CGIAR Annual Report 2012Partnership for impact

Science for a food secure future

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CGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food secure future. CGIAR research isdedicated to reducing rural poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring moresustainable management of natural resources. It is carried out by the 15 centers who are members of the CGIARConsortium in close collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations, including national and regional research institutes,civil society organizations, academia, and the private sector.

www.cgiar.org

This report, and additional associated content, is available online at www.cgiar.org/AR2012

Citation: CGIAR. 2013. Annual Report 2012: Partnership for impact. CGIAR. Montpellier, France. 49 pp.

This report was printed on FSC certified paper according to the high environmental standards of the Imprim'Vertspecification: ensuring the use of only non-toxic products, and proper containment and disposal of hazardous substances.

Writing by Scriptoria (www.scriptoria.co.uk), CGIAR Consortium, and CGIAR Fund Office. Design and layout by Scriptoria,with creative support from Michelle Fotsy and Martina Mascarenhas, CGIAR Consortium. Special thanks to Michele Pietrowski, CGIAR Fund Office, for support with this report's concept, content, and coordination.

Photo creditsCover (left to right): Neil Palmer/CIAT, Felix Clay/WorldFish, 2012, Neil Palmer/CIAT, Stevie Mann/ILRI; Foreword: NeilPalmer/CIAT; p.2 (left to right): World Bank, World Agroforestry Centre; p.3: Petterik Wiggers/IWMI; p.5: Munira MorshedMunni/IRRI; p.7: Md Masudur Rahaman/WorldFish, 2012; p.9: Neil Palmer/CIAT; p.10: Ollivier Girard/CIFOR; p.13: NeilPalmer/CIAT; p.14: Fiona Paumgarten/CIFOR; p.17: Felix Clay/WorldFish, 2012; p.19: Neil Palmer/CIAT; p.21: FelixClay/WorldFish, 2012; p.22: WorldFish, 2004; p.25: X. Scheldeman/Bioversity International; p.27: Andy Kristian Agaba/Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; p.29: Neil Palmer/CIAT; p.31: Georgina Smith/WorldFish, 2012; p.32: CGIAR Fund Office,2012; p.33: IRRI; p.35: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; p.36: Ollivier Girard/CIFOR; p.44: Neil Palmer/CIAT; p.47: ICRISAT

www.cgiar.org/AR2012

ContentsForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Strong progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Looking outward and thinking inclusively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Focus: Partnership for impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Reducing poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Increasing food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Improving nutrition and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Sustainably managing natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Moving CGIAR forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Shaping the research agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Improving efficiency and effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Tribute to CGIAR donors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Investment in CGIAR: Financial summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

CGIAR 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

CGIAR Consortium Research Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

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FOREWORD

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Foreword

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As CGIAR begins its fourth year of reform, itis important to take stock of our efforts,recognize the enormous progress we havemade to date, as well as the challenges westill face, and ensure that we are making themost of new opportunities to optimize theimpact of our research for the benefit of thepoor. In this regard, CGIAR made strongprogress in 2012, marked by criticalmilestones and important developmentsranging from scientific breakthroughs, tohistorical gains in funding, to landmarkachievements in how we conduct ourbusiness. We solidified our commitment to aprogrammatic approach to research with afully approved portfolio of CGIAR ResearchPrograms; launched initiatives to ensure thatgender equality is a top priority in all aspectsof our work; took steps to create a moreperformance-based system; and generatednew knowledge, tools, and technologies,including agricultural innovations that arenutrition-sensitive and climate smart.

This year's Annual Report showcases hownew ways of doing research are improvingthe incomes, food security, and health andwellbeing of poor smallholders and theirfamilies, and illustrates the importance ofstrategic partnerships in delivering thatimpact. Success stories range from linkingsmall-scale producers of chili peppers inBolivia and Peru with international markets,to blending traditional knowledge withmodern technologies to sustainably increasethe productivity of farmers, fishers, andlivestock keepers in the Zambezi Riverbasin in southern Africa.

As part of our work to exploit the potential ofagriculture to improve nutrition and health,in 2012 CGIAR and its partners madeavailable four new biofortified food crops tofarmers in India, Nigeria, Rwanda, andZambia. In addition to containing higherlevels of critical nutrients, the crops – beans,cassava, maize, and pearl millet – are highyielding and drought or heat tolerant,offering the potential for significantnutritional benefits in regions that areincreasingly affected by climate change. InIndia and Zambia, CGIAR is partnering withprivate seed companies to ensure that new

varieties get into farmers' fields with greaterspeed and scale, with the ultimate goal ofcombating malnutrition.

Recognizing the importance ofprivate–public partnerships to improve andaccelerate access to the best technologies,knowledge, and innovation to achievemaximum impact for the poor, in 2012CGIAR adopted its first ever system-widePrinciples on the Management of IntellectualAssets. This groundbreaking policy willenable CGIAR to better harness thestrengths of all partners so that theoutcomes of CGIAR research can be usedeffectively by those who need them most.Ensuring that the results of our researchmove more quickly into the hands of small-scale farmers, fishers, and foresters willcontinue to be both a challenge and apriority in future.

Complementing this effort, during thesecond CGIAR Funders Forum, donorsendorsed the Strategy and ResultsFramework Action Plan developed by theCGIAR Consortium in 2012. The Plan,which also defines a set of goals andtargets for good partnerships, promises anincreased focus on impact-driven researchby identifying more precise intermediatedevelopment outcomes for each of theCGIAR Research Programs. Clearly definedindicators will improve and streamlinereporting, facilitate transparent decision-making, and better ensure that donors knowwhat to expect from their investments,making the entire system more accountable.

CGIAR also took a number of steps in 2012to better meet the needs of poor ruralwomen, reduce the gender gap inagriculture, and empower female farmers. Incollaboration with the United States Agencyfor International Development (USAID) andthe Oxford Poverty & Human DevelopmentInitiative (OPHI), CGIAR developed a first-of-its-kind tool that measures theempowerment and inclusion of women inagriculture to document obstacles andconstraints, and ultimately overcome them.Research by other CGIAR scientistsidentified opportunities for increasing

women's earnings through the marketing ofnon-timber forestry products. And whenwomen have more opportunities to flourish,everyone benefits. Food security increases,poverty drops, children are better nourished,and environmental stewardship improves.

The first step to transforming people's livesthrough the benefits of agricultural research,however, often starts in an office orlaboratory. And on that front, CGIAR alsoregistered major accomplishments in 2012.Using the latest biotechnology tools, forexample, scientists discovered in CGIAR'sextensive seed collections a gene thatenables rice plants to produce 20% moregrain by increasing uptake of phosphorus.This discovery will enable small-scalefarmers who cannot afford fertilizers for theirpoor soils to grow more rice, improving foodsecurity and incomes while conserving theworld's rapidly diminishing reserves of rockphosphate. In Southeast Asia, rice farmersare already benefiting from new CGIARtechnologies, including a mobile phoneapplication that enables them to receiveadvice on applying the right type of fertilizerin the correct amount at the optimum time.

None of these achievements, of course,would be possible without strong supportfrom our valued investors. Despite fiscaldifficulties and tight aid budgets amongmany of our donors, financial contributionsto CGIAR continued to grow at a very robustrate, reflecting donors' confidence inCGIAR's ability to tackle some of the mostpressing global development challenges.With more than a 20% increase in fundingover the previous year, 2012 marked thesingle largest annual increase in funding in

CGIAR's history, putting us well on track toreach our US$1 billion target in 2013.

As elaborated in the financial section of thisAnnual Report, the increase in overallfunding is just one indicator that the reformprocess is bearing fruit. The growth incontributions to CGIAR's multi-donor trustfund is perhaps an even better indicator ofdonors' commitment to key aspects of thereform. From 2011 to 2012, contributionsreceived through the Fund increased by33%. Of that, nearly two-thirds was providedas harmonized funding, enabling CGIAR topool resources to finance research prioritiesand reflecting increasing interest in amultilateral approach to funding.

Although CGIAR made considerable andnoteworthy progress on many fronts in2012, we are determined to do more and todo it better, so that every dollar received willdeliver even greater benefits for poor ruralcommunities in developing countries.CGIAR is committed to continuallymeasuring and assessing the impact of ourwork to ensure that good intentions andbest efforts consistently lead to tangibleimprovements in people's lives. But wecertainly cannot do it alone. In order to fullyreap the fruits of reform, we need toenhance and expand our collaboration –with civil society, national research partners,academia, development practitioners, newinvestors, and long-time donors. By workingtogether, we are confident that we canultimately achieve our mutual goals oferadicating poverty, conserving vital naturalresources for future generations, andensuring everyone's right to safe, nutritious,and sufficient food.

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Rachel Kyte,CGIAR Fund Council Chair

Carlos Pérezdel Castillo,CGIARConsortium Board Chair

Strong progressIn 2012, CGIAR continued to deliverinnovative, comprehensive, andsustainable development solutionswhile strengthening collaborativeresearch through the new CGIARResearch Programs brought aboutby reform.

CGIAR's reform process was designed inlarge part to ensure that the knowledgegenerated by CGIAR scientists and theirpartners leads to results – for small-scalefarmers, poor forest and fishing communities,national agricultural research systems, ruralwomen, and policymakers. The changesbrought about by reform – a Consortium tounite the Centers, a programmatic approachto research, a Fund to harmonizeinvestments in that research, and adetermined commitment to work inclusivelywith partner organizations to create synergiesand maximize impact – are manifest in thenew strategic focus and way in which CGIARworks. By the end of 2012, all 16 CGIARResearch Programs had been approved.

Alleviating poverty, increasing food security,improving nutrition and health, andmanaging natural resources are all closelylinked. The CGIAR Research Programstackle these issues through acomprehensive strategy of research-for-development – the CGIAR Strategy andResults Framework (SRF). The SRF is anevidence-based, impact-oriented agenda

CGIAR Research Programs Agriculture for Nutrition and Health

(A4NH) Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) Climate Change, Agriculture and

Food Security (CCAFS) Dryland Cereals Dryland Systems Forests, Trees and Agroforestry Grain Legumes Integrated Systems for the Humid

Tropics (Humidtropics) Livestock and Fish Maize (MAIZE) Managing and Sustaining Crop

Collections (Genebanks) Policies, Institutions and Markets

(PIM) Rice (Global Rice Science

Partnership – GRiSP) Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) Wheat (WHEAT)

that focuses explicitly on poor people indeveloping countries. The Programsposition CGIAR to pursue innovative,comprehensive, and sustainable solutions –such as crops resilient to extreme weather,pests and disease, and more efficient waysto manage water, trees, soils, livestock,fisheries, and forests – and to deploytechnologies now available.

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INNOVATIONIn 2012, although all 16 CGIAR ResearchPrograms had been approved and somehad been operating for a year or more,others were only just getting started. Duringthe transition from 'old' projects andprograms to the new integrated Programs,CGIAR scientists continued to develop newknowledge and technologies, improvepractices, contribute to policymaking, buildcapacity, and empower scientists, poorsmallholders, and rural women.

Alleviating poverty and foodinsecurityAs the global population increases to apredicted nine billion by 2050, pressuremounts to produce more food withoutdestroying the planet. Research to empowerpoor rural communities and raise theproductivity of crops and agriculturalsystems – including livestock, fish, andagroforestry – will be essential to alleviatepoverty and ensure food security. CGIARResearch Programs are designed toaddress these interrelated issues.

New knowledgeIn 2012, CGIAR scientists published 1,290papers in peer-reviewed publications andproduced many significant reports. In onekey paper1 scientists of the CGIAR ResearchProgram on Climate Change, Agriculture andFood Security2 (CCAFS) described theexpected impacts of climate change on theproduction of cassava and six other staplecrops in sub-Saharan Africa – potato, maize,bean, banana, millet, and sorghum. A newsrelease based on the article generated majorcoverage in the international media. Thecoverage contributed to a key goal ofCCAFS – promoting options for adapting toclimate change.

