cg2.txt

<html><title>Classical Greece News</title><head><font size="208" ><div align="center"><b><i>Athenian Daily</b></i></div></font></head><body background="C:\Users\Spandan\Pictures\Camera Roll\home-banner.jpg" text="white"><font size="48"><p><div>The diet</div>The Greek diet is very healthy. Food in Greece consists of grains, wheat, barley, fruit, vegetables, breads, and cake.Apart from growing olive, grapes, figs and wheat, the Ancient Greeks also kept goats for milk and cheese. They usually eat lots of bread, beans and olives.In Summer months, there will be plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables to eat ,while in the winter they ate dried fruit and food they had stored like apples and lentils. Most of the Greeks,who lived very near the sea, also ate a lot of fish, squid and shellfish.As the soil by the sea is not so rich as on the plains, the Greeks used irrigation and crop rotation to keep the soil relatively fertile.In some of the larger Greek city-states, meat can be purchased in cook shops. Meat was rarely eaten as the Greeks feel that just killing and eating a domesticated animal (like goats) is wrong. The Greeks often sacrifice the meat to their Gods first and then might eat some of the meat.The Greeks love their wine made from the grapes they grew.</p>

<p><div>Schools</div>The way children are educated is different in each city state.In Athens, citizens have to be educated to take part in voting in the Assembly. Athenian boys also go to 'wrestling school' each day, to learn many sports, not just wrestling. They have to be fit to fight in the army.Greek schools are small. They have only one teacher and about ten or twenty boys. Education was not free, so only the rich can really afford to send their children to school.The children do not need much school equipment as they have to learn everything off by heart. When they need to, they write on wooden boards covered with layers of wax. They use a wooden pen called a stylus with a sharp end for writing and a flat end for 'rubbing out'. The wax is melted and reapplied from time to time.</p><div><p>Boys and GirlsEducation is also different for boys and girls. Boys are educated to become good citizens and take part in the public life of the city state. Girls are educated in housekeeping and how to look after the family.Greek girls are not allowed to go to school and were often educated at home.</p><p>The School DayThe boys start getting into school at the age of 7 and stayed until they are about 14. In the morning sessions, they learn to read, write and do simple maths. They work in one room, which have stools or benches, but no desks. Pupils read aloud and learn poetry by heart. Rich boys also learn about philosophy. Philosophy is thinking and writing about thinking.In the afternoons they go to wrestling schools.At the age of 14, children of tradesmen begin to learn a trade. The children of rich Athenians go to the Assembly, the marketplace and the gymnasium to watch, listen to and learn from the older men.</p><p><div>Olympics</div>The Greeks invented athletic contests and held them in honour of their Gods. The Isthmos game were staged every two years at the Isthmos of Corinth. The Pythian games took place every four years near Delphi. However,the most famous games we

