cfdmodelling of floor heating system in dome shape rooms according to the thermal comfort condition

8/9/2019 CFDMODELLING OF FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM IN DOME SHAPE ROOMS ACCORDING TO THE THERMAL COMFORT CONDITION

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INTERNATIONAL

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT FOUNDATION

Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Green DesignEditor: Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi

www.IEEFoundation.org

Chapter Nine

Copyright 2014 International Energy and Environment Foundation. All rights reserved.

CFDMODELLING OF FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM IN

DOME SHAPE ROOMS ACCORDING TO THE THERMAL

COMFORT CONDITION

T. Khademinejad1, S. Rahimzadeh

2, P. Talebizadeh

1,

H. Rahimzadeh1,3

, H. Sarkardeh4

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran,

Iran.2School of design, Creative Industry Faculty, Queensland University of Technology,

Brisbane, Australia.3Member of energy and control, center of excellence, Amirkabir Univercity of

Technology, Tehran, Iran.4Civil Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University,

Sabzevar, Iran.

Abstract

Population increase, loss of energy resources and consequently high energy demand in

recent years has caused countries to change their energy consumption policies. One of the

most important energy consumers in rural and urban areas are buildings. Therefore, the roleof heating and cooling systems is considerable in buildings with high level of energy usage.

Floor heating system is a form of central heating system which achieves indoor climate

control for thermal comfort using conduction, radiation and convection heat transfer. The

terms radiant heating is commonly used to describe this approach regarding to the role of

radiation in this system according to its significant portion of the resulting thermal comfort.

Radiant heating has much more advantages compared to conventional heating systems not

only in the case of energy efficiency, but also in preparing thermal comfort for settlements.

In addition, floor heating systems generate lower temperature gradients in compare with

other convective heating systems. In the present study, the CFD simulation is performed to

analyse floor heating system in a dome shape room to reach the thermal comfort condition

in the standard height of 1.8 meter above the floor. Moreover, the obtained results are


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Chapter 9 In: Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Green Design. pp.277-294


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compared to the floor heating system in an ordinary room with the same volume and

6m4m3m dimensions. The required energy to achieve the thermal comfort condition in

the simulated rooms has been calculated by simulating the velocity and temperature fields.

The constant temperature for the floor and convection with outside for walls, roof, door and

window are considered as the boundary conditions. The velocity and temperature

distribution as well as the floor temperature are compared in both systems. The primary

results showed that in the dome shape room, the required floor temperature for providing

thermal comfort condition is less than the ordinary room. However, the total area of the

floor is higher in the dome shape room than the ordinary room.Copyright 2014 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Floor heating system; Dome shape rooms; CFD simulation; Energy

consumption; Indoor climate; Thermal comfort.

1. Introduction

The concept of sustainable building originates from the sustainable development which was

firstly defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) as

the development that meet the needs of the present humanity without compromising the

ability of the future generation to meet their own needs [1].

The term sustainable buildings is introduced in the contexts of sustainability. As there are

many different viewpoints about sustainability, there are also various kinds of definition for

sustainable buildings [2-5]. For instance, Yashiro [2] defined sustainable buildings asbuilding that use resources efficiently and keep the environment healthy.

Energy consumption plays a significant role in analysing the performance of sustainable

buildings. According to U.S. statistical report, the buildings in the U.S. account for 36% of

the total primary energy consumption, of which residential buildings alone account for

21%. Moreover, a large proportion of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission, air pollutants and

solid wastes are produced by building sector due to the large amount of energy

consumption. In the U.S. the amount of CO2emission produced by buildings accounts for

38% in 2002 [6]. Consequently, energy consumption of buildings accounts for a large

proportion of primary energy use and GHG emissions. Thus, it has great impact on the

environment and affects the sustainability of human future life.Nature itself has evolved for billions of years and there should be lessons that can be

learned about, especially the habitats that have been built hormonally with the environment

by creatures [7]. Nature has provided us many solutions on various aspects of

sustainability, including building material properties, building envelope, environmental

considerations, sensors and monitoring, team integration and functionality [8]. Therefore, it

is possible to design sustainable buildings by learning from nature. Designing buildings by

learning from the optimum forms existing in nature is a possible way to fulfil this

endeavour since these forms have undergone billions of years of evolution and still exist in

nature.

Dome structure is based on self-generating forms in nature, bubble clusters being typicalexamples. It is based on the natural form-optimizing process in biological structures and


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can be translated into the architecture world in the form of new generation homes. The

dome configuration applies natures principles of forming a highly efficient system [9].

