central venous pressure · injections, one dose, wait 4 weeks, and then 2 doses 24 hours apart....
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Right Heart Failure: When it’s on the Right, don’t be Wrong.
The Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment of Right-sided Heart Failure
WhitChurch,DVM,DiplomateACVIM(Cardiology)DesertVeterinaryMedicalSpecialists,Gilbert,AZ
CentralVenousPressure• Forceexertedbythebloodagainstanyunitareaofthevesseloratrialwall
• Unitsofpressure– mmHg– cmwater
• 1mmHg=1.36cmH20
Right-sidedCongestiveHeartFailureusuallyoccursat>10mmHg(13.6cmofWater)
Signalment
• DCM– Dobermanpinscher,Boxer,GreatDane
• Mitralvalvedisease– CavalierKingCharlesSpaniel,Chihuahua,Maltese
• PulmonaryHypertension– WestHighlandWhite,YorkshireTerriers,Pug
• CompleteAVBlock– Cockerspaniels
• Heartworm– AnyBreed!
Excellent review: Buchanan J. Current Vet Therapy XII
Common Breed Predispositions
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History/ClinicalSigns
• Ascites• CardiogenicSyncope
– ExerciseInduced– InadequateCO
• Outflowobstruction– Hypoxemia
• Tachypnea• CutaneousEdema• ExerciseIntolerance
CardiogenicCollapse
• Thefamilyshouldbequestionedabouttheevent.– Whatactivityprecededtheevent?– Whatdidtheeventlooklike?– Howlongdiditlast?– Describetherecovery
• Knowingthecommondiseasesofthebreedoftenguideourdecisions.• Largebreeddogswithsyncopeareusuallymorelikelytohaveventricular
tachycardia• Smallerbreedstendtohavebradyarrhythmiasmorecommonly.
• Smallerbreedsyncopeisalsomorecommonlynon-arrhythmic(SevereMVDorPulmonaryHypertension)
Cardiovascular Physical Exam AbnormalArterialPulses
• Decreasedamplitude,weak(hypokinetic)– Lowstrokevolume– LVoutflowobstruction
• PulsusParadoxus–pericardialeffusion
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PhysicalExamination
• RIGHT-sidedMurmur– Indicatesright-sideddiseaseis
likely
– Specificbutnotsensitiveforpresenceofdisease
– LooseIndicatorofseverityofdisease
• “Falsenegatives”– Nomurmur,butseveredisease.
PhysicalExamination
• JugularPulseorDistention– Indicatesright-sidedpressure
elevationislikely
– Specificbutnotsensitiveforpresenceofdisease
• AbdominalDistension• CutaneousEdema• WeakFemoralPulse
CharacteristicsofThePulmonaryCirculation
• Lowpressure,Lowresistancecircuit– Vasoconstrictioninresponsetohypoxiaisthefundamentaldifferenceofpulmonarybloodvesselscomparedtosystemicvessels.
– ThisisduetoHypoxicPulmonaryVasoconstriction(HVP),Stillapoorlyelucidatedreflex.
– Constrictionofthesmallarteriolesoccurswithinafewsecondsofreducedoxygenconcentrationandpeaksbetween2-4hoursaftertheonsetofhypoxia.
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PulmonaryHypertension
• CausesofPulmonaryArterialHypertension(PAH)– PrimaryPulmonaryDisorders– ChronicLeftHeartDisease(Pulm.VenousHypertension)
– HeartwormDisease– Pulmonaryembolismorin-situthrombosis– Primarypulmonaryhypertension– Congenitalsystemic-to-pulmonaryshunt– Portopulmonaryhypertension(ThoughttoberelatedtoincreasedlevelsofEndothelin-1.
PulmonaryHypertension
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Pathophysiology
KeystoEvaluation• Historyofaggravating
morbidities• PresenceofPhysical
ExaminationAbnormalities• Heartsize
– Reflectslevelofneurohormonalactivation
– Reflectsseverityofdisease• Pulmonaryarterypressures
– Reflectsriskofmorbidityandmortality
• ResponsetoTherapy– Canhelpdetermineunderlying
cause
WhatinfodoIneednext?
q Thoracic Radiography
q Echocardiography
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DiagnoseTheDiseaseEchocardiographyisthe“GoldStandard”forDiagnosisofStructuralCardiacDisease
• Assesssystolicanddiastolicfunction.
• Bestnoninvasiveassessmentofpulmonaryarterypressures,leftatrialandrightventricularpressures.• Can also help assess systemic blood pressure and “White Coat Syndrome”
PulmonaryHypetensionThe Vmax of the tricuspid insufficiency jet approximates the systolic pulmonary artery pressure.
Pulmonary Hypertension
The Vmax of the pulmonic insufficiency jet approximates the mean pulmonary artery pressure.
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Pulmonary Hypertension n RightVentricularAccelerationandEjectionTime
Schober K, Baade H; J Vet Intern Med 2006;20:912–920
Sildenafil• SildenafilisatypeVphosphodiesteraseinhibitorthatproducesnitricoxidemediatedvasodilatationofthepulmonaryvasculature.
• Rapidonset:Within15min.andpeakeffectat2hours.HalfLifeis4hours.
• Thisdrugclasscanslightlyreducearterialsystemicbloodpressure,butisoneofthemostselectiveforthepulmonaryvasculature.
§ Inodilation:CalciumSensitizerPDEIIIInibitorPDEVInhibitorSamemechanism
asViagra
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Katarzyna(Kasia)
• 10-yrold,FSPugpresentstoyourhospitalforareducedappetiteforthelast3days,recentlethargy,progressiveabdominaldistention,andasingleepisodeofcollapsethatoccurredthismorning,historyofsevere,assymptomaticmitraldisease.Notcurrentlyonanymedications
• IV/VIleftandrightapicalsystolicmurmur
• Regularheartrhythm
• Normallungsounds
Katarzyna(Kasia)
• 10-yrold,FSPugpresentstoyourhospitalforareducedappetiteforthelast3days,recentlethargy,progressiveabdominaldistention,andasingleepisodeofcollapsethatoccurredthismorning,historyofsevere,assymptomaticmitraldisease.Notcurrentlyonanymedications
• IV/VIleftandrightapicalsystolicmurmur
• Regularheartrhythm
• Normallungsounds
Kasia:Radiographs
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Kasia
Kasia:ECG
Kasia:AdditionalRhythmDiagnostics
• Limitationsofin-hospitalECGandHRmeasurement
• 24-hourambulatory(Holter)monitoring
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Kasia:Echo
TricuspidRegurgitatoinVelocityThe Vmax of the tricuspid insufficiency jet approximates the systolic pulmonary artery pressure.
DVD CHF and Pulmonary Hypertension
q An echocardiogram reveals severe degenerative valve disease with moderate pulmonary hypertension. Moderate to severe volume ascites. The ECG shows sinus rhythm. Normal systolic function with severe left-sided and modest right-sided cardiomegally. Mitral inflows are consistent with left atrial pressures >20mmHg.
q Right-sided Congestive Heart Failure.
KASIA: 10yr old, FS, Pug
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Question
• Whatshouldwedofirst?• WhatChronicTherapyPrescribed• Whattypeoffollow-up
Treatment of Right Heart Failure If you can take it out with a needle, what are you waiting for?
Recommended Medications:
TheLIVProtocolTripletherapy
Lasix(~2mg/kg/day)ACEInhibitor(Enalapril 0.5 mg/kg BID)Vetmedin(Pimobendan0.3mg/kgBID)
Sildenafil???Spironolactone???
Kasia:DVD,CHF,PHTChronicTreatment
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PulmonaryHypertensionTreatment
• ChronicTreatment:– Sildenafil– Vetmedin– HeparinorLMWH– L-Arginine(NOSconvertstoNO)– Amlodipine– HeartwormTreatment– ACEInhibitors– Diuretics
Bradyarrhythmias
These patients die suddenly or if they live long enough, they go into right heart failure.
Ø Stimulants used: Theophylline, Propantheline.
Ø Artificially pace them as soon as possible.
ECG q Complete AV Block
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ECG q Atrial Standstill
Treatment of Arrhythmias
Ø Stimulants used: Theophylline, Propantheline.
Ø Artificially pace them as soon as possible.
Ø “LIV Protocol” in Heart Failure Patients
Ø Poor Prognosis without pacing.
Snowy:3yr,FS,ShepherdMix
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Snowy:3yr,FS,ShepherdMix
Snowy:3yr,FS,ShepherdMix
Snowy:3yr,FS,ShepherdMix
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Snowy:3yr,FS,ShepherdMix
Snowy:3yr,FS,ShepherdMix
HeartworminArizona
• ThereareconsistentlymorecasesofheartwormdiagnosedinArizonaeachyear.ThemapsbelowshowtheincreaseinreportedcasesinUSAin2007and2016.TakenoteoftheincreasedcolordensityofMaricopaandPimacounties.
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ArizonaHeartwormIncidence2007
ArizonaHeartwormIncidence2016
HeartwormTreatment• Ifthedogissymptomatic:
•Stabilizewithappropriatetherapyandnursingcare•Prednisonetherapyshouldbeusedasanimmediateantiinflammatoryforthearteritis,pneumonitis,andtorelievesymptomsassociatedwiththromboembolism.
• Anivermectinbasedheartwormpreventativeshouldbeadministeredfor60dayspriortoMelarsomine.
