal.
The
non
-dim
ensi
onal
for
mul
a fo
r fi
ndin
g th
ear
ea o
f th
e oc
cupa
ncy
is a
s fo
llow
s :
WA
Dx
2W
Dn
12
Ww
e
)2
sin4
2 co
s (b
esi
not'
cot 0
180°
0SQUARE FEET PER PERSON
18
16
14
exce
pt w
hen
Dn
>D
xsi
n se
cos
e, (
in w
hich
WW
case
the
area
for
med
mus
t be
com
pens
ated
for
the
over
-del
etio
n). T
he c
ompe
nsat
ion
area
exp
ress
edno
n-di
men
sion
ally
is
Ac
W
1 Dx Dn
(Dx
sin
Figu
re 2
1 is
a g
raph
for
fin
ding
the
valu
eof
ce a
nd d
' kno
win
g th
e le
ngth
and
bre
adth
of
the
room
. Figu
re 2
2 is
a g
raph
for
sol
ving
for
the
re-
Are
a P
er O
ccup
ant
FIG
UR
E 1
8Gra
ph fo
r so
lvin
g fo
rar
ea o
f sec
tor
and
num
ber
ofD
xD
noc
cupa
nts
know
ing
vvW
,
w,
quir
ed s
cree
n w
idth
kno
win
g th
e d'
and
ratio
s.
Dx
WV
AL
UE
S F
(4)
*S
IN2011- COS 461N10410) SIN 4406(A
.)ab
88
0
AREA
INSQUARE FEET,
SQUARE
FEET PER PERSON
IS
16
14
12
VALUES F (NCR)
SIN 28( -COS la SIN(0
-0)
-SIN
a C
OS
( 40
)
88
IS1
42
1 ;0
i lo 5
2 kt g
LIle IS V a
AREA IN SQUARE FEET
z -c
t s<
c- cs
mm
41 \c m m
ab
0 m
II,--
---,
8N
oct:
0IP
of110"
Ion"
so"
0"
22
5 81 AREA
SQUARE FEET
FIG
UR
E 1
9Sol
utio
n to
illu
stra
tive
prob
lem
usi
ng F
igur
e 18
1
,1,1
41,W
,nr,
ww
-
b
1
0()
AN
GLE
DE
GR
EE
S0
FIG
UR
E 2
0.
TH
E N
AR
RO
W R
EC
TA
NG
ULA
R R
OO
M
FIG
UR
E 2
1Gra
ph fo
r so
lvin
g d'
and
.tfo
r ro
oms
of k
now
n w
idth
(b)
and
Len
gth
(1)
Rel
atio
n of
roo
m b
read
th a
nd le
ngth
toha
lf ro
om d
iago
nal d
' and
acu
te a
ngle
of
60o w u.
50
0' _s 4
0
0 0 it 30
2060
BO
100
120
RO
OM
BR
EA
DT
H F
EE
TM
O10
020
0
23
FIG
UR
E 2
2.
24
Dx
sect
ion
A in
Fig
ure
23 s
olve
s fo
r th
e va
lue
of Dn
Dx
ITT
-D
nfo
r va
riou
s va
lues
of-
w-an
d.
Figu
re 2
3 so
lves
area
and
occ
upan
cy p
robl
ems
for
know
nvR
IIIP
s of
scre
en w
idth
and
the
vari
ous
desi
gnra
tios.
With
kno
wn
valu
es o
fD
xD
nan
dca
lcul
ate
the
WW
Dx
ratio
of
Dn
.T
his
can
be d
one
men
tally
, man
u-
ally
, with
a s
lide
rule
, or
usin
g th
e sm
all g
raph
to th
e ri
ght o
f th
e gr
aphi
cal d
ata
in th
e lo
wer
left
-han
d qu
adra
nt o
f Fi
gure
23.
Kno
win
g th
e va
lues
of
Wan
d9,
and
the
Dx
Dn
ratio
, it i
s po
ssib
le to
fin
d th
e va
lue
of th
e co
mpl
extr
igon
omet
ric
ratio
n si
n at
' [2
cos
at'
sin
of c
ot 0
]D
nD
xsi
n e
sin
diI
tan
o fo
r al
l pos
itive
valu
es
20,
16
ofr
Dn
sin
tan
0in
the
low
er le
ft-h
and
Dx
sin
quad
rant
of
the
grap
h in
Fig
ure
23.
Proc
eedi
ng v
ertic
ally
upw
ard
from
the
valu
e
thus
fou
nd to
the
Dx
ratio
dia
gona
l ach
ieve
s
the
mul
tiplic
atio
n of
the
com
plex
rat
io d
escr
ibed
Dx
here
tofo
re b
y\-
--c
-rat
the
inte
rsec
tion
of th
e ve
r-
tical
line
and
the
diag
onal
, and
one
now
pro
ceed
sho
rizo
ntal
ly to
the
righ
t alo
ng th
e ab
scis
sa.