The aim of this research is to analyse the energy consumption of a dome house, as an

example of designing sustainable buildings by learning from the optimum biological forms

existing in nature, since energy consumption is an important indicator on the sustainability

of buildings.

Only a few thermal models have been presented for dome shape homes. More attention has

been given to the structural configuration than to the thermal performance of dome-like

homes. Nara [10] presented a 2D CFD model for calculating the air velocity and

temperature distribution due to thermal convection inside a reduced-model of a farm

building under adiabatic boundary condition. The Boussinesq approximation is combined

with the Navier-Stokes equation to describe the natural convection. Boulard et al. [11] used

a reduced-scale model of a greenhouse with high temperature of floors to simulate the

impact of solar radiation on the greenhouse. The k- model was added to simulate theturbulent flow. Grashof number (Gr) was used in these two papers to ensure the similarity

between the full scale model and reduced scale experimental model. Luttmann-Valencia

[12] developed a single node model that predicts the air temperature inside Biosphere II,

located in Arizona (US). T. Nishioka et al. [13] evaluated the indoor thermal environments

in a large domed stadium during the summer. To satisfy such purposes, they take into

account various intelligent mechanical systems to control and create a suitable space and

environment without consuming excessive energy. Their measurements included

temperature distribution, humidity, air flow and outdoor weather conditions for three

seasons. Shklyar and Arbel [14] examined the wind-driven isothermal flow patterns and

mass fluxes in a full-scaled, pitched-roof, single span glasshouse using standard and high-Reynolds-number k- models. Lin and Zmeureanu [15] presented a three-dimensionalthermal and airflow (3D-TAF) model that predicts the impact of large domes on the heating

load of the protected house. They focused on the airflow model and made a comparison

between their simulation and CFD model. Faghih and Bahadori [16] studied the thermal

performance of domed roofs in order to determine how they can be helpful in reducing the

maximum inside air temperature in buildings during the warm seasons of the year. They

considered various parameters such as air flow around dome roofs, solar radiation,

radiation heat transfer with the sky and the ground and openings on the building. They

concluded that the thermal performance of the investigated domed roof is better than the

building with flat roof. Moreover, they found that openings cause passive air flow insidebuilding, which is helpful for establishing thermal comfort

Croome and Moseley [17], Sharma et al. [18], Singh et al. [19] and Jain [20] presented

numerical models that predict the air temperature inside a dome with lots of simplifying

assumption. As an example, they considered the convective heat transfer coefficient to be

constant and neglected the air movement inside the dome.

Glazed domes have become increasingly popular in modern building designs. These kinds

of domes are used to bring daylight and solar heat into the indoor space. Faghih and

Bahadori [21] estimated the solar radiation received by several domed roofs, and

determined the effect of glazed tiles covering these domes on the total solar radiation

absorbed by such roofs. The results of this study can be useful in the thermal performanceevaluation of domed roofs, and particularly for determining their passive cooling effects for


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the buildings they serve. For domes with multiple spaced layers of glazing, there is little

information available on natural convection heat transfer within these layers. Laouadi and

Atif [22] presented a numerical study on heat transfer by laminar natural convection within

multi-layer domes with uniform spacing heated from the outside. They also obtained flow

and temperature fields within the domed enclosure using the control volume approach

combined with the fully implicit scheme.

During the last two decades, application of floor heating systems in building sector have

increased significantly [23, 24] as one of the most efficient systems to achieve thermal

comfort in buildings with low-energy requirement. Instead of warming air and circulating it

throughout the building, floor heating system heats the objects, atmosphere and occupants

directly. In comparison to the conventional forced warm air circulation systems, radiant

heating system needs lower energy [25]. In the recent years, there has been considerable

attention to floor heating system and their thermal performance in the literatures. In

addition of different investigation with respect to thermal properties [26], and dynamical

behaviour [27], there are extensive studies have been devoted to energy savings of this

system [28-30]. Buckley [31] studied the energy saving of floor heating systems and

concluded that these systems can reduce energy costs by 30% or more with equal comfort

condition compared to other conventional convective heating systems.

In the present study, the CFD simulation of a three dimensional dome room coupled with a

floor heating system has been developed and compared to a regular cubic room with the

same volume to predict the energy consumption of two different kinds of rooms. The

boundary conditions, heat transfer coefficients through building envelope and heat source

outputs are considered to be similar for both rooms. Thermal comforts at comfort height in

both rooms have been calculated by modelling the velocity and temperature fields using theFluent software.