re held at Olympia, South- West of Greece,e every four years. The ancient Olympics seem to have begun in the early 700 BC, in honour of Zeus. No women were allowed to watch the games and only Greek nationals could participate. One of the ancient wonders was a statue of Zeus at Olympia, made of gold and ivory by a Greek sculptor Pheidias. This was placed inside a Temple, although it was a towering 42 feet high.The games at Olympia were greatly expanded from a one-day festival of athletics and wrestling to five days with many events by 472 BC. The order of the events are not precisely known, but the first day of the festival was devoted to sacrifices. During the middle day of the festival, 100 oxen were sacrificed in honor of a God. Athletes also often prayed and made small sacrifices themselves.On the second day, the foot-race, the main event of the games, took place in the stadium, an oblong area enclosed by sloping banks of earth.At Olympia, there were 4 different types of races; The first was Stadion, the oldest event of the Games, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, the length of the stadium(192m). The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full armor, which was 2-4 stade race (384 m. to 768 m.), used to build up speed and stamina for military purposes.On other days, wrestling, boxing, and the pancratium, a combination of the two, were held. In wrestling, the aim was to throw the opponent to the ground three times, on either his hip, back or shoulder. In ancient Greek, wrestling biting and genital holds were illegal.Boxing was a more brutal game; at first, the pugilists wound straps of soft leather over their fingers as a means of deadening the blows, but in later times hard leather, sometimes weighted with metal, was used. In the pancratium, the most rigorous of the sports, the contest continued until one or the other of the participants acknowledged defeat.Horse-racing, in which each entrant owned his horse, was confined to the wealthy but was nevertheless a popular attraction. The course was 6 laps of the track, with separate races where the rider would have no stirrups. It was only wealthy people who could pay for such training, equipment, and feed for both the rider and the horses. So whichever horse won it was not the rider who was awarded the Olive wreath but the owner. There were also Chariot races, that consisted of both 2-horse and 4-horse chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. There was also a race between carts drawn by a team of 2 mules, which was 12 laps of the stadium track. After horse-racing, came the pentathlon, a series of five events: sprinting, long-jumping, javelin-hurling, discus-throwing, and wrestling.The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing the discus as important as his strength.The discus was a circle shaped stone, iron, bronze, or lead. There were different sizes according to age groups. The javelin was a long wooden stick shape with spear head, similar height to that of a person. In the middle, it is bound to a thong for a hurler's fingers to grip and guide to the correct angle to be thrown.To jump long distances, athletes used lead or stone weights to increase the length of the jump. These weights were known as 'halteres' which were held in front of the athlete during his ascent and then swung behind his back and dropped during its descent to help propel him.Through time,the history of the Olympic Games start from the time when athletic contests were held during religious ceremonies until the First International Olympic Games in 1896Little has changed about the design of Horse racing tracks from ancient Greece to modern.</p><p><div>Art and Architecture</div><div>Architecture in ancient Greece:</div>Greek life was dominated by religion and so it is not surprising that the temples of ancient Greece were very big and beautiful.They also had a political purpos

e as they were often built to celebrate civic power and pride, or offer thanksgiving to the patron deity of a city for success in war.Greek Temple ArchitectureThe Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.Doric Order:Parthenon- temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC, and despite the enormous damage it has sustained over the centuries, it still communicates the ideals of order and harmony for which Greek architecture is known.Ionic Order:Erechtheum - temple from the middle classical period of Greek art and architecture, built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405BC.The Erechtheum contained sanctuaries to Athena Polias, Poseidon, and Erechtheus. The requirements of the several shrines and the location upon a sloping site produced an unusual plan. From the body of the building porticoes project on east, north, and south sides. The eastern portico, hexastyle Ionic, gave access to the shrine of Athena, which was separated by a partition from the western cella. The northern portico, tetrastyle Ionic, stands at a lower level and gives access to the western cella through a fine doorway. The southern portico, known as the Porch of the Caryatids (see caryatid) from the six sculptured draped female figures that support its entablature, is the temple's most striking feature; it forms a gallery or tribune. The west end of the building, with windows and engaged Ionic columns, is a modification of the original, built by the Romans when they restored the building. One of the east columns and one of the caryatids were removed to London by Lord Elgin, replicas being installed in their places.

The Temple of Apollo at Didyma - The Greeks built the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey (about 300 BC). The design of the temple was known as dipteral, a term that refers to the two sets of columns surrounding the interior section. These columns surrounded a small chamber that housed the statue of Apollo. With Ionic columns reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high, these ruins suggest the former grandeur of the ancient temple.

The Temple of Athena Nike - part of the Acropolis in the city of Athens.

Corinthian Order:The temple of Zeus - most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was also the latest, not arriving at full development until the middle of the 400 B.C. The oldest known example, however, is found in the temple of Apollo at Bassae (c.420 B.C.). The Greeks made little use of the order; the chief example is the circular structure at Athens known as the choragic monument of Lysicrates ( 335 B.C.). The temple of Zeus at Athens (started in the 2d cent. B.C. and completed by Emperor Hadrian in the 2d cent. A.D.) was perhaps the most notable of the Corinthian temples.