Paus
ing
mom
enta
rily
at t
he r
ight
han
d m
ar-
gin
of th
e up
per
left
han
d qu
adra
nt o
n th
eab
-sc
issa
so
foun
d, th
e de
sign
er p
repa
res
to r
educ
eth
e va
lue
of th
is a
rea
mul
tiplie
r (t
he a
bsci
ssa
sofo
und)
to c
ompe
nsat
e it
for
the
area
of
occu
panc
y
SC
RE
EN
WID
TH
S (
W)
IN IN
CH
ES
44;
4
12
04'
0
2040
6060
DIA
GO
NA
L (0
) IN
FE
ET
100
120
140
AR
EA
SQ
UA
RE
FE
ET
3000
4000
5000
b'er
Alit
20
IGO
ISO
300
It 4
SE
CT
ION
A
110
.50
70A
O.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
FIG
UR
E 2
3.T
HE
NA
RR
OW
RE
CT
AN
GU
LAR
RO
OM
Pro
ject
ion
axis
on
cent
er li
ne
left
out
by
the
min
imum
scr
een
wid
th d
ista
nce
sect
or. T
his
com
pens
atio
n is
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
en-
teri
ng th
e sm
all g
raph
in th
e lo
wer
cen
ter
with
valu
es o
f W
and
0 a
nd p
roce
edin
g ve
rtic
ally
upw
ard
from
the
poin
t so
foun
d.T
he h
oriz
onta
l abs
ciss
a pr
evio
usly
fol
low
ed is
now
"be
nt"
(fol
low
s th
e cu
rve
of c
ompe
nsat
ion
orpr
ocee
ds p
aral
lel t
o th
e cu
rves
sho
wn
until
itst
rike
s th
e ve
rtic
al li
ne d
escr
ibed
in th
e pr
evio
uspa
ragr
aph)
;th
ence
hor
izon
tal a
gain
unt
ilit
stri
kes
the
know
n va
lue
of W
in th
e qu
adra
nt to
the
righ
t. Fr
om th
is in
ters
ectio
n on
e ca
n pr
ocee
dve
rtic
ally
to th
e ar
ea f
igur
e in
the
righ
t han
dup
per
mar
gin,
whi
ch y
ield
s a
valu
ere
pres
entin
gth
e ar
ea o
f oc
cupa
ncy.
Thi
s va
lue
can
be c
on-
vert
ed to
an
occu
panc
y fi
gure
by
proc
eedi
ng v
er-
tical
ly o
n th
e sa
me
line
until
one
str
ikes
the
diag
onal
line
cal
ibra
ted
to r
epre
sent
the
squa
refe
et p
er o
ccup
ant.
By
proc
eedi
ng h
oriz
onta
llyfr
om th
is in
ters
ectio
n on
e fi
nds
the
num
ber
ofoc
cupa
nts
in th
e ri
ght h
and
mar
gin
of th
e qu
ad-
rant
. If
one
had
not f
ollo
wed
the
curv
ed li
ne f
orD
nco
mpe
nsat
ion,
the
area
fou
nd w
ould
be
the
entir
e ar
ea w
ithin
the
sect
or in
crea
sed
by th
eD
xov
er c
ompe
nsat
ion
for
the
Dn
ratio
. Thi
s se
ctor
area
cou
ld b
e ac
cura
tely
fou
nd b
y fo
llow
ing
the
the
vD
xp'
oced
ure
agai
n, a
ssum
ing
ara
tio o
f 1
Dn
and
igno
ring
the
Dn
com
pens
atio
n.
Illu
stra
tion
Ass
ume
an e
xist
ing
area
is to
be
conv
erte
d to
audi
o-vi
sual
usa
ge, u
sing
lect
ure
room
sea
ting,
26
usin
g a
mat
te s
cree
n, a
nd u
sing
film
pro
ject
ion
asw
ell a
s T
V p
roje
ctio
n. T
he a
rea
is 8
0' lo
ng b
y40
' wid
e.Fr
om d
ata
furn
ishe
d, th
ese
are
the
desi
gncr
iteri
a:L
ectu
re r
oom
sea
ting-
5 sq
. ft.
per
pers
onD
xD
nFi
lm c
rite
ria
= 8
;=
2; 0
= 3
0°D
nC
ompa
tible
TV
cri
teri
a W
= 1
6;=
4;
= 4
5°
Not
e th
e la
tter
is a
com
prom
ise
: If
Dn
for
TV
wor
k in
crea
sed
to th
e id
eal v
alue
, W w
ould
have
to b
e gr
eate
r th
an d
esir
able
to m
aint
ain
the
sam
eD
nW
ratio
as
that
for
film
. If
wer
e de
-
crea
sed
to th
e id
eal v
alue
,w
ould
hav
e to
be
decr
ease
d to
mai
ntai
n th
e sa
me
ratio
for
film
, re-
sulti
ng in
a v
ery
unsa
tisfa
ctor
y va
lue
offo
r
TV
.Fr
om F
igur
e 21
, the
val
ue o
f (l
e is
14°
, and
d' is
83'
.Fr
om F
igur
e 22
the
scre
en w
idth
for
film
is12
4"; a
nd f
or T
V is
62"
.
In b
oth
case
s th
e ra
tioFi
gure
23)
Con
side
ring
the
film
and
usi
ng F
igur
e 23
:D
xD
n=
4 ;
W =
114
"; W
=
Dx
Dn
equa
ls 4
. (fr
om
(le
= 1
4 °;
0 =
30
°;
8;D
n=
2, o
ne f
inds
that
the
area
of
occu
panc
y
is 2
450
sq. f
t.; a
nd a
t 5 s
q. f
t. pe
r pe
rson
, the
oc-
cupa
ncy
wou
ld b
e 49
0 pe
rson
s.