• Doxycycline(10mg/kgBIDfor4weeks)shouldbeadministeredfor60dayspriortoMelarsomine.BenefitsthepatientbykillingtheWolbachiabacteriaspeciesinthegastrointestinaltractofthedirofilariaimmitisparasitewhichmaybepartiallyresponsibleforthesevereinflammatoryreactiontotheheartwormparasite,andallowinga30day“washout”periodforWolbachiaSurfaceProteins
• Conservative(3Dose)melarsomine(Immiticide)protocol.
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HeartwormTreatment
1. One2.5mg/kgdeepepaxialmuscleinjectionfollowedby4weeksofconfinementwithnoexerciseotherthanoutsidetousetherestroom.
2. Asecond2.5mg/kgdoseofmelarsomineviadeepepaxialmuscleinjectionshouldbegiven.
3. 24hourslaterathirddeepepaxialmuscle2.5mg/kginjectionofmelarsomineshouldbeadministered.Thismakesatotalof3injections,onedose,wait4weeks,andthen2doses24hoursapart.Afterthefinaldoseofmelarsomine,thepatientmustbeconfinedforanadditional4weeks.
4. MonthlyivermectinbasedheartwormpreventionandPrednisoneshouldbecontinuedthroughoutthemelarsominetreatment.
5. Adulticidetherapycanbeassociatedwithcomplicationsthatincluderespiratorydistress,anemia,ascites,cyanosis,kidneyorliverfailure,andsuddendeath.
6. Thecardiacandpulmonarychangesmaybeapersistentproblemdespiteresolutionoftheactiveheartworminfection,butmostdogscanreturntoanasymptomaticformofpulmonaryhypertensionandinactivepneumonitis.
Conservative(3Dose)melarsomine(Immiticide)protocol.
HeartwormTreatment
• Retestantigenandformicrofilariain6months!Conservative(3Dose)melarsomine(Immiticide)protocol.
Leo : 10yr old MN Pom l Familycomplaintoflabored,noisybreathingwithanydegreeofexcitement,
andoftenoccursatrestaswell.Afterbeingasked,theownersadmittoachroniccoughoverthelast6yearsthatalwaysoccurredwithexcitement.
l Grade II/VI right apical Systolic murmur l Mildly tachycardic (HR=160) l Referred upper airway noise l Normal pulse strength and Mild jugular
distention l Loud noise with each expiration l Current medications: None
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Leo’s Radiographs
Leo’sRadiographs
Leo’s ECG
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Leo:Echocardiogram
Leo’s Echo
Leo’s Echo
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Leo:Echocardiogram
Leo:Echocardiogram
Leo’s Echo
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Question
• What treatment protocol should be start:
• LIV • Antibiotics • Sildenafil • Cough Suppression and Steroids
Leo l Radiographicinterpretation:Severetrachealcollapsewithmildatelectasis
inthecaudallungfieldsonthelateralview.Cardiacsilhouetteappearsenlarged,withsuspectedrightheartenlargement.Pulmonaryvasculatureisnotwellvisualized,butdoesappearwithinnormallimits.
l Echocardiophic Interpretation: Patienthasmilddegenerativevalvedisease,buttheheartenlargementisduetoseverepulmonaryhypertensionTRPG=98mmHg.Patientalsohasmildascites.l Recommendedmedications:
l Sildenafil1-2mg/kgBID-TIDl LIV
Leo’s Additional Treatments
1 Hydrocodone0.5mg/kgBIDtoTIDasneededforcough.2 Ifcoughdoesnotimprove:Prednisone0.25mg/kgBID
taperingdoseover3weeks.3 Consider Bronchodilators: Theophylline 4 Weight Loss 5 Environmental Control 6 Harness
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Teton
q Presents with a complaint of panting, weakness, anxiousness, inappetance, and abdominal distention.
q HR=140/min with a regular rhythm
q Weak and variable femoral pulses
q No cardiac murmur, but a jugular pulse is present.
8yr old, MN, Bernese Mountain Dog
Teton:ArterialPulseTracing
Question
• Pulsusparadoxusisalmostpathognomonicforwhichcardiovascularproblem:
• DCM• Valvularheartdisease• Heartwormdisease• Pericardialeffusion
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LeadIIRhythmStrip
Question
• WastheECGHelpful?
• Yes• No
Answer:yesElectricalAlternansandsmallQRScomplexessuggestpericardialeffusion.
Teton’sRadiographs
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Radiographic Findings
Teton’s:Echocardiogram
Treatment of Cardiac tamponade q Cardiac tamponade
V
P
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Hemodynamics of Cardiac Tamponade
IV Fluids
Lasix
Teton 5yr old, MN, Bernese Mountain Dog
§ Pericardial effusion Confirmed with Echocardiography
§ 350ml of hemorrhagic fluid removed via pericardiocentesis.
Treatment of Cardiac Tamponade
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Teton’s Diagnosis
Teton
q No mass lesion, but one area of pericardial adhesion seen on echocardiogram.
q Check Valley Fever Titers.
q Consider Pericardiectomy.
5yr old, MN, Bernese Mountain Dog
Questions?