AcropolisAcropolis in Greek means "The Sacred Rock, the high city". All around the world, the Acropolis of Athens is known as 'The Acropolis'. There are many Acropolises in Greece but the Acropolis of Athens is the best known. The Acropolis is primarily dedicated to the Goddess Athena. But humans from the prehistoric era have populated the Acropolis and the caves around it. Situated in the middle of Athens, many myths, festivals and important events are connected to the sacred Acropolis. The Acropolis echoes the grandeur and the power of the Athenian empire.<p><div>Parthenon</div>Work began on the Parthenon, built on the Acropolis, in 447 BC to replace an existing temple which was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC and cost 469 silver talents to build. The work began under the orders of Pericles to show the wealth

and exuberance of Athenian power. The name of the building most likely came from a cult statue of Athena Parthenos housed in the eastern room of the building. This magnificent structure was built of ivory and gold and was sculptured by the renowned sculptor Phidias. As with most buildings on the Acropolis, it was dedicated to Athena to thank the Goddess for their success. The Parthenon was finally finished in 432 BC and was to show the world the dominance and power of Athens. The vast amount of the money used in the construction came from the Delian League funds. The Delian League was a treaty between the Greek states in league against the Persian Empire. However, two years before work started on the Parthenon,the Athenians had struck a peace treaty with the Persians ending the war, although the League continued to exist. It is believed that because of this the league stopped being a mutual defence against Persia but part of the Athenian Empire. This theory was reinforced when Athens moved the Leagues treasury from the Pan-Hellenic sanctuary at Delos to the Parthenon (Opisthodomos room). Not only was the Parthenon a magnificent structure to look at, but it also showed Athenian dominance over the rest of the Greek peninsula and that Athens was its Greek imperial master.SculptureGreek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived e.g. Michelangelo. Western art and sculpture derived from Roman art, while in the East, Alexander the Great's conquest gave birth to Greco-Buddhist art, which has even had an influence as far as Japan all of which stem from ancient Greek art. The Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as clay were also used,but due to their brittle nature, very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity. Greek sculptures are mainly divided into 7 time periods - Mycenaean Art, Sub-Mycenaean or Dark Age, Proto-Geometric, Geometric Art, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.Greece in the Archaic Period was made up from independent states, called Polis, or city state. The polis of Athens included about 2,500 sq kilometres of territory, but other Polis with smaller areas of 250 sq kilometres.Greek Society was mainly broken up between Free people and Slaves, who were owned by the free people. Slaves were used as servants and labourers, without any legal rights. Sometimes the slaves were prisoners of war or bought from foreign slave traders. Although many slaves lived closely with their owners, few were skilled craftsmen and even fewer were paid.As Athenian society evolved, free men were divided between Citizens and Metics. A citizen was born with Athenian parents and were the most powerful group, that could take part in the government of the Polis. After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be government officials and take part in Jury Service. A metic was of foreign birth that had migrated to Athens, to either trade or practice a craft. A metic had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in the army. However, they could never achieve full right s of a Citizen, neither could they own houses or land and were not allowed to speak in law courts.The social classes applied to men only, as women all took their social and legal status from their husband or their male partner. Women in ancient Greece were not permitted to take part in public life.</p></body></html><html><title>Classical Greece News</title><head><font size="208" ><div align="center"><b><i>Athenian Daily</b></i></div></font>

</head><body background="C:\Users\Spandan\Pictures\Camera Roll\home-banner.jpg" text="white"><font size="48"><p><div>The diet</div>The Greek diet is very healthy. Food in Greece consists of grains, wheat, barley, fruit, vegetables, breads, and cake.Apart from growing olive, grapes, figs and wheat, the Ancient Greeks also kept goats for milk and cheese. They usually eat lots of bread, beans and olives.In Summer months, there will be plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables to eat ,while in the winter they ate dried fruit and food they had stored like apples and lentils. Most of the Greeks,who lived very near the sea, also ate a lot of fish, squid and shellfish.As the soil by the sea is not so rich as on the plains, the Greeks used irrigation and crop rotation to keep the soil relatively fertile.In some of the larger Greek city-states, meat can be purchased in cook shops. Meat was rarely eaten as the Greeks feel that just killing and eating a domesticated animal (like goats) is wrong. The Greeks often sacrifice the meat to their Gods first and then might eat some of the meat.The Greeks love their wine made from the grapes they grew.</p>

<p><div>Schools</div>The way children are educated is different in each city state.In Athens, citizens have to be educated to take part in voting in the Assembly. Athenian boys also go to 'wrestling school' each day, to learn many sports, not just wrestling. They have to be fit to fight in the army.Greek schools are small. They have only one teacher and about ten or twenty boys. Education was not free, so only the rich can really afford to send their children to school.The children do not need much school equipment as they have to learn everything off by heart. When they need to, they write on wooden boards covered with layers of wax. They use a wooden pen called a stylus with a sharp end for writing and a flat end for 'rubbing out'. The wax is melted and reapplied from time to time.</p><div><p>Boys and GirlsEducation is also different for boys and girls. Boys are educated to become good citizens and take part in the public life of the city state. Girls are educated in housekeeping and how to look after the family.Greek girls are not allowed to go to school and were often educated at home.</p><p>The School DayThe boys start getting into school at the age of 7 and stayed until they are about 14. In the morning sessions, they learn to read, write and do simple maths. They work in one room, which have stools or benches, but no desks. Pupils read aloud and learn poetry by heart. Rich boys also learn about philosophy. Philosophy is thinking and writing about thinking.In the afternoons they go to wrestling schools.At the age of 14, children of tradesmen begin to learn a trade. The children of rich Athenians go to the Assembly, the marketplace and the gymnasium to watch, listen to and learn from the older men.</p><p><div>Olympics</div>The Greeks invented athletic contests and held them in honour of their Gods. The Isthmos game were staged every two years at the Isthmos of Corinth. The Pythian games took place every four years near Delphi. However,the most famous games were held at Olympia, South- West of Greece,e every four years. The ancient Olympics seem to have begun in the early 700 BC, in honour of Zeus. No women were allowed to watch the games and only Greek nationals could participate. One of the ancient wonders was a statue of Zeus at Olympia, made of gold and ivory by a Greek

sculptor Pheidias. This was placed inside a Temple, although it was a towering 42 feet high.The games at Olympia were greatly expanded from a one-day festival of athletics and wrestling to five days with many events by 472 BC. The order of the events are not precisely known, but the first day of the festival was devoted to sacrifices. During the middle day of the festival, 100 oxen were sacrificed in honor of a God. Athletes also often prayed and made small sacrifices themselves.On the second day, the foot-race, the main event of the games, took place in the stadium, an oblong area enclosed by sloping banks of earth.At Olympia, there were 4 different types of races; The first was Stadion, the oldest event of the Games, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, the length of the stadium(192m). The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full armor, which was 2-4 stade race (384 m. to 768 m.), used to build up speed and stamina for military purposes.On other days, wrestling, boxing, and the pancratium, a combination of the two, were held. In wrestling, the aim was to throw the opponent to the ground three times, on either his hip, back or shoulder. In ancient Greek, wrestling biting and genital holds were illegal.Boxing was a more brutal game; at first, the pugilists wound straps of soft leather over their fingers as a means of deadening the blows, but in later times hard leather, sometimes weighted with metal, was used. In the pancratium, the most rigorous of the sports, the contest continued until one or the other of the participants acknowledged defeat.Horse-racing, in which each entrant owned his horse, was confined to the wealthy but was nevertheless a popular attraction. The course was 6 laps of the track, with separate races where the rider would have no stirrups. It was only wealthy people who could pay for such training, equipment, and feed for both the rider and the horses. So whichever horse won it was not the rider who was awarded the Olive wreath but the owner. There were also Chariot races, that consisted of both 2-horse and 4-horse chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. There was also a race between carts drawn by a team of 2 mules, which was 12 laps of the stadium track. After horse-racing, came the pentathlon, a series of five events: sprinting, long-jumping, javelin-hurling, discus-throwing, and wrestling.The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing the discus as important as his strength.The discus was a circle shaped stone, iron, bronze, or lead. There were different sizes according to age groups. The javelin was a long wooden stick shape with spear head, similar height to that of a person. In the middle, it is bound to a thong for a hurler's fingers to grip and guide to the correct angle to be thrown.To jump long distances, athletes used lead or stone weights to increase the length of the jump. These weights were known as 'halteres' which were held in front of the athlete during his ascent and then swung behind his back and dropped during its descent to help propel him.Through time,the history of the Olympic Games start from the time when athletic contests were held during religious ceremonies until the First International Olympic Games in 1896Little has changed about the design of Horse racing tracks from ancient Greece to modern.</p><p><div>Art and Architecture</div><div>Architecture in ancient Greece:</div>Greek life was dominated by religion and so it is not surprising that the temples of ancient Greece were very big and beautiful.They also had a political purpose as they were often built to celebrate civic power and pride, or offer thanksgiving to the patron deity of a city for success in war.Greek Temple ArchitectureThe Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their

own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.Doric Order:Parthenon- temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC, and despite the enormous damage it has sustained over the centuries, it still communicates the ideals of order and harmony for which Greek architecture is known.Ionic Order:Erechtheum - temple from the middle classical period of Greek art and architecture, built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405BC.The Erechtheum contained sanctuaries to Athena Polias, Poseidon, and Erechtheus. The requirements of the several shrines and the location upon a sloping site produced an unusual plan. From the body of the building porticoes project on east, north, and south sides. The eastern portico, hexastyle Ionic, gave access to the shrine of Athena, which was separated by a partition from the western cella. The northern portico, tetrastyle Ionic, stands at a lower level and gives access to the western cella through a fine doorway. The southern portico, known as the Porch of the Caryatids (see caryatid) from the six sculptured draped female figures that support its entablature, is the temple's most striking feature; it forms a gallery or tribune. The west end of the building, with windows and engaged Ionic columns, is a modification of the original, built by the Romans when they restored the building. One of the east columns and one of the caryatids were removed to London by Lord Elgin, replicas being installed in their places.




AcropolisAcropolis in Greek means "The Sacred Rock, the high city". All around the world, the Acropolis of Athens is known as 'The Acropolis'. There are many Acropolises in Greece but the Acropolis of Athens is the best known. The Acropolis is primarily dedicated to the Goddess Athena. But humans from the prehistoric era have populated the Acropolis and the caves around it. Situated in the middle of Athens, many myths, festivals and important events are connected to the sacred Acropolis. The Acropolis echoes the grandeur and the power of the Athenian empire.<p><div>Parthenon</div>Work began on the Parthenon, built on the Acropolis, in 447 BC to replace an existing temple which was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC and cost 469 silver talents to build. The work began under the orders of Pericles to show the wealth and exuberance of Athenian power. The name of the building most likely came from a cult statue of Athena Parthenos housed in the eastern room of the building. This magnificent structure was built of ivory and gold and was sculptured by the renowned sculptor Phidias. As with most buildings on the Acropolis, it was dedic