2. Model description

In this study, floor heating system is simulated for a dome house by means of

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) and results are compared to the regular cubic room in

order to indicate the energy saving capabilities and the comfort conditions of dome shapehouses. The simulated dome and cubic shape rooms are graphically presented in Figure 1.

In order to have a better definition of 3D rooms, two main sections that covered the entire

room are defined which are called door-mid-section and window-mid-section. Door-mid-

section is the plane of the 3D rooms which contains the effect of door on the temperatureand velocity profiles. And also the effect of window on the flow and thermal behaviour of

rooms can be seen in window-mid-section. Furthermore, at the middle of the room, areference line is defined in order to have a better understanding of temperature and velocity

gradients in the room. Door and window-mid-sections are graphically illustrated in Figures

2 and 3. Note that for the dome room, the mid sections are selected at the middle of the

window and door; however, for the cubic room, the mid sections are selected at the middle

of the walls.

Boundary conditions, material and thermodynamic properties of the problem for both dome

shape and cubic rooms are represented in Table 1. As tabulated in this table, the boundary

condition of walls, roof, window and door are the same; however, constant heat flux isassumed for the floor.


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The simulation is performed in the climate condition of Tehran, the capital city of Iran.

According to this consideration, the outdoor design temperatures is considered to be C0 .

Figure 1. Perspective view of (a) dome room and (b) cubic room with dimensions in meter.

Figure 2. (a) door-mid-section and (b) window-mid-section of the 3D dome shape room.


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Figure 3. (a) door-mid-section and (b) window-mid-section of the 3D cubic room.

Table 1. Boundary condition, material and thermodynamic properties of the problem.

Walls and Roof Floor Window Door

Boundary condition Convection to

outdoor air

Heat

flux

Convection to

outdoor air

Convection to

outdoor air

Material Lightweight

cement

Wood Glass Wood

Thickness ( m ) 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.07

Thermal Conductivity ( K.m/w ) 0.3 0.173 0.96 0.173

Specific Heat ( K.Kg/J ) 960 2310 840 2310

Density ( 3m/Kg ) 1600 700 2800 700

Absorption Coefficient ( m/1 ) 0.1 0 0.04 0

3. Numerical procedure

In this research, a finite-volume approach has been used to solve flow and heat transfer

equations of a floor heating system in two different room types. Numerical solutions were

obtained iteratively for each of cells to produce a solution that satisfies the conservation

laws for mass, momentum, and energy. For incompressible, steady state and three-

dimensional flow, the governing mass, momentum and energy equations are as follow.

mS)v.(t

=+

(1)

Fg.p)vv.()v(t

++

+=+

(2)

h

j

effjjeff Sv.JhTk.))pE(v.()E(

t

+

+=++

(3)


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Eq. (1) is the general form of the mass conservation equation where is density, v

is the

velocity vector and mS is the mass added to the continuous phase from the dispersed

second phase (e.g., due to vaporization of liquid droplets).

Eq. (2) is momentum conservation equation where pis the static pressure, is the stress

tensor (described below), and g

and F

are the gravitational body force and external body

forces (e.g., that arise from interaction with the dispersed phase), respectively.

The stress tensor is given by

( )

+= Iv.vv T

3

2 (4)

where is the molecular viscosity, I is the unit tensor and the second term on the righthand side is the effect of volume dilation.

In the energy equation (Eq. (3)), E is the total energy,eff

k is the effective conductivity

( teff kkk += , where tk is the turbulent thermal conductivity, defined according to the

turbulence model being used), and jJ

is the diffusion flux of speciesj. The first three terms

on the right-hand side of Eq. (3) represent the energy transfer due to the conduction,

species diffusion, and viscous dissipation, respectively. hS includes the heat of chemical

reaction, and any other volumetric heat sources.

In Eq. (3), the total energy (E) is equal to

2

2vp

hE +=

(5)

where his the sensible enthalpy.

3.1 Turbulence model

To get a correct vision of the flow field, the k turbulence model is chosen due to itsextensive use in various engineering applications. This model is a semi-empirical model

based on model transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy ( k) and its specificdissipation rate ( ) which are obtained from the following transport equations:

( ) ( ) kkj

k

j

i

i

YGx

k

xku

xk

t++

=

+

(6)

( ) ( )

YGxx

uxt jj

i

i

++

=

+

(7)


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whichs

is the scattering coefficient, a is the absorption coefficient, n is the refractive

index, )s,s(

is the scattering phase function for the radiation from incoming direction

s

and confined within the solid angle d to scattered direction s

confined within the

solid angle d . )s,r(I

is the total radiation intensity function and Tis the air temperature.