Usi
ng th
is s
ame
grap
h fo
r T
V c
rite
ria
and
inse
rtin
g th
e bo
unda
ry c
ondi
tions
that
:=
14°
;
dt =
83'
;D
x=
4; 0
= 4
5°D
x=
Dn
;=
Dn
W
and
.W =
62"
, one
fin
ds th
at th
e ar
ea o
f oc
cupa
ncy
is 2
800
sq. f
t. an
d at
, 5 s
q. f
t. pe
r pe
rson
the
occu
-pa
ncy
wou
ld b
e 56
0. S
ee F
igur
e 23
.T
he f
igur
es in
dica
te m
ore
view
ers
can
bese
ated
for
TV
than
for
film
whi
ch c
ould
be
ex-
pect
ed s
ince
the
grea
ter
0 fo
r T
V p
erm
its a
few
mor
e at
the
extr
eme
fron
t sid
es. T
he r
oom
are
ais
320
0 sq
. ft.
tota
l ; it
is in
tere
stin
g to
not
e th
at a
high
deg
ree
of e
ffic
ienc
y is
exp
erie
nced
for
nar
row
room
s us
ing
the
long
cen
ter
line
as a
pro
ject
ion
axis
.
SEL
EC
TIO
N O
F E
QU
IPM
EN
T
In th
e pr
evio
us s
ectio
ns it
has
bee
n as
sum
edth
at e
quip
men
t was
ava
ilabl
e an
d pr
actic
al f
orth
e cr
iteri
a ch
osen
. Thi
s is
not
alw
ays
the
case
.Q
uite
obv
ious
ly in
the
earl
ier
exam
ple,
whe
re it
was
fou
nd th
at th
e T
V s
cree
n si
ze s
houl
d be
62"
in w
idth
, one
cou
ld n
ot h
ave
used
any
TV
set
now
on
the
mar
ket (
a, 6
2" w
ide
scre
en w
ould
re-
quir
e a
78"
tube
tube
s be
ing
mea
sure
d by
thei
rdi
agon
al).
Thi
s w
ould
req
uire
a T
V p
roje
ctor
sinc
e th
ere
is n
o tu
be m
anuf
actu
red
of th
at s
ize.
See
Figu
re 3
0.O
ne w
ould
als
o ha
ve li
ked
to p
lace
the
pro-
ject
or o
n th
e lo
ng a
xis
cent
er li
ne o
f th
e ro
om a
tth
e re
ar o
f th
e ar
ea. T
his
wou
ld b
e po
ssib
le f
orfi
lm, s
ince
man
y va
riou
s fo
cal l
engt
h pr
ojec
tors
are
avai
labl
e to
fill
the
scre
en f
or th
e va
riou
sty
pes
of a
pert
ures
rep
rese
nted
in 3
5mm
, 16m
man
d 8m
m s
lides
, mov
ie c
lips,
etc
.B
ut it
mig
ht n
ot h
ave
been
pos
sibl
e fo
r T
Vpr
ojec
tors
, sin
ce a
ny p
roje
ctor
con
side
red
usua
llyha
s on
e se
t of
conc
ave
mir
rors
whi
ch f
ocus
the
imag
e at
a f
ixed
rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n sc
reen
siz
ean
d se
tbac
k, w
ith m
inor
adj
ustm
ents
. And
the
poss
ible
var
iatio
n in
this
foc
us d
ista
nce
amon
gm
anuf
actu
rers
at t
he d
ate
of th
is w
ritin
g is
not
broa
d. F
ocus
ing
lens
es in
TV
pro
ject
ors
are
avoi
ded,
as
brig
htne
ss is
cri
tical
and
all
light
loss
devi
ces,
suc
h as
lens
es, a
re a
void
ed.
Eve
n af
ter
it ha
s be
en f
ound
that
equ
ipm
ent
is a
vaila
ble
of p
rope
r fo
cal l
engt
h to
do
the
job
for
the
film
bei
ng c
onsi
dere
d, a
det
erm
inat
ion
mus
t be
mad
e to
see
if th
e la
mp
prov
ided
has
the
prop
erou
tput
for
bri
ghtn
ess
requ
ired
.T
his
hing
es o
n se
vera
l fac
tors
the
brig
htne
ss a
nd e
f-fi
cien
cy o
f th
e lig
ht s
ourc
e an
d th
e ga
in o
f th
esc
reen
bei
ng u
sed,
as
wel
l as
the
inci
dent
roo
mlig
ht o
n th
e sc
reen
, vie
win
g an
gle,
etc
.Fi
gure
s 24
and
25
rela
te s
cree
n w
idth
and
proj
ecto
r di
stan
ce to
the
foca
l len
gth
of le
ns r
e-qu
ired
for
var
ious
ape
rtur
e si
zes.
Figu
re 2
6 re
late
s sc
reen
wid
th, s
cree
n br
ight
-ne
ss, g
ain,
ref
lect
ance
, and
pro
ject
ion
effi
cien
cyto
lam
p lu
men
s fo
r fi
lms
and
high
ligh
t bri
ght-
ness
es f
or 5
" T
V p
roje
ctor
tube
s (t
he u
sual
siz
efo
r T
V p
roje
ctor
s).
