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cfc thematic report - regional monarchies in the context of the arab spring, 23 may 13

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 The Allied Command Operations (ACO) Civil-Military Fusion Centre (CFC) is an information and knowledge management organisation focused on improving civil-military interaction, facilitating information sharing and enhancing situational awareness through the  CimicWeb   po rtal and o ur we ekl y and mon thly pub lica tio ns. CFC p rod ucts are b ased upo n and lin k to o pen -source information from a wide variety of organisations, research centres and media sources. However, the CFC does not endorse and cannot necessarily guarantee the accuracy or objectivity of these sources. CFC publications are independently produced by Desk Officers and do not reflect NATO policies or positions of any other organisation.  This report explores reasons why Arab Monarchies were able to maintain stability and avoid regime change as observed elsewhere in the region during the massive Arab Spring movements. In addition to highlighting general trends that may have contributed to such resilience, this report also discusses in detail the events in Bahrain, Jor- dan and Morocco  – three Arab monarchies where effects of the Arab Spring were felt more intensely. Related in-  formation is available at  www.cimicweb.org.  H ype rl in ks to s ource mate ri al are highl ighted in blu e and under- li ned in the te xt. A wave of revolutionary movements swept the Arab nations of North Africa and the Middle East over the past two years; however, monarchical regimes  in the region maintained stability, according to the  International Rela- tions and Security Network (  ISN ). The Arab Spring cost several leaders such as Egypt’s Hosni Mubarak and Tuni- sia’s Zine El Abidine Ben Ali their positions of power  – or in Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi’s case, his life. Meanwhile, kings or emirs in the region experienced relatively lower tensions within their borders. These facts may lead one to argue, in broad terms, that the Arab monarchies are simply more resilient to popular destabilising factors. However, the reality is more complex. The effects of the popular movements, as well as the authorities’ responses to such movements, varied greatly because of the individual social, political and economic conditions in each country. Of the eight regional monarchies , five Arab Gulf states, including Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), experienced less significant protests throughout the course of the Arab Spring. In Jordan and Morocco, where largely peaceful demonstrations challenged social, political and economic conditions, the kings responded to Arab Spring protest movements with reforms. Bahrain was the only Gulf monarchy that faced a more imminent threat  from massive street protests. The Bahraini government, as an extension of the mon- archy, retained control by resorting to repressive measures aided by a Saudi-led Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) force. This report will first present general trends that consider the potential factors that might have sustained the relative stability observe d in the Arab monarchies through the Arab Spring. The report will then focus individually on the three most significantly affected states, namely, Bahrain, Jordan and Morocco. General Trends Observed within Arab Monarchies Arab monarchs enjoy varying degrees of legitimacy  rooted in religion or culture that their counterparts in non- monarchical dictatorships in the region cannot claim. The Jordanian and Moroccan kings’ claims of direct de- scendancy from the Prophet Mohammad, or the Saudi king’s self -portrayal as the protector of Islamic holy lands (Mecca and Medina), are elements contributing to their legitimacy. In addition, legitimacy may also be rooted in the tribal system in which the king is perceived as the guarantor of stability. One difference between the republican regimes toppled by their citizens and the Arab monarchies appears to lie in a form of social contract between the monarch and the people. To emphasise this difference in context, Jamal June 2013 Comprehensive Information on Complex Issues Regional Monarchies in the Context of the Arab Spring C I V I L - M I L I T A R Y F U S I O N C E N T R E P R E S E N T S Eray Basar  North Africa Desk Officer [email protected] 

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Page 1: CFC Thematic Report - Regional Monarchies in the Context of the Arab Spring, 23 May 13

7/28/2019 CFC Thematic Report - Regional Monarchies in the Context of the Arab Spring, 23 May 13

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mailto:[email protected]
http://www.stratfor.com/other-voices/arab-spring-and-middle-east%E2%80%99s-monarchies
http://www.stratfor.com/other-voices/arab-spring-and-middle-east%E2%80%99s-monarchies
http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/118276
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http://www.cimicweb.org/
https://www.cimicweb.org/Pages/cimicwebWelcome.aspx
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