In this study, the wall surfaces are assumed opaque. Furthermore, for considering the

buoyancy effect and the relation between the flow and energy equations, Boussinesq model

is used.

3.3 mesh structure

To obtain a physical pressure field, a non-uniform grid for the three dimensional model of

both dome shape and cubic shape rooms is generated. Figure 4. shows the meshed

midsection of the rooms. As it is clear from Figure 4, the cells near the walls are finer due

to the importance of these regions. For grid independence test, three different resolutionsshown in Table 2 are considered to compare the obtained numerical results.

When the temperature at the height of 1.8 meter above the floor reaches to 295.15 K, the

thermal comfort condition is established. The results obtained from the different grids

show that an increasing the grid numbers by 41% (case II to case III) has a small influence

( %. 41016 ) on the temperature in thermal comfort height. According to this refinement

study, all further simulations are performed with considering case II. Finally, it should be

declared that the maximum error of the residuals to reach to the steady state solution is

assumed to be of the order of 6101 .

Table 2. Grid independency test for two modelled rooms.

Dome room Cubic roomCase

Number of

grids

Temperature in thermal

comfort height (K)

Number of

grids

Temperature in thermal

comfort height (K)

I 295608 291.83 40257 291.35

II 404898 294.93 52801 294.88III 681926 295.11 89072 295.08

4. Results and discussion

As mentioned, the velocity and temperature distributions in a dome shape room heated by a

floor heating system are investigated. The results are compared to the velocity and

temperature profiles of a regular cubic room with the same heating method. The comfort

temperature (295.15 K) is determined at location 1.8m above the floor according to

ASHRER handbook as the comfort height [33]. As the comfort condition is achieved in the

room, it means that the steady state condition is established and the numerical simulation

has been converged. Then, the dissipated heat fluxes of all surfaces to the environment

have been calculated for both the dome and cubic shape rooms.

First, for the validation of the code, a cubic room with the dimension ofm.m.m. 819162 is simulated and the results are compared with the experimental data


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[34, 35]. By selecting the same condition between the simulation and the experimental

setup and also considering unsteady flow, the simulation is performed. Figure 3 shows the

temperature at the height of 1m above the floor for both the experimental data and the

present study. As shown in this figure, the results are in good agreement with each other.

Figure 4. Mesh structure on the midsection of (a) dome room and (b) cubic room.

Figure 5. The comparison of CFD simulation and experimental data.

Figure 6a and b illustrate the temperature profiles in the door-mid-section and window-

mid-section of dome shape room. It can be seen from this figure that temperature

distribution in room is clearly uniform both in door-mid-section and window-mid-section.

Furthermore, the temperature near window is relatively low which is due to high thermal

conductivity of glass in comparison to other parts of the room such as walls and floor.

Velocity vectors in the door-mid-section and window-mid-section of dome shape room can

be seen in Figure 7a and b, respectively. As shown, there is a big vortex approximately in

the center of the window-mid-section, while there are several smaller vortices in door-mid-

section due to the temperature difference between different parts of the room. It is

important that higher temperature difference will cause higher pressure difference andconsequently bigger vortices can be produced.


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Figure 6. temperature profiles in (a) door-mid-section and (b) window-mid-section of dome

shape room.

Figure 7. Velocity contours in (a) door-mid-section and (b) window-mid-section of dome

shape room.

For better understanding of flow patterns, three different mid-sections of the room in the

form of velocity vectors and velocity contours are graphically illustrated in Figure 8a and b,

respectively.


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Figures 9 and 10 display the velocity contour in the mid-sections of the cubic shape room.

As displayed in these figures, two big vortices are generated near the wall in both window

mid-section and door mid-section, expectedly [35]. The difference between the flow

patterns in the produced vortices is due to the existence of window and door.

Figure 8. (a) velocity vectors and (b) velocity contours for three different mid-sections of

dome shape room.

Figure 9. Velocity vectors for door-mid-section of cubic room.


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Figure 10. Velocity vectors for window-mid-section of cubic room.

Figure 11 display the air temperature at the reference line for the dome and cubic shape

rooms and Figure 12 display the air speed at the reference line for the dome and cubic

shape rooms. As displayed in Figure 11, in both systems, small temperature changes could

be seen along reference line due to the usage of floor heating system [36]. However, in the

dome type room, at the comfort height, the air temperature is higher than the aittemperature in the cubic room. As shown in Figure 12, the air speed at the comfort height is

smaller in the dome room than the cubic room. Having a higher air temperature and a lower

air speed at the comfort height is an advantage of dome type room related to the cubic type

room.