To
find
pro
ject
or la
mp
requ
irem
ents
: Ent
erFi
gure
26
with
scr
een
wid
th, p
roce
ed h
oriz
onta
llyto
the
desi
red
scre
en b
righ
tnes
s, th
en v
ertic
ally
to th
e sc
reen
ref
lect
ance
or
gain
, the
n ho
rizo
ntal
lyto
the
proj
ecto
r ef
fici
ency
, the
n ve
rtic
ally
to th
em
argi
n w
here
the
lam
p lu
men
s or
hig
hlig
htbr
ight
ness
req
uire
d fo
r 5"
TV
tube
s ap
pear
s. T
hepr
oces
s ca
n be
rev
erse
d to
det
erm
ine
scre
enbr
ight
ness
kno
win
g la
mp
outp
ut o
r tu
be b
righ
t-ne
ss a
ssum
ed.
Usu
al v
alue
s of
pro
ject
or e
ffic
ienc
y ar
e sh
own
in F
igur
es 2
7, 2
8 an
d 29
for
var
ious
film
and
TV
proj
ecto
rs. T
he r
elat
ion
of s
cree
n w
idth
s to
TV
pict
ure
tube
siz
e is
als
o sh
own
in F
igur
e 30
.
27
N 0 oi 0
2040
6080
100
120
140
160
180
200
PR
OJE
CT
ION
DIS
TA
NC
E (
FE
ET
)
FIG
UR
E 2
4Rel
atio
n of
scr
een
wid
ths,
pro
ject
or d
ista
nces
to fo
cal l
engt
h of
lens
es, a
pert
ure
size
s
2$
r.
2040
6060
100
120
140
160
160
200
PR
OJE
CT
ION
DIS
TA
NC
E(F
EE
T)
FIG
UR
E 2
5Rel
atio
n of
scr
een
wid
ths,
pro
ject
or d
ista
nces
to fo
cal l
engt
h of
lens
es, a
pert
ure
size
s
29
0
FIG
UR
E 2
6Rel
atio
n of
scr
een
wid
th a
ndbr
ight
ness
to s
cree
n ga
in a
nd la
mp
lum
ens
or p
roje
ctor
scr
een
brig
htne
ss fo
rgi
ven
proj
ecto
r ef
ficie
ncie
s
LAM
P L
UM
EN
S25
000
2000
015
000
TV
ell
2500
0FT
LAM
.
1000
050
00
HO
-
100
-
SO
-
SO
-
TO SO
-
50 -
40 -
30 -
20
BR
IGH
TN
ES
S
ts
800
1000
1200
1400
RE
EN
LUM
EN
S
X10
G z
a
G6
250
et 5+
500
W20
O g75
0
250
1000
.
500
RE
FLE
CT
AN
CE
750
1000
1250
.12
50
Proj
ecto
r la
mps
and
wat
tage
s ar
e sh
own
inFi
gure
27
for
vari
ous
requ
ired
lum
en o
utpu
ts.
Out
puts
are
als
o sh
own
for
carb
on a
rc la
mps
whi
ch a
re r
equi
red
for
outp
uts
beyo
nd th
e ra
nge
of tu
ngst
en f
ilam
ent l
amps
(Fi
gure
28)
and
TV
Proj
ectio
n (F
igur
e 29
).Il
lust
rativ
e pr
oble
m :
Ass
ume
a lo
ng r
oom
, 20'
x 4
0' is
to b
e co
n-ve
rted
to a
udio
-vis
ual u
se f
or f
ilm a
nd T
V u
sing
lect
ure
room
sea
ting
and
a m
atte
scr
een
poss
ibly
.A
ssum
ptio
ns :
Dx
8,D
n Dn
= 2
, e =
30°
for
film
.
16,
= 4
; e =
45°
for
TV
.W D
xW
Find
ings
:0
= 1
4 .
d =
42'
.W
= 6
4" f
or f
ilm.
W =
32"
for
TV
.D
eter
min
e th
e fo
cal l
engt
h of
the
lens
nee
ded
to k
eep
the
proj
ecto
r fo
r 35
mm
, 16
mm
and
8 m
mfi
lms
at th
e re
ar o
f th
e ro
om ;
and
if n
ot p
ossi
ble,
how
clo
se to
the
scre
en m
ust t
he p
roje
ctor
be
plac
ed?
Det
erm
ine
the
lam
p re
quir
ed to
dev
elop
10 lu
men
s pe
r sq
. ft.
min
imum
on
the
scre
en.
Ifth
is is
not
pos
sibl
e, d
eter
min
e w
hat t
he s
cree
nbr
ight
ness
will
be,
em
ploy
ing
the
larg
est p
ract
ical
tung
sten
fila
men
t bul
b in
use
by
man
ufac
ture
rsof
equi
pmen
t and
con
side
ring
the
gain
of
the
scre
enm
ost p
ract
ical
for
the
job.
Wha
t will
the
scre
enbr
ight
ness
be
for
TV
, usi
ng th
e hi
ghes
tga
insc
reen
pra
ctic
al f
or th
ejo
b?In
the
desi
gn c
onsi
dere
d, th
ere
has
been
apr
ojec
tion
dist
ance
of
40' a
nd s
cree
n w
idth
of
64".
