cervical spine trauma. c/s fractures unstableunstable –flexion teardrop –hangman’s...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cervical Spine Trauma
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C/S Fractures
• UnstableUnstable– Flexion TeardropFlexion Teardrop– Hangman’s Hangman’s – Hyperextension fracture dislocationHyperextension fracture dislocation– BurstBurst– Jefferson’sJefferson’s– OdontoidOdontoid
• StableStable– Clay Shoveler’sClay Shoveler’s– WedgeWedge– Extension TeardropExtension Teardrop
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Fractures of the Atlas• Jefferson’s fracture (bursting fracture of the
atlas)
• Atlas posterior arch fracture
• Atlas anterior arch fracture
• Atlas lateral mass fracture
• Transverse ligament
rupture
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Jefferson’s Fracture • Bursting fracture of ring of atlas through both
anterior and posterior arches; up to 1/3 of all atlas fxs.
• Compression on vertex of skull transmits forces through occipital condyles to lateral masses of atlas; m.c. MVA or diving accidents
• Death or significant injury is rare; technically decompresses the cord
• Bracing is preferred treatment; malunion may occur
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Imaging• Radiographic demonstration requires
adequate APOM view; overhang sign and increased paraodontoid space– Total offset of >8mm signifies transverse
ligament rupture– Pre-vertebral swelling often present– Normal variants may cause pseudo-spread, but
not more than 2mm, whereas fx. is >3mm
• CT is definitive– Unilateral is less common than bilateral
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http://www.learningradiology.com/archives06/COW%20188-Jeffersons%20Fx/jeffersonfxcorrect.htm
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• Post. Arch fx- m.c. atlas fx;
B/L vertical neural arch fxs.
• Ant. Arch fx- <2% of C/S fxs.;
avulsion from ALL or longus
colli attachment
• Lateral mass fx.-
rare and seen only
with CT http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/25/5/1239.figures-only
http://handbook.muh.ie/Trauma/Spinal/Index.html
http://download.imaging.consult.com/ic/images/S1933033208703641/gr2-midi.jpg
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Transverse Ligament Rupture
• If traumatic, usually associated with fxs. Elsewhere
• Also associated with inflammatory arhthritides (RA, AS, PA, Reiter’s); Down’s syndrome (20%)
• Rad. signs are increased ADI (>3mm adult, >5mm children) with disruption of spinolaminar line
• Steele’s rule of thirds- atlas ring is 1/3 cord, 1/3 space, 1/3 dens
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Ruptured Transverse Ligament
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/cervicalspine/FLEXION - SUBLUXATION RA.jpg
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Fractures of the Axis
• Hangman’s fracture (traumatic spondylolisthesis)
• Extension teardrop fx.
• Dens fxs.
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Hangman’s Fracture
• Forced hyperextension
causes B/L pedicle fxs.
of C2, usually with anterior
displacement of C2 on C3
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/cervicalspine/HANGMANS%20.jpg
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Extension Teardrop Fx.
• Avulsion of small fragment from anteroinferior body of C2 from hyperextension
• Usually occurs with
hangman’s
• Stable on it’s own
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Dens Fractures
• Type I- avulsion of the tip
• Type II- fracture through the
base; unstable; m.c. type
• Type III- fx. through body of
C2 below base of dens
http://www.nypemergency.org/moxiepix/b2_3.gif
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Vertebral Body Compression Fractures
• Wedge fractures
• Burst fractures
• Flexion teardrop fracture
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Wedge fracture
• Caused by hyperflexion with vertical height of the vertebral body
decreased anteriorly, as
viewed on the lateral film
• The posterior elements
remain intact
• This is a stable injury
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/cervicalspine/ANTERIOR WEDGE COMPRESSION .jpg
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Burst Fracture• Caused by axial compression, the intervertebral disc is
driven into the vertebral body below• Vertebral body explodes into several fragments; a
fragment from the postero-superior surface being driven posteriorly into the spinal canal
• Unstable injury that frequently results in spinal cord injury– Important to check the posterior
vertebral cortex for evidence of
disruption, on an apparently simple
wedge compression injury on plain
film lateral
• Best appreciated on CT
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Flexion Teardrop Fracture• Fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical
vertebral body due to flexion of the spine along with vertical axial compression
• Usually associated with a spinal cord
injury, often a result of displacement
of the posterior portion of the
vertebral body into the central
spinal canal• Unstable
http://radiographics.rsna.org/cgi/content-nw/full/19/5/1143/F11A
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Articular Pillar Fracture
• Combined hyperextension and lateral flexion; usually MVA
http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/25/5/1239.figures-only
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Clay Shoveler’s Fracture• Stable avulsion fracture through the
spinous process of a vertebra occurring at any of the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae, classically at C6 or C7
http://radiologyinthai.blogspot.com/2010/01/clay-shoveler-fracture.htmlhttp://www.mypacs.net/cases/CLAY-SHOVELERS-FRACTURE-C6-SPINOUS-PROCESS-7102696.html
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Abnormal Soft Tissue Radiographic Signs
• Retropharyngeal space- anterior to C2 should not exceed 6mm in children or adults
• Retrotracheal space- anterior to C6 body should not exceed 14mm in
children or 22mm in adults-Hematoma, abscess, or edema
may cause widening
*Soft tissue emphysema- Tracheal laceration,
pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax may
cause gas to be seen in the soft tissues of
the neck http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/gridquery.php?simCollection=1568099_envhper00442-0018-c&rFormat=json&query=the&req=3&m=1&n=20
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Dislocations of the Cervical Spine
• Atlant-occipital dislocation
• Atlantoaxial dislocation
• Bilateral interfacetal dislocation
• Unilateral interfacetal dislocation
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Atlanto-occipital Dislocation
• Rare, usually fatal
• Hyperextension and
traction
3x more common in
pediatric patients
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Bilateral Interfacetal Dislocation
• Severe flexion injury
• Both anterior and posterior ligamentous structures are disrupted at site of injury
• Superior vertebra dislocates forward by 50% or more of the body below
• Quadriplegia frequently
develops• If there is a fracture through posterior
elements, less chance of neurologic
injury as cord can decompress
http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/CSpine/UnilateralLockedFacets.htm
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Unilateral interfacetal dislocation• Mechanism is flexion/distraction and rotation
• Inferior articular facet of superior vertebral body is locked in front of the superior facet of the more inferior vertebral body but only on one side
• Slight anterior subluxation of one vertebral body on the one below; <25% of width
• On lateral view of cervical spine, some bodies appear true lateral below level of injury and oblique above level of injury
• Bow-tie sign
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Unilateral Facet Dislocation
http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/CSpine/UnilateralLockedFacets.htm
Normal
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References
• Yochum, T.R. (2005) Yochum and Rowe’s Essentials of Skeletal Radiology, Third Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore.