cg and r and a-done
TRANSCRIPT
Literature review
Kolk (2008) has examined the role of Sustainability, accountability and corporate governance:
exploring multinationals' reporting practices. There was 6 variable used in this study which is
corporate governance, sustainability, reporting, multinationals, Fortune Global 250 and
corporate social responsibility. Current years have seen a hasty amplify in responsibility
pressures on mainly large global companies. The enlarged call for transparency comes from two
different angles, which show some possible union in terms of topics and audiences:
accountability necessities in the context of corporate governance, which expand to staff-related,
ethical aspects; and sustainability reporting that has broadened from surroundings only to social
and financial issues. This article examines to what amount and how present sustainability
reporting of Fortune Global 250 companies incorporates corporate governance aspects. Many
multinationals, mainly in Europe and Japan, have started to pay concentration to board
supervision and structuring of sustainability errands, to observance, ethics and external
verification. While in depth disclosures are not yet widespread, some notable practices can be
found. Underlying dilemmas and complexities for managers in dealing with accountability to
shareholders and stakeholders, and the role of auditors, are indicated.
Halme & Huse (1997) has examined the role of influence of corporate governance, industry and
country factors on environmental reporting. There was 7 variable used in this study which are
Environmental reporting , annual reports , corporate governance , ownership structure , boards
of directors , industry factors , country factors and Scandinavia. The relatives among corporate
environmental reporting in annual reports and corporate governance variables, industry variables
and country variables are hypothesized and tested. Empirical confirmation is gathered from large
corporations in Finland, Norway, Spain and Sweden. The ecological disclosures are examined
with the help of a three-class categorization. Industry appears to be the most vital factor in
amplification environmental disclosure in annual reports. Corporations in industries which are
customarily painstaking to be polluting, report most on the environment.
Kelton & Yang (2008) has studied the impact of corporate governance on Internet financial
reporting. There was 3 variable used in this study which are Internet financial reporting,
Corporate governance and Disclosure transparency. This reading examines the connection
between corporate governance mechanisms and disclosure transparency measured by the level of
Internet financial reporting (IFR) activities. They have calculate corporate governance by
shareholder rights, ownership structure, board composition, and audit committee characteristics.
They have develop a disclosure directory to compute the extent of each model firm’s IFR by
presentation format, information content, and corporate governance disclosures. Consequences
indicate that firms with weak shareholder rights, a lower percentage of block holder ownership, a
higher percentage of independent directors, a more diligent audit committee, and a higher
percentage of audit committee members that are considered financial experts are more likely to
engage in IFR. The result propose that corporate governance mechanisms influence a firm’s
Internet disclosure behavior, presumably in response to the information asymmetry between
management and investors and the resulting agency costs. Additional exploratory analysis
indicates that the association between corporate governance and IFR varies with firm size. The
results suggest that new regulatory guidance in corporate governance leads to improved
disclosure transparency via IFR.
Armstrong, Guay, and Weber have examined the role of information and financial reporting in
corporate governance and debt contracting. There was 6 variable used in this study which
Financial accounting, Corporate governance, Board structure, Executive compensation, Debt
contracts and casual contracts. They have reviewed up to date literature on the role of financial
reporting transparency in reducing governance-related agency conflicts among managers,
directors, and shareholders, as well as in reducing agency conflicts between shareholders and
creditors, and offer researchers some optional avenues for future investigate. Key themes
comprise the endogenous nature of debt contracts and governance mechanisms with admiration
to information asymmetry between contracting parties, the heterogeneous nature of the
informational demands of contracting parties, and the heterogeneous nature of the consequential
governance and debt contracts. They also highlight the role of a obligation to monetary reporting
transparency in facilitating informal multiperiod contracts among managers, directors,
shareholders, and creditors.
Haniffa & Cooke (2005) has examined the impact of culture and governance on corporate social
reporting. Their intend is to enhance understanding of the possible effects of civilization and
corporate governance on social disclosures. The ethnic background of directors and shareholders
is used as a substitute for culture. Corporate governance individuality includes board
composition, multiple directorships and type of shareholders. The dependent variable, disclosure
in annual reports of Malaysian corporations, is measured by an index score as well as in terms of
number of words. Their consequences indicate an important relationship connecting corporate
social disclosure and boards dominated by Malay directors, boards dominated by executive
directors, chair with numerous directorships and foreign share ownership. Four of the control
variables (size, profitability, multiple listing and type of industry) were considerably connected
to corporate social disclosure with the exception of gearing. This reading has public policy
implications for Malaysia as well as a figure of other countries in the Asia–Pacific region.
Rezaee , Olibe and Minmier (2003) has examined the improving corporate governance the role
of audit committee disclosures. An growing number of earnings restatements along with many
allegations of financial report scam committed by sky-scraping profile companies (e.g.
WorldCom, Enron, Adelphia , Global Crossing) has eroded the public confidence in corporate
governance, the financial reporting process, and inspection functions. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002 was an effort to regain confidence and belief in corporate America and the secretarial
occupation. The Act addresses corporate scandals and the perceived crisis in the auditing
profession. Some of its provisions relate to the audit committee oversight function over corporate
governance, financial reporting, internal control structure, internal audit functions, and external
audit services. This reading examines three types of audit committee disclosures: the annual
report of the audit committee; reporting of the audit committee charter in the proxy statement at
least once every three year
Carcello, Hollingsworth, & Klein (2006) have examined Audit committee financial expertise,
competing corporate governance mechanisms, and earnings management. There were 4 variables
used in this study which are earnings management, real earnings management, corporate
governance and Sarbanes-Oxley. The prime objective of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and recent
changes to stock exchange listing standards is to improve the quality of financial reporting. They
examine the associations between audit committee financial expertise and alternate corporate
governance mechanisms and earnings management. They find that both accounting and certain
types of non-accounting financial expertise reduce earnings management for firms with weak
alternate corporate governance mechanisms, but that independent audit committee members with
financial expertise are most effective in mitigating earnings management. Importantly we find
that alternate corporate governance mechanisms are an effective substitute for audit committee
financial expertise in constraining earnings management. Finally, we find either no association or
a positive association between financial expertise and real earnings management. Our results
suggest that alternate governance approaches are equally effective in improving the quality of
financial reporting, and that firms should have the flexibility to design the particular set of
governance mechanisms that best fit their unique situations. sclosure in the proxy statement of
whether the audit committee had fulfilled its responsibilities as specified in the charter. This
study conducts a content analysis on audit committee disclosures of Fortune 100 companies
Shivdasani and Yermack (1999) have studied “CEO involvement in the selection of new board
members- an empirical analysis”. The reason of their study was to see whether CEO is involved
in the selection of new director. When CEO serves on the no nominating committee or
nominating committee exists , firm appoint director which are independent , which are outside
director and depressing outsiders with conflicts of interest. Stock price reaction to independent
director appointments are significantly lower when the CEO is involved in director selection.
Their finding about the study was, evidence may illuminate a mechanism used by CEO to reduce
pressure from active monitoring and a recent trend of companies removing CEO from
involvement in director selection.
Reference
Kolk, A. (2008). Sustainability, accountability and corporate governance: exploring
multinationals' reporting practices. Business Strategy and the Environment, 17(1), 1-15.
Halme,M., & Huse, M. (1997).The influence of corporate governance, industry and country
factors on environmental reporting. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13(2), 137-157.
Kelton, A. S., & Yang, Y. W. (2008).The impact of corporate governance on Internet
financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27(1), 62-87.
Armstrong, C. S., Guay, W. R., & Weber, J. P. (2010).The role of information and financial
reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting. Journal of Accounting and
Economics, 50(2), 179-234.
Haniffa, R. M., & Cooke, T. E. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate
social reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(5), 391-430.
Rezaee, Z., Olibe, K. O., & Minmier, G. (2003).Improving corporate governance: the role
of audit committee disclosures. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(6/7), 530-537.
Carcello, J. V., Hollingsworth, C. W., & Klein, A. (2006). Audit committee financial expertise,
competing corporate governance mechanisms, and earnings management.
Shivdasani, A. and Yermack, D., ‘CEO involvement in the selection of new board members- an
empirical analysis’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 54, 1999, pp. 1829–54