CENTRIC RELATION

Submitted byAnto Antony2006 Batch

1. Centric relation is the most posterior relation of

the mandible to the maxilla when the condyles are in the most posterior unstrained position in the glenoid fossa from which lateral movements can be made at any given degree of jaw separation (GPT-4)

2. The maxillomandibular relationship in which the condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of their respective discs with the complex in the anterior superior position against the slopes of the articular eminence (GPT-5)

Definition

1. It is a reproducible and recordable position,

which can be repeatedly arrived at and thus serves as a reliable guide to develop centric occlusion in complete dentures.

2.Centric relation become starting point to plan and execute the occlusion.

3. Centric relation is related to terminal hinge axis. In centric relation, condyles exhibit pure rotation without any translation.

Significance of Centric Relation

4. This position is more definite than the

vertical relation and is independent of the presence or absence of teeth.

5. The final act of masticatory stroke ends in centric relation.

6. It is a border position and the posterior limit of the envelope of motion

1. The patient is instructed to let his or her jaw

relax, pull it back and close slowly on the back teeth.

2. The patient is instructed to get the feeling of pushing his upper jaw out and then close the mouth with back teeth in contact.

3. Assist the patient to protrude and retrude the mandible repeatedly with the operator holding the finger lightly against the chin.

METHODS OF ASSISTING THE PATIENT TO MOVE THE MANDIBLE TO THE

CENTRIC RELATION 

4. Boo's series of stretch exercises: The patient is

instructed to open the mouth wide and relax, to move the jaws to left and relax, to move the jaw to the right and relax and to move the jaw forward and relax in series of movements. The results to be expected are for the patient to be able to follow the dentist's directions in moving the jaw to centric relation and to the desired eccentric positions

5. The patient can be instructed to turn the tongue

towards the posterior border of the upper denture base and close the rims together until they meet. The disadvantage with this method is the likelihood of displacing the mandibular record base by the action of the tongue.

6. The patient is told to swallow and conclude the act with the occlusal rims in contact. However, the person can swallow when the mandible is not completely retruded. This method must be verified by other techniques.

Biologic: It may arise due to lack of

coordination of opposing muscles. When the patient is requested to close the jaws in the retruded position, the lack of synchronization between the protruding and retruding muscles may be caused by habitual eccentric jaw positions adopted by patients to accommodate to malocclusion..

 

DIFFICULTIES IN GUIDING MANDIBLE TO CENTRIC RELATION POSITION

 

Psychological: The more the operator

becomes irritated over the apparent lack of ability of the patient to retrude the mandible.Then dentist must be prepared to calmly spend adequate time in securing the centric relation records.

 

Mechanical: It is essential that the denture

bases on which the occlusal rims is made fit perfectly and do not interfere with each other. Failure of adaptation of denture base to the tissue surface may result in unevenly distributed pressure on the underlying resilient tissue leading to discrepancy in jaw relation recording.

Functional (Chew-in) methods

Needle house method, Patterson's method. Meyer's method.

Excursive methods (Graphic method) Intraoral tracing. [Intraoral balancer (Hanau co.), S-A

gothic arch tracer (Tokyo shikasha)] Extra-oral tracing. [Height Tracer (Hanau co.)

Tactile or interocclusal check records. Terminal hinge axis method

VARIOUS METHODS OF RECORDING CENTRIC RELATION

Other methods.

Heating the surface of one of the rims. Softened wax placed over the occlusal surfaces

of the occlusal rim. Soft cones of wax placed on the lower denture trial

bases

Needle house method: Most commonly used method Occlusal rims are fabricated in impression

compound Four metal beads are embedded in the max.

premolar & molar areas of occlusal rims They are inserted into patient’s mouth and close

the occlusal rim & make protrusive , retrusive , right & left lateral movements

Diamond shaped markings on the mandibular occlusal rim

The tracings incorporate the movement in three planes and records are placed on a suitable articulator to receive and duplicate the record.

FUNCTIONAL METHODS

Wax occlusion rims are used. A trench is to be made in the mandibular rim and

a mixture of half plaster and half carborundum paste should be placed in the trench.

The mandibular movements generate compensating curves in the plaster and carborundum paste.

When the paste is reduced to the predetermined vertical height of occlusion, the patient is instructed to retrude the mandible and the occlusal rims are joined together with metal staples

Patterson's method

Meyer's used soft wax on the occlusal rims to

establish a generated path. Tin foil was placed over the wax and

lubricated. The patient performed the functional

movements to produce a wax path. The plaster index was made of the wax path

and the teeth were set to the plaster index

Meyer's method

The most common of the excursive recording is the gothic arch tracing.