For
this
one
wou
ld c
hoos
e a
3" (
75m
m)
foca
lle
ngth
lens
for
16m
m p
roje
ctio
n an
d a
6"
(150
mm
) fo
cal l
engt
h le
ns f
or 3
5mm
pro
ject
ion;
thes
e co
uld
be u
sed
at th
e re
ar o
f th
e ro
om f
orpr
ojec
tion
acco
rdin
g to
the
find
ings
of
Figu
re 2
4.Fo
r 8m
m f
ilms,
how
ever
, one
wou
ld h
ave
to m
ove
the
proj
ecto
r cl
oser
to th
e sc
reen
. Usi
ng a
1"
(25m
m)
foca
l len
gth
lens
, whi
ch is
the
shor
test
leng
th a
vaila
ble
from
man
ufac
ture
rs, o
ne w
ould
have
to p
lace
the
proj
ecto
r 28
' bac
k fr
om th
esc
reen
to o
btai
n a
5'-4
" sc
reen
wid
th, a
s de
-te
rmin
ed f
rom
Fig
ure
24. I
n a
sim
ilar
man
ner,
from
Fig
ure
25 o
ne f
inds
that
in o
rder
to u
se a
10"
opaq
ue p
roje
ctor
, one
wul
d ch
oose
equ
ipm
ent
with
a 2
5" f
ocal
leng
th,
one
wou
ld h
ave
topl
ace
the
equi
pmen
t 13'
aitr
ay f
rom
the
scre
en.
It h
as a
lrea
dy b
een
indi
cate
d th
at a
n id
eal
TV
tube
for
this
situ
atio
n w
as n
ot a
vaila
ble,
and
henc
e pr
ojec
tion
met
hods
wou
ld b
e ne
eded
. The
scre
en s
ize
wou
ld s
till b
e as
det
erm
ined
sin
ce th
egr
ain
or c
lari
ty o
f th
e T
V p
ictu
re h
as n
ot b
een
impr
oved
. In
fact
, it i
s m
ade
wor
se b
oth
by p
ro-
ject
ion
and
by th
e su
peri
mpo
sed
grai
n ad
ded
toth
e pi
ctur
e by
the
scre
en le
ntic
les
or b
eads
as-
sum
ed f
or a
hig
h ga
in s
cree
n (b
ut th
is in
crea
sed
amou
nt o
f la
ck o
f cl
arity
is a
ssum
ed to
be
neg-
ligib
le).
The
e v
alue
ass
umed
for
TV
tube
scr
een
view
ing
(45°
) ha
s be
en r
educ
ed to
the
now
as-
sum
ed s
cree
n e
max
imum
val
ue o
f 30
°. I
t may
be
foun
d th
at in
ord
er to
incr
ease
the
brig
htne
ss,
one
will
hav
e to
use
a h
ighe
r ga
in s
cree
n, f
urth
erre
duci
ng th
is d
ata
valu
e to
20°
or
less
.T
rial
at e
equ
als
30°
: The
scr
een
used
for
TV
will
pro
babl
y yi
eld
the
low
est v
alue
of
scre
enbr
ight
ness
, with
the
opaq
ue p
...../
ject
ion
and
8mm
film
pro
ject
ions
run
ning
clo
se in
val
ue.
For
TV
pro
ject
ion,
e e
qual
s 30
°,D
xeq
uals
16,D
nequ
als
4, W
equ
als
32",
one
fin
ds th
at th
e 31
FIG
UR
E 2
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sq.
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and
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cupa
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is 1
30. T
his
is a
s ex
pect
ed, b
ased
on
the
find
ings
for
film
pro
ject
ion.
From
F ig
ore
26, e
nter
ing
with
the
TV
hig
h-lig
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righ
tnes
s of
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00 f
oot c
andl
es, a
nd a
ssum
ing
80%
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icie
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one
fin
ds th
at th
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ight
ness
for
a m
atte
scr
een
with
gai
n of
1is
abo
ut 3
0lu
men
s pe
r sq
. ft.,
whi
ch w
ould
be
very
sat
isfa
c-to
ry. U
sing
a le
ntic
ular
scr
een
of g
ain
2, o
neco
uld
brin
g th
is b
righ
tnes
s up
to 6
0 lu
men
s pe
rsq
. ft.
with
out s
acri
fice
of
a le
sser
sid
e an
gle
view
ing.
Thi
s w
ould
red
uce
the
lam
p lu
men
s re
-qu
ired
for
the
cons
ider
atio
n of
film
pro
ject
ion
whi
ch f
ollo
ws.
At s
cree
n w
idth
64"
, and
usi
ng p
roje
ctor
effi
cien
cy o
f 80
% w
ith a
n as
sum
ed s
cree
n br
ight
-ne
ss o
f 10
lum
ens
per
sq. f
t. an
d a
scre
en g
ain
of4.
02,
one
find
s a
need
for
140
lum
ens
whi
ch C
an b
e1.
0ac
com
plis
hed
with
a 3
00 w
att p
roje
ctor
lam
p,R
educ
ing
the
limits
mig
ht y
ield
bet
ter
ap-
prec
iate
d re
sults
at s
ome
sacr
ific
e in
sea
ting
ca-
paci
ty. I
f T
V li
mits
wer
e 14
W a
nd 7
W, t
he T
Vsc
reen
siz
e co
uld
be in
crea
sed
to 3
7".