ated to Athena to thank the Goddess for their success. The Parthenon was finally finished in 432 BC and was to show the world the dominance and power of Athens. The vast amount of the money used in the construction came from the Delian League funds. The Delian League was a treaty between the Greek states in league against the Persian Empire. However, two years before work started on the Parthenon,the Athenians had struck a peace treaty with the Persians ending the war, although the League continued to exist. It is believed that because of this the league stopped being a mutual defence against Persia but part of the Athenian Empire. This theory was reinforced when Athens moved the Leagues treasury from the Pan-Hellenic sanctuary at Delos to the Parthenon (Opisthodomos room). Not only was the Parthenon a magnificent structure to look at, but it also showed Athenian dominance over the rest of the Greek peninsula and that Athens was its Greek imperial master.SculptureGreek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived e.g. Michelangelo. Western art and sculpture derived from Roman art, while in the East, Alexander the Great's conquest gave birth to Greco-Buddhist art, which has even had an influence as far as Japan all of which stem from ancient Greek art. The Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as clay were also used,but due to their brittle nature, very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity. Greek sculptures are mainly divided into 7 time periods - Mycenaean Art, Sub-Mycenaean or Dark Age, Proto-Geometric, Geometric Art, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.Greece in the Archaic Period was made up from independent states, called Polis, or city state. The polis of Athens included about 2,500 sq kilometres of territory, but other Polis with smaller areas of 250 sq kilometres.Greek Society was mainly broken up between Free people and Slaves, who were owned by the free people. Slaves were used as servants and labourers, without any legal rights. Sometimes the slaves were prisoners of war or bought from foreign slave traders. Although many slaves lived closely with their owners, few were skilled craftsmen and even fewer were paid.As Athenian society evolved, free men were divided between Citizens and Metics. A citizen was born with Athenian parents and were the most powerful group, that could take part in the government of the Polis. After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be government officials and take part in Jury Service. A metic was of foreign birth that had migrated to Athens, to either trade or practice a craft. A metic had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in the army. However, they could never achieve full right s of a Citizen, neither could they own houses or land and were not allowed to speak in law courts.The social classes applied to men only, as women all took their social and legal status from their husband or their male partner. Women in ancient Greece were not permitted to take part in public life.</p></body></html><html><title>Classical Greece News</title><head><font size="208" ><div align="center"><b><i>Athenian Daily</b></i></div></font></head><body background="C:\Users\Spandan\Pictures\Camera Roll\home-banner.jpg" text="white"><font size="48"><p><div>The diet</div>

The Greek diet is very healthy. Food in Greece consists of grains, wheat, barley, fruit, vegetables, breads, and cake.Apart from growing olive, grapes, figs and wheat, the Ancient Greeks also kept goats for milk and cheese. They usually eat lots of bread, beans and olives.In Summer months, there will be plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables to eat ,while in the winter they ate dried fruit and food they had stored like apples and lentils. Most of the Greeks,who lived very near the sea, also ate a lot of fish, squid and shellfish.As the soil by the sea is not so rich as on the plains, the Greeks used irrigation and crop rotation to keep the soil relatively fertile.In some of the larger Greek city-states, meat can be purchased in cook shops. Meat was rarely eaten as the Greeks feel that just killing and eating a domesticated animal (like goats) is wrong. The Greeks often sacrifice the meat to their Gods first and then might eat some of the meat.The Greeks love their wine made from the grapes they grew.</p>

<p><div>Schools</div>The way children are educated is different in each city state.In Athens, citizens have to be educated to take part in voting in the Assembly. Athenian boys also go to 'wrestling school' each day, to learn many sports, not just wrestling. They have to be fit to fight in the army.Greek schools are small. They have only one teacher and about ten or twenty boys. Education was not free, so only the rich can really afford to send their children to school.The children do not need much school equipment as they have to learn everything off by heart. When they need to, they write on wooden boards covered with layers of wax. They use a wooden pen called a stylus with a sharp end for writing and a flat end for 'rubbing out'. The wax is melted and reapplied from time to time.</p><div><p>Boys and GirlsEducation is also different for boys and girls. Boys are educated to become good citizens and take part in the public life of the city state. Girls are educated in housekeeping and how to look after the family.Greek girls are not allowed to go to school and were often educated at home.</p><p>The School DayThe boys start getting into school at the age of 7 and stayed until they are about 14. In the morning sessions, they learn to read, write and do simple maths. They work in one room, which have stools or benches, but no desks. Pupils read aloud and learn poetry by heart. Rich boys also learn about philosophy. Philosophy is thinking and writing about thinking.In the afternoons they go to wrestling schools.At the age of 14, children of tradesmen begin to learn a trade. The children of rich Athenians go to the Assembly, the marketplace and the gymnasium to watch, listen to and learn from the older men.</p><p><div>Olympics</div>The Greeks invented athletic contests and held them in honour of their Gods. The Isthmos game were staged every two years at the Isthmos of Corinth. The Pythian games took place every four years near Delphi. However,the most famous games were held at Olympia, South- West of Greece,e every four years. The ancient Olympics seem to have begun in the early 700 BC, in honour of Zeus. No women were allowed to watch the games and only Greek nationals could participate. One of the ancient wonders was a statue of Zeus at Olympia, made of gold and ivory by a Greek sculptor Pheidias. This was placed inside a Temple, although it was a towering 42 feet high.The games at Olympia were greatly expanded from a one-day festival of athletics and wrestling to five days with many events by 472 BC. The order of the events a