This can be employed intraorally or extra orally. This tracing is shaped like a gothic arch and so is

referred to as Gothic arch tracing. It is also known as arrow point tracing.

EXCURSIVE METHODS

Intra oral Central bearing devices are used(Central

bearing point + Central bearing plate) Central bearing point attached to the max.

occlusal rim & Central bearing plate to the mandibular occlusal rim

Both are inserted to the patient’s mouth and asked to perform mandibular movements

Arrow point with sharp apex is found on the central bearing plate

Disadvantage: tracing is small, difficult to determine the

apex

Extra oral Central bearing point & plate is projected

outside the mouth & arrow point tracing is made at the predetermined VD extra orally

  Advantage: - easy identification

 The tracing is not acceptable unless a pointed

apex is developed. A blunted apex usually indicates an

acquired functional relationship. A sharp apex indicates the position of centric relation.

Double tracing indicates lack of coordinated movements

It is particularly indicated in situation of: Abnormally related jaws. Excessively displaceable supporting tissues. Large awkward tongue. Uncontrollable or abnormal mandibular

movements. To check the occlusion of teeth in trial dentures. 

INTEROCCLUSAL CHECK RECORDS

Nick & notch to index the OR Upto 3mm wax is removed on either side of the

mandibular occlusal rim one or two notches are cut on the maxillary

occlusalrim, V shaped valley running totally across the width of the max. occlusal rim.

1 nick is cut anterior to the notch (nick prevents lateral movement & notch

prevents anteroposterior movements) 4.5mm ZnOE is placed over the mandibular

occlusal rim(so 1.5mm of ZnOE projects above the occlusal rim)

The mand. Occlusal rim is softened & inserted

into patient’s mouth & ask to close his mouth in centric relation

ZnOE projecting above the trough of the mand. Rim flows into the nick & notches

occlusal rims are placed in a cold water bath & excess is trimmed

As in the determination of the

physiologic transverse hinge axis, the mandible is in its most posterior relation to the maxilla when the centric relation is recorded.

Therefore, if the upper cast is correctly oriented to the hinge axis of the articulator by an accurate face bow transfer, the lower cast will also be correctly oriented to the opening axis of the instruments when it is transferred to the articulate with the accurate centric relation record.

TERMINAL HINGE AXIS:

Strips of celluloid After adjusting the rim a strip of celluloid is

placed between the rims and pulled. If it pulls out easily it indicates uneven contact . The rim is readjusted.

Disadv : unequal pressure error may still be present.

Other methods

Softened wax is placed on the mandibular posterior teeth and maxillary teeth are closed into it.

Adv: smaller surface contact instead of large flat wax surface

Disadv: record has to be made at an increased vertical relation to avoid contact of teeth.

Swallowing technique using soft cones of wax establish vertical as well as centric relation.

Disadv: results are not consistent.

Eccentric jaw relation to be recorded are protrusive and

lateral. The graphic method of making maxillomandibular

relation records is performed at same sitting position. After mandibular cast has been mounted in eccentric

relation, the recording device is replaced in patients mouth.

A distance of 5-6mm is measured from the apex of the arrow point tracing and the protrusive tracing is marked

The patient is instructed to protrude until the point of stylus rests the mark.

Eccentric jaw relation

Quick setting dental stone is injected to seal

the rims. Horizontal condylar guidance elements on

articulator are released by turning the locknuts.

Incisal guidance pin is raised to about one half from the top of the guide table.

The record bases are seated on the cast and locknuts are manipulated on one side and then on the other side.

Lateral relation can be recorded & used to

establish lateral guidance on certain adjustable articulators, but they cannot be used like semi adjustable articulators.

Graphic methods are used in the same manner as protrusive relation recorded except that records required are one of right laterals and one of left laterals.

Lateral relation records.

Hanau recommended a formula to arrive at an

acceptable lateral inclination L = (H/8) + 12 Where L = lateral condylar inclination in

degrees H = horizontal condylar inclination in

degrees as established by protrusive relation records

Summary Once the occlusal rims are individualized,

the jaw relations are established& finally recorded. Establishing the jaw relation is an important step in the fabrication of complete dentures. Orienting the upper & lower denture in the correct horizontal & vertical relation to each other is important for the esthetics, health & comfort of the patient as well as proper functioning of the dentures. In final analysis it is the experience & judgment of the operator & to some extend the patient himself, which helps in determining what is right for the patient.

Essential of Complete denture prosthodontics :

Sheldon Winkler Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous

patient : Boucher Text book of Complete denture

prosthodontics : Sarandha D.L. Complete denture prosthodontics : John Joy

Manappallil  Textbook of prosthodontics – Deepak

Nallaswamy.

Referances

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