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Marc Ledbetter

May 7-8, 2014; San Diego, CA

CFLs and LEDs: Lessons Learned from New Lighting Technology Introductions

DOE SSL Manufacturing R&D Workshop

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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Learning from the CFL experience

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Background

• Old CFL and New LED market introduction experiences may offer up some valuable lessons for OLED market introduction

• This presentation draws from two studies, both done by PNNL for U.S. DOE: – Compact Fluorescent Lighting in

America: Lessons Learned on the Way to Market

• LJ Sandahl, et al • June 2006

– Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market

• KL Gordon, et al • January 2014

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• Green tint due to use of halophosphors

• Harsh, unattractive • Reputation persists • Carried over to CFLs

“Harsh fluorescent lighting, linoleum floors and regular plaster walls are not ideal surroundings for neonatal intensive care units.” – Google Search.

Early Fluorescent Lamp Days (Pre-CFL)

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• Too big • Too heavy • Buzz and flicker • Poor cold weather

performance • Poor color quality (high CCT,

low CRI) • High prices ($25 - $35 in

1980s)

Early CFLs

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• Exaggerated life claims • Inconsistent incandescent equivalency claims • Consumer awareness hindered by lack of common name (CFL, CFB,

SL-lamps, etc.) • Information was not available where people buy bulbs • Many retailers didn’t understand the product

CFL Lessons Learned – Marketing

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• Know and admit technology limitations. – Life – Incandescent equivalency – Inappropriate lighting applications

• Manufacturers and energy-efficiency groups should coordinate to establish minimum performance requirements. – Wide disparity of program specifications caused confusion &

complication

CFL Lessons Learned – Technology

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• Join forces with others in national energy-efficiency programs (e.g., ENERGY STAR). – Nationally coordinated programs have worked well – Expenses are lower – Market signals are clearer

• Delay program launch rather than introduce inferior products; first impressions are long lasting. – Utility programs pushed technology too soon; often for inappropriate

applications.

CFL Lessons Learned – Utility Program Design

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• Early consumer experience with fluorescent lamps and CFLs still defines attitudes towards CFLs, even though the technology has greatly improved since its introduction.

CFL Lessons Learned – Key Take Away

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LED Lesson 1: Testing Costs

Rigorous testing requirements adopted in the early days of SSL industry development were necessary to counter exaggerated claims of performance by some manufacturers, but they eventually led to unreasonably high testing costs

www.ssl.energy.gov

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LED Lesson 2: Lifetime

Despite the promise of long life, there is no standard way to rate the lifetime and reliability of LED products

www.ssl.energy.gov

LED package lumen maintenance is PART of the story but not the WHOLE story

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What actually fails and why?

LED Systems Reliability Consortium, 2013

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LED Lesson 3: Product families Specifiers prefer complete families of products, but the rapid evolution of LED technology presents a challenge to manufacturers in creating and maintaining complete product lines

Source: Osram Sylvania

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LED Lesson 4: Color quality

The range of color quality available with LED-based products and the limitations of existing color metrics may confuse users

www.ssl.energy.gov

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TMI?

CCT, Duv, CRI, SPD, gamut area, CQS, Macadam ellipses “soft white”, “bright white”, “daylight” -- ??

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LED Lesson 5: Color stability

The color delivered by some LEDs shifts over time, enough to negatively impact adoption in some applications

0.44

0.46

0.48

0.50

0.52

0.54

0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28

v'

u'

2008-09 CALiPER data

ANSI C78.377-2011 chromaticity bins Black body locus Color shift measured at 6,000 hours Color shift measured at 12,000 hours

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www.ssl.energy.gov

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Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum

Can be noticeable in some applications

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LED Lesson 6: Flicker

Some LEDs flicker noticeably, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications

www.ssl.energy.gov

LED Product A LED Product B LED Product C

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LEDs can flicker more than other sources

Percent Flicker

Flic

ker I

ndex

1005025 75

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.5

0.15

40

0.3

00

Incandescent, Metal Halide

Magnetically ballasted fluorescent

Electronically ballasted fluorescent

Solid-State

www.ssl.energy.gov

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• You only get one chance to create a long-lasting, widespread reputation for your new lighting technology – Well, you can overcome small early mistakes, but you really need to

have an approach that assumes you only have one chance to get it right

• Work with others in the industry to vigorously define your new technology to customers as a high performance, desirable product – Poor performing products from other companies can hurt your

company

• Betty Jo: “My sister bought one of those OLED things and it turned dim and blue within a year. OLEDs are terrible. Don’t buy them.”

Key Take Away for OLEDs

CFLs and LEDs: Lessons Learned from New Lighting Technology IntroductionsLearning from the CFL experienceBackgroundEarly Fluorescent Lamp Days (Pre-CFL)Early CFLsCFL Lessons Learned – Marketing CFL Lessons Learned – TechnologyCFL Lessons Learned – Utility Program DesignCFL Lessons Learned – Key Take AwayLED Lesson 1: Testing CostsLED Lesson 2: LifetimeWhat actually fails and why?LED Lesson 3: Product familiesLED Lesson 4: Color qualityTMI?LED Lesson 5: Color stabilityCan be noticeable in some applicationsLED Lesson 6: FlickerLEDs can flicker more than other sourcesKey Take Away for OLEDs