Com
para
ble
film
lim
its m
ight
be
6W a
nd 3
W r
espe
ctiv
ely,
per
-m
ittin
g an
8 1"
scre
en. W
hen
equa
ls 3
0c, a
ndD
xD
weq
uals
and
et' e
qual
s 14
'-, o
nefi
nds
that
the
area
of
occu
panc
y fo
r fi
lm w
ould
be
500
sq,
ft.,
redu
cing
- th
e se
atin
g ca
paci
ty to
100
occ
u-pa
nts.
Cor
ricl
erin
g th
e T
V a
spec
ts o
f a
scre
en 3
7"w
ide,
one
Bed
s an
are
a of
occ
upan
cy o
f 60
0 sq
. ft.
and
a se
atin
g ca
paci
ty o
f 12
0. T
he tw
o va
ry f
rom
each
oth
er b
ecau
se th
e se
rew
idth
rat
io o
f T
Vto
film
is n
o lo
nger
1 to
2.
Ass
umin
g th
e :la
me
effi
cien
cies
and
oth
erco
nditi
ons
as f
or th
e pr
ojec
tion
equi
pmen
t al-
read
y de
term
ined
, one
fin
ds th
at th
e op
aque
pro
-je
ctor
any
the
8mm
pro
ject
or w
ill a
lso
be s
erve
dbe
st b
y 30
0' w
att l
amps
.
3.3 .5
I*V
ele
selu
sied
fet
imdk
eled
wee
onl
y lo
l/ es
t mee
k hu
t OW
bes
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sies
Ike
adus
Met
eeel
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t
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u S
he S
cree
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men
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e 14
slid
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ere
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r 16
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lect
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ks**
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Par
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the
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ecto
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this
coo
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atio
n an
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s N
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aver
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men
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e a
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of t
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offk
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dlo0
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s dl
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ocal
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than
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ld m
ime
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and
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Al.
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ased
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ar. R
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e ar
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wet
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iedo
nebe
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ime
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ass
emed
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em m
arke
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hich
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l hog
* P
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aecl
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and
G.E
. "C
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Pre
dict
fat T
ele
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. 6. a
nd P
.6to
pic
"Pro
jecs
ed &
win
som
e".
FIG
UR
E 2
9.T
v P
RO
JEC
TO
R E
FF
ICIE
NC
Y
HIG
HLJ
GH
TB
RIG
HT
NE
SS
OF
5" T
V P
RO
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TIO
NT
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E
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ME
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RIO
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CT
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Foo
l Lam
bert
s05
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7 Le
mm
a
FIG
UR
E 3
0.R
ELA
TIO
N O
F S
CR
EE
N W
IDT
H
TO
TV
PIC
TU
RE
TU
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SIZ
E
TU
BE
SIZ
E(D
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CR
EE
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"
33
T.7
1."
AP
PE
ND
IXD
efin
ition
s of
term
s an
d sy
mbo
lsus
ed in
this
text
.D
xThe
max
imum
dis
tanc
e a
view
er m
ay s
itfr
om th
e sc
reen
and
stil
l see
all t
he d
etai
l.D
nThe
min
imum
dis
tanc
e a
view
er m
ay s
itfr
om th
e sc
reen
and
com
fort
ably
see
all
the
deta
il.W
The
scr
een
wid
th.
Dx T
he d
imen
sion
less
rat
ioof
max
imum
sea
t-
ing
dist
ance
to s
cree
n w
idth
(whe
n ea
ch is
expr
esse
d in
the
sam
e un
itsof
mea
sure
).D
nThe
dim
ensi
onle
ss r
atio
of
min
imum
seat
ing
dist
ance
to s
cree
n w
idth
(eac
h ex
pres
sed
inth
e sa
me
units
).e
The
max
imum
side
vie
win
g an
gle;
in a
hori
-zo
ntal
pla
ne a
t the
cen
ter
of th
e sc
reen
be-
twee
n th
e pr
ojec
tion
axis
and
a p
erso
n lo
-ca
ted
as r
emot
ely
to o
nesi
de o
f th
e sc
reen
as h
e ca
npo
ssib
ly b
e an
d st
illco
mfo
rtab
lyse
e al
l the
deta
il on
the
scre
enin
pro
per
brill
ianc
e.1
The
leng
th o
f th
e ro
omin
fee
t.b
The
bre
adth
of
the
room
in f
eet.
d --
The
dia
gona
l of
the
room
in f
eet.
d' T
he h
alf
room
diag
onal
of
the
room
divi
ded
alon
g its
bre
adth
.M
imeo
grap
hed
copi
es o
f the
der
ivat
ions
are
avai
labl
e4o T
he a
cute
angl
e fo
rmed
in a
hori
zont
al p
lane
betw
een
the
leng
th s
ide
of th
e ro
oman
d its
diag
onal
.Il
i The
acu
te a
ngle
for
med
in a
hor
izon
talp
lane
betw
een
the
long
sid
e of
the
room
and
the
half
roo
m d
iago
nal.