re not precisely known, but the first day of the festival was devoted to sacrifices. During the middle day of the festival, 100 oxen were sacrificed in honor of a God. Athletes also often prayed and made small sacrifices themselves.On the second day, the foot-race, the main event of the games, took place in the stadium, an oblong area enclosed by sloping banks of earth.At Olympia, there were 4 different types of races; The first was Stadion, the oldest event of the Games, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, the length of the stadium(192m). The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full armor, which was 2-4 stade race (384 m. to 768 m.), used to build up speed and stamina for military purposes.On other days, wrestling, boxing, and the pancratium, a combination of the two, were held. In wrestling, the aim was to throw the opponent to the ground three times, on either his hip, back or shoulder. In ancient Greek, wrestling biting and genital holds were illegal.Boxing was a more brutal game; at first, the pugilists wound straps of soft leather over their fingers as a means of deadening the blows, but in later times hard leather, sometimes weighted with metal, was used. In the pancratium, the most rigorous of the sports, the contest continued until one or the other of the participants acknowledged defeat.Horse-racing, in which each entrant owned his horse, was confined to the wealthy but was nevertheless a popular attraction. The course was 6 laps of the track, with separate races where the rider would have no stirrups. It was only wealthy people who could pay for such training, equipment, and feed for both the rider and the horses. So whichever horse won it was not the rider who was awarded the Olive wreath but the owner. There were also Chariot races, that consisted of both 2-horse and 4-horse chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. There was also a race between carts drawn by a team of 2 mules, which was 12 laps of the stadium track. After horse-racing, came the pentathlon, a series of five events: sprinting, long-jumping, javelin-hurling, discus-throwing, and wrestling.The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing the discus as important as his strength.The discus was a circle shaped stone, iron, bronze, or lead. There were different sizes according to age groups. The javelin was a long wooden stick shape with spear head, similar height to that of a person. In the middle, it is bound to a thong for a hurler's fingers to grip and guide to the correct angle to be thrown.To jump long distances, athletes used lead or stone weights to increase the length of the jump. These weights were known as 'halteres' which were held in front of the athlete during his ascent and then swung behind his back and dropped during its descent to help propel him.Through time,the history of the Olympic Games start from the time when athletic contests were held during religious ceremonies until the First International Olympic Games in 1896Little has changed about the design of Horse racing tracks from ancient Greece to modern.</p><p><div>Art and Architecture</div><div>Architecture in ancient Greece:</div>Greek life was dominated by religion and so it is not surprising that the temples of ancient Greece were very big and beautiful.They also had a political purpose as they were often built to celebrate civic power and pride, or offer thanksgiving to the patron deity of a city for success in war.Greek Temple ArchitectureThe Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.Doric Order:Parthenon- temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on th

e Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC, and despite the enormous damage it has sustained over the centuries, it still communicates the ideals of order and harmony for which Greek architecture is known.Ionic Order:Erechtheum - temple from the middle classical period of Greek art and architecture, built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405BC.The Erechtheum contained sanctuaries to Athena Polias, Poseidon, and Erechtheus. The requirements of the several shrines and the location upon a sloping site produced an unusual plan. From the body of the building porticoes project on east, north, and south sides. The eastern portico, hexastyle Ionic, gave access to the shrine of Athena, which was separated by a partition from the western cella. The northern portico, tetrastyle Ionic, stands at a lower level and gives access to the western cella through a fine doorway. The southern portico, known as the Porch of the Caryatids (see caryatid) from the six sculptured draped female figures that support its entablature, is the temple's most striking feature; it forms a gallery or tribune. The west end of the building, with windows and engaged Ionic columns, is a modification of the original, built by the Romans when they restored the building. One of the east columns and one of the caryatids were removed to London by Lord Elgin, replicas being installed in their places.




AcropolisAcropolis in Greek means "The Sacred Rock, the high city". All around the world, the Acropolis of Athens is known as 'The Acropolis'. There are many Acropolises in Greece but the Acropolis of Athens is the best known. The Acropolis is primarily dedicated to the Goddess Athena. But humans from the prehistoric era have populated the Acropolis and the caves around it. Situated in the middle of Athens, many myths, festivals and important events are connected to the sacred Acropolis. The Acropolis echoes the grandeur and the power of the Athenian empire.<p><div>Parthenon</div>Work began on the Parthenon, built on the Acropolis, in 447 BC to replace an existing temple which was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC and cost 469 silver talents to build. The work began under the orders of Pericles to show the wealth and exuberance of Athenian power. The name of the building most likely came from a cult statue of Athena Parthenos housed in the eastern room of the building. This magnificent structure was built of ivory and gold and was sculptured by the renowned sculptor Phidias. As with most buildings on the Acropolis, it was dedicated to Athena to thank the Goddess for their success. The Parthenon was finally finished in 432 BC and was to show the world the dominance and power of Athens. The vast amount of the money used in the construction came from the Delian League funds. The Delian League was a treaty between the Greek states in league agai

nst the Persian Empire. However, two years before work started on the Parthenon,the Athenians had struck a peace treaty with the Persians ending the war, although the League continued to exist. It is believed that because of this the league stopped being a mutual defence against Persia but part of the Athenian Empire. This theory was reinforced when Athens moved the Leagues treasury from the Pan-Hellenic sanctuary at Delos to the Parthenon (Opisthodomos room). Not only was the Parthenon a magnificent structure to look at, but it also showed Athenian dominance over the rest of the Greek peninsula and that Athens was its Greek imperial master.SculptureGreek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived e.g. Michelangelo. Western art and sculpture derived from Roman art, while in the East, Alexander the Great's conquest gave birth to Greco-Buddhist art, which has even had an influence as far as Japan all of which stem from ancient Greek art. The Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as clay were also used,but due to their brittle nature, very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity. Greek sculptures are mainly divided into 7 time periods - Mycenaean Art, Sub-Mycenaean or Dark Age, Proto-Geometric, Geometric Art, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.Greece in the Archaic Period was made up from independent states, called Polis, or city state. The polis of Athens included about 2,500 sq kilometres of territory, but other Polis with smaller areas of 250 sq kilometres.Greek Society was mainly broken up between Free people and Slaves, who were owned by the free people. Slaves were used as servants and labourers, without any legal rights. Sometimes the slaves were prisoners of war or bought from foreign slave traders. Although many slaves lived closely with their owners, few were skilled craftsmen and even fewer were paid.As Athenian society evolved, free men were divided between Citizens and Metics. A citizen was born with Athenian parents and were the most powerful group, that could take part in the government of the Polis. After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be government officials and take part in Jury Service. A metic was of foreign birth that had migrated to Athens, to either trade or practice a craft. A metic had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in the army. However, they could never achieve full right s of a Citizen, neither could they own houses or land and were not allowed to speak in law courts.The social classes applied to men only, as women all took their social and legal status from their husband or their male partner. Women in ancient Greece were not permitted to take part in public life.</p></body></html>

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