Center for Global Environmental Research

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

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CGER-REPORT ISSN 1341-4356CGER-I127-2016

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CGERS SUPERCOMPUTER MONOGRAPH REPORT Vol.22

Evaluations of clouds and precipitations in NICAM using the joint simulator for satellite sensors

Masaki Satoh, Woosub Roh, and Tempei Hashino

CGERS SUPERCOMPUTER MONOGRAPH REPORT Vol.22 Evaluations of clouds and precipitations in NICAM using the joint simulator for satellite sensors Masaki Satoh, Woosub Roh, and Tempei Hashino Edited by:

Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

Coordination for Resource Allocation of the Supercomputer:

Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

Supercomputer Steering Committee (FY2015):

Masayoshi Ishii (Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency) Chiashi Muroi (Sapporo Regional Headquarters, Japan Meteorological Agency) Masaki Satoh (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo) Akio Imai (Center for Regional Environmental Research/NIES) Takashi Imamura (Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis/NIES) Shigeo Kurebayashi (Planning Department /NIES) Hideharu Akiyoshi (Center for Global Environmental Research /NIES) Nobuko Saigusa (Center for Global Environmental Research/NIES)

Maintenance of the Supercomputer System: Environmental Information Department (EID) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)

Operation of the Supercomputer System: NEC Corporation

Copies of this report can be obtained from:

Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , 305-8506 Japan Fax: +81-29-858-2645 E-mail: www-cger@nies.go.jp

Copyright 2016: NIES: National Institute for Environmental Studies

This publication is printed on paper manufactured entirely from recycled material (Rank A), in accordance with the Law Concerning the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services by the State and Other Entities.

ISSN 1341- 4356, CGER-I127-2016

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Foreword The Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) at the National Institute for

Environmental Studies (NIES) was established in October 1990, with the main objectives of contributing to the scientific understanding of global environmental change and identifying solutions to critical environmental problems. CGER conducts environmental research from an interdisciplinary, multi-agency, and international perspective, and provides an intellectual infrastructure for research activities in the form of databases and a supercomputer system. CGER also ensures that data from its long-term monitoring of the global environment is made available to the public.

CGER installed its first supercomputer system (NEC SX-3, Model 14) in March 1992, and this was subsequently upgraded to an NEC Model SX-4/32 in 1997, an NEC Model SX-6 in 2002, an NEC Model SX-8R/128M16 in 2007, and an NEC Model SX-9/A(ECO) in June 2013. In June 2015, the system was further upgraded with the inclusion of an NEC Model SX-ACE), in order to provide an increased capacity for speed and storage. We expect our research to benefit directly from this upgrade.

The supercomputer system is available for use by researchers from NIES and other research organizations and universities in Japan. The Supercomputer Steering Committee consists of leading Japanese scientists in climate modeling, atmospheric chemistry, ocean environment, computer science, and other areas concerned with global environmental research, and one of its functions is to evaluate proposals of any research requiring the use of the Supercomputer system. In the 2014 fiscal year (April 2014 to March 2015), fourteen proposals were approved.

To promote the dissemination of results, we publish both an Annual Report and occasional Monograph Reports. Annual Reports deliver results for all research projects that have made use of the supercomputer system in a given year, while Monograph Reports present the integrated results of a particular research program.

This Monograph Report presents validations of the pattern scaling method, which is an important tool for socioeconomic/emission uncertainties of climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation. The author suggests that different aerosol emissions in different socioeconomic/emission scenarios lead to significant biases of future hydrological assessments using the pattern scaling method. These results pose further challenges to the promotion of comprehensive analyses between climate projections, impacts, adaptation and mitigation.

In the years to come we intend to continue our support of environmental research by enabling the use of our supercomputer resources, and continue to disseminate practical information based on our results.

February 2016

Hitoshi Mukai Director Center for Global Environmental Research National Institute for Environmental Studies

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Preface In this monograph, we introduce the Joint Simulator for Satellite Sensors

(Joint-simulator) and evaluations of the Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) carried out by means of it, using satellite observations. Joint-simulator was developed under Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) EarthCARE mission in order to simulate the signals of various satellite sensors such as visible/infrared imager, microwave radiometer/sounder, radar, lidar, and broadband radiometer. NICAM is a global non-hydrostatic model developed in collaborations among the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute of the University of Tokyo, the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), and RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS). Using the super computer of the Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), we have used the Joint-simulator to evaluate clouds and precipitations simulated by NICAM, and improved the cloud microphysics scheme implemented in NICAM based on the comparison between simulated signals and satellite observations. This monograph is devoted to describe the Joint-simulator (Chapter 2) with examples of application of the Joint-simulator (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 describes evaluations of cloud microphysics of NICAM against CloudSat and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) observations, and Chapter 5, which is based on the following paper, describes evaluations of a stretched-NICAM using a geostationary satellite and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR).

[Chapter 5] Roh, W., and Satoh, M. (2014) Evaluation of precipitating hydrometeor

parameterizations in a single-moment bulk microphysics scheme for deep convective systems over the tropical open ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2654-2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0252.1

[With permission by American Meteorological Society]

February 2016

Masaki Satoh Professor Center for Earth Surface System Dynamics Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo

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Contents Foreword i Preface ii Contents iii List of Figures v List of Tables x Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Description of the Joint-simulator 5 2.1 What is a Joint-simulator ? 6 2.2 Preparation of the input data 9 2.3 How it works 11 2.4 Sensor simulators 11 2.4.1 Visible and infrared imagers 11 2.4.2 Microwave radiometers and sounders 13

2.4.3 Lidar simulator 13 2.4.4 Radar simulator 13 2.4.5 EASE 13 2.4.6 Broadband radiative transfer simulator 14

2.5 Single scattering database 15 Chapter 3 Examples of application of the Joint-simulator 21 3.1 Examples of simulated signals 22 3.1.1 Visible/IR composites 22 3.1.2 Passive microwave simulation 24 3.1.3 Active sensors and heating rate 25 3.1.4 Impact of non-spherical scattering 28 3.2 Example of diagnosis of atmospheric models 29 3.2.1 Comparison of IR images 29 3.2.2 Meridional distribution of cloudy grids by temperature 31 3.3 L1 data construction 38 Chapter 4 Evaluating cloud microphysics from NICAM against CloudSat and CALIPSO 41 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2 Datasets 44 4.2.1 CSDA-MD, the merged CloudSatCALIPSO dataset 44 4.2.2 NICAM Joint-simulator simulated merged dataset 44 4.2.3 Determining the particle phase 47 4.2.4 Multiple scattering detection 47

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4.2.5 Non-spherical ice scattering 48 4.3 Results 49 4.3.1 Example profiles 49 4.3.2 Global contoured frequency by temperature diagram (CFED) 53 4.3.3 Separation of contribution by hydrometeors to signals 56 4.3.4 Using BETTER to evaluate the effective radius and water content 60 4.4 Discussion 67 4.4.1 Cloud ice 68 4.4.2 Snow 68 4.4.3 Cloud water 70 4.5 Summary 70 Chapter 5 Evaluation of a stretched NICAM using a geostationary satellite and TRMM PR in the tropical open ocean 75 5.1 Introduction 76 5.2 Control experiments and evaluations 78 5.2.1 Experimental design 78 5.2.2 Observational data and satellite forward operators 79 5.2.3 Results of the control experiment 80 5.3 Modifications of microphysics scheme 84 5.3.1 Snow 85 5.3.2 Graupel 86 5.3.3 Rain 87 5.4 Results of sensitivity experiments 90 5.4.1 Sensitivi