B T
he v
iew
ing
angl
efo
rmed
bet
wee
n th
e pr
o-je
ctio
n ax
is a
nd th
e po
int
whe
re th
e m
ini-
mum
vie
win
gdi
stan
ce a
rc s
trik
es th
e ed
geof
the
room
.G
Gai
nThe
rat
io o
fth
e in
tens
ity o
flig
htfr
om a
giv
en s
cree
n at
a g
iven
view
ing
angl
eas
com
pare
d to
the
refl
ecte
d br
ight
ness
fro
ma
scre
en o
f pu
rew
hite
mag
nesi
um c
arbo
nate
of th
e sa
me
size
, vie
wed
att
he s
aem
dis
tanc
ean
d si
de v
iew
ing
angl
e an
dre
ceiv
ing
its li
ght
from
the
sam
e or
equ
alpr
ojec
tion
and
lam
ppl
aced
an
equa
l dis
tanc
efr
om th
e sc
reen
.G
aAve
rage
gai
nThe
gai
nof
a s
cree
nob
-
tain
ed b
y av
erag
ing
the
indi
vidu
al g
ains
of
the
scre
en a
t eac
h an
gle
in th
e vi
ewin
gse
ctio
n.G
dDes
ign
gain
The
gai
nof
a s
cree
n ne
ar it
sm
axim
um v
iew
ing
angl
ethe
crite
rion
for
desi
gn. T
his
valu
e is
usua
lly le
ss th
an th
eav
erag
e ga
in.
GpP
eak
gain
The
hig
hest
gain
of
a sc
reen
as
view
ed f
rom
all
poin
tsw
ithin
a v
iew
ing
sec-
toru
sual
ly o
n or
ver
y ne
arth
e pr
ojec
tion
axis
.
upon
req
uest
from
the
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
FA
CIL
ITIE
S R
ES
EA
RC
HC
EN
TE
R U
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
Mad
ison
, Wis
cons
in 5
3706
34
I BIB
LIO
GR
AP
HY
Eas
tman
Kod
ak C
ompa
ny _
_ Ph
otog
raph
y in
the
Scho
olSi
mpl
e w
ays
to m
ake
title
slid
es a
nd f
ilms.
Plan
ning
and
pro
duci
ng v
is-
ual a
ids.
Aud
io v
isua
l not
es f
rom
Ko-
dak.
The
pro
ject
ion
cent
er.
Plan
ning
Boa
rds.
Art
Wor
k Si
ze S
tand
ards
for
Proj
ecte
d V
isua
lsM
akin
g bl
ack
and
whi
tetr
ansp
aren
cies
for
ove
rhea
dpr
ojec
tion.
Foun
datio
n fo
r E
ffec
tive
Aud
io V
isua
l Pro
ject
ion
Leg
ibili
ty S
tand
ards
for
Proj
ecte
d M
ater
ial
Sele
cted
Ref
eren
ces
on A
u-di
o V
isua
l Pub
licat
ions
Dep
artm
ent o
f A
udio
Vis
ual
Inst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
atio
nal
Edu
catio
n A
ssoc
iatio
n __
__Pl
anni
ng S
choo
ls f
or U
se o
fA
udio
Vis
ual M
ater
ials
Boo
klet
s:1.
Cla
ssro
oms
2. A
udito
rium
s3.
AV
Ins
truc
tiona
l Mat
e-ri
als
Cen
ter
The
rmo
Fax
Com
pany
Oza
lid A
udio
Vis
ual
Edu
catio
n Fa
cilit
ies
Lab
ora-
tory
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
,E
duca
tion
and
Wel
fare
--
Gen
eral
Ele
ctri
c
Mid
wes
t Pro
gram
on
Air
-bo
rne
TV
Illu
min
atin
g E
ngin
eeri
ngSo
ciet
yH
azel
tine
Eng
inee
ring
Sta
ffSo
ciet
y of
Mot
ion
Pict
ure
and
Tel
evis
ion
Eng
inee
rsPr
ocee
ding
s Fe
b. 1
961
Fink
St. P
aul P
ublic
Sch
ools
, Dep
t.of
Edu
catio
nD
ivis
ion
of B
usin
es A
ffai
rsB
ulle
tins
of S
choo
l of
Edu
ca-
tion
Indi
ana
Uni
vers
ityN
atio
ns S
choo
l Feb
. 196
1
4. A
V C
ente
rs in
Col
lege
and
Uni
vers
ities
Ove
rhea
d Pr
ojec
tion
Tip
sT
hey
see
wha
t you
mea
n
Plan
ning
For
Sch
ools
with
Tel
evis
ion
Des
ign
for
Edu
-ca
tiona
l TV
New
Spa
ces
for
Lea
rnin
gD
esig
ning
Col
lege
Fac
ilitie
sto
Util
ize
Inst
ruct
iona
l Aid
san
d M
edia
New
Sch
ools
for
New
Edu
catio
n. H
ere
they
lear
n
Plan
ning
Sch
ools
for
New
Med
iaM
akin
g Sc
hool
wor
k E
asie
ron
the
Eye
sC
urre
nt L
ight
ing
Prac
tice
for
Tel
evis
ion
Prod
uctio
nL
ight
ing
for
your
Sch
ool
Rec
omm
ende
d Sp
ecif
icat
ions
for
Equ
ippi
ng o
f Sc
hool
s
IES
Han
dboo
kC
olor
Tel
evis
ion
Sele
ctio
n an
d Sp
ecif
icat
ion
of R
ear
Scre
en P
roje
ctio
nsPe
tro
Vla
bos
Tel
evis
ion
Eng
inee
ring
Col
or P
lann
ing
New
Dir
ectio
ns in
Aud
ioV
isua
l Com
mun
icat
ions
The
Aud
io V
isua
l Too
ls o
fL
earn
ing
35
Com
mitt
ee o
n In
stitu
tiona
l Coo
pera
tion
Thi
s is
a v
olun
tary
org
aniz
atio
n of
the
follo
w-
ing
elev
en m
iddl
e w
este
rn u
nive
rsiti
es:
Uni
ver-
sity
of
Chi
cago
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Il
linoi
s, I
ndia
naU
nive
rsity
, Sta
te U
nive
rsity
of
Iow
a, U
nive
rsity
of M
ichi
gan,
Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity, U
nive
r-si
ty o
f M
inne
sota
, Nor
thw
este
rn U
nive
rsity
, The
Ohi
o St
ate
Uni
vers
ity, P
urdu
e U
nive
rsity
and
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f W
isco
nsin
.O
ffic
ially
nam
ed th
e"C
omm
ittee
on
Inst
itutio
nal C
oope
ratio
n of
the
Cou
ncil
of T
en a
nd th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Chi
cago
,"th
e un
it gr
ew o
ut o
f a
seri
es o
f in
form
al m
eetin
gsof
the
pres
iden
ts o
f th
e un
iver
sitie
s an
d w
as f
orm
-al
ly c
onst
itute
d in
195
7. T
he C
omm
ittee
is m
ade
up o
f on
e re
pres
enta
tive
from
eac
h in
stitu
tion,
appo
inte
d by
his
pre
side
nt. A
sm
all p
rofe
ssio
nal
staf
f ca
rrie
s ou
t the
pro
gram
s ap
prov
ed b
y th
e
CO
MM
ITT
EE
ME
MB
ER
SU
nive
rsity
of
Chi
cago
Uni
vers
ity o
f Il
linoi
sIn
dian
a U
nive
rsity
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
of
Iow
a
Uni
vers
ity o
f M
ichi
gan
Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ityU
nive
rsity
of
Min
neso
ta
Nor
thw
este
rn U
nive
rsity
The
Ohi
o St
ate
Uni
vers
ity
Purd
ue U
nive
rsity
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f W
isco
nsin
Com
mitt
ee.
The
goa
l of
the
Com
mitt
ee is
to im
prov
eed
ucat
iona
l and
pub
lic s
ervi
ces
and
rese
arch
pur
-su
its w
hile
min
imiz
ing
cost
s by
: (1
) en
cour
agin
gco
oper
ativ
e ef
fort
s am
ong
the
elev
en in
stitu
tions
,(2
) id
entif
ying
spe
cial
ized
are
as o
f te
achi
ng a
ndre
sear
ch in
whi
ch c
oope
rativ
e ar
rang
emen
ts m
aybe
des
irab
le a
nd (
3) in
itiat
ing
coop
erat
ive
activ
i-tie
s in
inst
ruct
ion
and
rese
arch
, par
ticul
arly
ingr
adua
te a
reas
, am
ong
the
univ
ersi
ties.
Aft
er th
e C
omm
ittee
was
est
ablis
hed,
it r
e-qu
este
d an
d w
as a
war
ded
a gr
ant f
rom
the
Car
-ne
gie
Cor
pora
tion
of N
ew Y
ork
to c
arry
on
itsw
ork.
Thi
s gr
ant e
xten
ds th
roug
h 19
63.
Staf
fof
fice
s ar
e lo
cate
d on
the
cam
pus
of P
urdu
e U
ni-
vers
ity a
t Laf
ayet
te, I
ndia
na.
War
ren
C. J
ohns
on, V
ice
Pres
iden
t for
Spe
cial
Sci
entif
icPr
ogra
mL
yle
H. L
anie
r, E
xecu
tive
Vic
e Pr
esid
ent a
nd P
rovo
stL
ynne
L. M
erri
tt, J
r., A
ctin
g D
ean
of th
e Fa
culti
esJo
hn C
. Wea
ver,
Vic
e Pr
esid
ent f
or R
esea
rch
and
Dea
n of
Gra
duat
e C
olle
geR
ober
t L. W
illia
ms,
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Dea
nH
owar
d R
. Nev
ille,
Act
ing
Prov
ost
Stan
ley
J. W
enbe
rg, V
ice
Pres
iden
t, E
duca
tiona
l Rel
atio
n-sh
ips
and
Dev
elop
men
tJ.
Lyn
don
Shan
ley,
Ass
ocia
te D
ean,
Col
lege
of
Lib
eral
Art
sFr
eder
ic W
. Hei
mbe
rger
, Vic
e Pr
esid
ent f
or I
nstr
uctio
n an
dD
ean
of F
acul
ties
(cha
irm
an)
Paul
F. C
hene
a, V
ice
Pres
iden
t, A
cade
mic
Aff
airz
Rob
ert L
. Clo
dius
, Vic
e Pr
esid
ent,
Aca
dem
ic A
ffai
rs