Figure 11. Air temperature at reference line for (a) dome room and (b) cubic room.


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Figure 12. air velocity at reference line for (a) dome room and (b) cubic room.

Table 3 and Table 4 list the total heat transfer from each surface of the dome type room and

cubic type room, respectively. As schematized in these tables, the total heat transfer from

the floor to the room is almost 6.5% higher in the dome type room than regular cubic type

room. However, the area of the floor is bigger in the dome shape room than the cubic room

so that the total heat transfer per surface area from the floor to the room is 23% smaller in

the dome type room than the cubic room.

Table 3. Total heat transfer for each surface of the dome type room.

Surface type Surface

area (m2)

Total heat

transfer (W)

Total heat transfer per

surface area (W/m2)

Floor 28.23 1954.1 69.23

Dome surface 52 -1104.2 -21.23

Window 1.6 -712.4 -445.52

Door 1.8 -50.3 -27.94

Door and window

connecting walls

5.39 -87.2 -16.18

Total 89.02 0 -

Table 4. Total heat transfer for each surface of the cubic type room.

Surface type Surface

area (m2)

Total heat

transfer (W)

Total heat transfer per

surface area (W/m2)

Floor 20.16 1827.7 90.66

Walls 46.4 -1162.3 -25.05Roof 20.16 -417.2 -20.69

Door 1.8 -52.3 -29.06

Window 2.4 -195.9 -81.65Total 90.92 0 -


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5. Conclusion

In the present study, the CFD simulation has been done to analyse the velocity and

temperature distribution of a dome type room in comparison with the regular cubic type

room with the same volume using the Fluent software. The floor heating system is

employed in order to reach the thermal comfort condition in the rooms. The results show

that in the dome type room, the air temperature and speed is more suitable according to the

comfort conditions. However, the average of air speed is higher in the dome shape room

than the cubic shape room. Furthermore, the total heat transfer from the floor is 6.5% more

in the dome shape room than the cubic shape room since the area of the dome rooms floor

is higher than the cubic room so that the total heat transfer per surface area is 23% smaller

in the dome shape room than the cubic shape room. Moreover, in both rooms, due to the

usage of floor heating system, the temperature gradients are low.

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Taha Khademinejad received B.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering minoring in

thermo fluid from University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran in 2011. He is currently pursuingthe M.Sc. degree with the school mechanical engineering, Amirkabir University of

Technology, Tehran, Iran. His current research interests include sustainable andrenewable energies, desalination, heat and mass transfer and thermodynamics.

Shahab Din Rahimzadehcompleted his Bachelor degree of Architect in 2010, at IUCin Iran. He is currently a master research student in school of design (Creative Industry

Faculty) at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia. ShahabsMaster research focuses on parametric modeling, Climate based Daylight Metrics,

Complex Geometry and sustainability. His research aims to analysis and modelingUse of parametric modeling and climate-based metric for the efficient design of

daylight strategies in buildings with complex geometries.

Pouyan Talebizadeh received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran in 2008 and 2011, respectively.He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the school mechanical engineering,

Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He is a lecturer in mechanical

Engineering Department, Graduate University of advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.His current research interests include two phase flow, environmental pollution control,

emission reduction, Non-thermal plasma technology, HVAC systems, optimization,and numerical modeling.

E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]


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Hassan Rahimzadehreceived the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in mechanical engineeringfrom the West Virginia Institute of Technology, Montgomery, WV, USA, and West

Virginia State University, Morgantown, WV, USA, and the Ph.D. degree ininstrumentation measurement from New South Wales University, Sydney, Australia, in

1977, 1978, and 1986, respectively. He has been with the Department of MechanicalEngineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. His current research

interests include two phase flow (physical and numerical modeling), hydraulicsstructures, environmental pollution control, renewable energy, and instrumentation.

Hamed Sarkardeh received B.Sc. degree in civil engineering from FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, and M.Sc. from Amirkabir University of

Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran, Iran, and Ph.D. from Iran University ofScience and Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2006, 2009 and 2013 respectively. He is a

lecturer in Civil Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Hakim SabzevariUniversity, Sabzevar, Iran and also senior researcher in the Hydraulic Structures

Division, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.

cfdmodelling of floor heating system in dome shape rooms according to the thermal comfort condition

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