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Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller, 1933
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Central Place Theory
• Urban hierarchy is based on the functions available in a city
• Is also related to population as well as functions and services
• Functions and services attract people from the urban areas as well as the hinterlands
• Every urban center has an economic reach
• Central places compete with each other to provide goods and services
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Services
• Consumer Services- Retail and Personal
- Sell to consumer
• Business Services- Producer and Transportation
- Support businesses
• Public Services-
- Security and protection for citizens and businesses
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Central Place Theory
• Economic reach is a measure of centrality
• Centrality is crucial to the development of urban places and their service areas
• Hinterland refers to the area surrounding a service from which consumers are drawn
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Central Place Theory• Range is the maximum distance people
are willing to travel to use a service
• Threshold is the minimum number of people required to support the service
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Central Place Theory
• Christaller attempted to design a model that would show how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed
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Central Place Theory: Five Assumptions
• The surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers
• Soil fertility would be universal
• Population, purchasing power evenly distributed
• Uniform transport network that permitted direct travel from each settlement to the other
• Constant maximum distance or range for the sale of any good or service produced in a town prevailed in all directions from the town center
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To calculate the degree of centrality:
• Central goods and services are those provided only at a central place
• Range of sale was the distance people would be willing to travel to acquire goods and services
• Model evolved consisting of perfectly fitted hexagonal regions
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Hierarchy of Settlements
• Hamlet: fewest goods and services available
• Village: includes the region of the hamlet and some additional goods and services
• Town: includes the region of the village and hamlet and provides some additional goods and services
• City: includes the region of the village, hamlet and town and provides additional goods and services
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Distinct Rules
• The larger the settlement, the less there are of them and the farther apart they are
• The less there are of a settlement, the larger the hinterland, or sphere of influence, of its goods and services
• Places of the same size will be spaced the same distance apart
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Central Place Theory
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
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Central Place Theory: Relevance
• This is a model, not reality
• Use of hexagons explain hierarchy and interconnectedness of places
• Originally applied to Germany
• Found to be applicable in China and the Midwestern US
• RTP- Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill= Network city
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Central Place Theory
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Gravity Model
• says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries-people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people.
• ex: China and India to US