The greatest burden of zoonotic diseases –diseases transmitted from animals to

humans and vice versa – falls on one billionpoor livestock keepers. In poor countrieszoonoses affect one in seven livestock,leading to 2.3 million people becoming illand 1.7 million dying each year. CGIARresearchers in the Dynamic Drivers ofDisease in Africa Consortium published areport3 showing the links between povertyand regions prone to zoonoses. The reportattracted wide media coverage and drewattention to diseases associated withagriculture, one of the issues beingaddressed by the CGIAR ResearchProgram on Agriculture for Nutrition andHealth4 (A4NH). The report and anaccompanying UK Institute for DevelopmentStudies (IDS) rapid response briefing forpolicymakers went 'viral' across the internetand print media and attracted, for example,the attention of Indian policymakers to thepotential threats associated with zoonoses.

CGIAR's International Rice ResearchInstitute (IRRI) and its partners in the GlobalRice Science Partnership5 (GRiSP) reportedthe discovery of a new gene in rice, theculmination of 10 years of research. Thegene, PSTOL1, makes it possible for riceroots to absorb more phosphorus from thesoil or fertilizers, thereby producing up to20% more grain. This is particularlyimportant for smallholder farmers whocannot afford to buy fertilizers.

Sequencing the chickpea genome was alsocompleted during the year. Thisgroundbreaking research opens the door tomuch more efficient and effectiveimprovement of the third most importantgrain legume in the world. The potentialvalue of this is significant: grain legumessuch as chickpea are the 'meat of the poor',providing protein and helping to meet othernutritional needs.

Agricultural research-for-development takesplace in the context of national, regional,and international agendas. In 2012,CGIAR's International Food Policy Research

1 Jarvis A, Ramirez-Villegas J, Herrera Campo BV, and Navarro-Racines C. 2012. Is cassava the answer to African climate change adaptation? Tropical Plant Biology, 5:1 (9–29). DOI: 10.1007/s12042-012-9096-7

2 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

3 Grace D, Mutua F, Ochungo P, Kruska R, Jones K, Brierley L, Lapar L, Said M, Herrero M, Phuc PM, Thao NB, Akuku I, and Ogutu F. 2012. Mapping of poverty and likely zoonoses hotspots. Zoonoses Project 4. Report to the UK Department for International Development. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute

4 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

5 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Rice (GRiSP), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

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6 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

7 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish (Livestock and Fish), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

8 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Maize (MAIZE), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

Institute (IFPRI), which leads the CGIARResearch Program on Policies, Institutionsand Markets6 (PIM), published the first of anew annual series covering major foodpolicy developments. The Global FoodPolicy Report 2011 spelled out the good and bad news on food security (see box onpage 6). This first report, making the casefor keeping food policy issues high on theglobal agenda, will serve as a reference forpolicymakers and stakeholders whendiscussing sustainable solutions for endinghunger and poverty.

Feedipedia, a groundbreaking new website,is the fruit of a partnership betweenCGIAR's International Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI), which leads the CGIARResearch Program on Livestock and Fish,7

the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO), and others.Feedipedia is a mine of information onanimal feeds. The website describes 1,400different types – from the traditional to thelesser known and unconventional – for awide variety of livestock and fish farmingsystems. The information, gathered togetherfor the first time in one place and accessibleto all, will help boost small-scale livestockfarming, increasing smallholder productivityand thus making meat, milk, and fish moreavailable and affordable to consumersacross the developing world.

The first pan-African study of groundwaterwas also concluded, filling gaps in researchon groundwater irrigation and watermanagement. Arab Spatial was anotherimportant tool that was completed. Thisdigital atlas contains maps and data for

more than 150 food security anddevelopment-related indicators in the region.The atlas will provide researchers andpolicymakers with tools and information forstrategic policy decisions at the subnational,national, and regional levels, based on thebest and most up-to-date data andinformation available. Data sources includethe World Bank's World DevelopmentIndicators databank, International MonetaryFund, World Health Organization, FAO,United States National Aeronautics andSpace Administration, United StatesNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, CGIAR, and IFPRI amongother regional, national, and subnationalstatistical bodies.

New technologies and improvedpracticesWork by CGIAR continues to change thelives of rural communities in developingcountries. This has included developing atoolkit for rapidly assessing value chains, anindex-based insurance to help Ethiopianpastoralists manage climate variability, anda new protocol for measuring andmonitoring soil organic stocks to helpadvance understanding of their adaptationand mitigation potential.

Modern maize breeding programs use thedoubled haploid method, a technique fordramatically cutting the time and effortrequired to produce hybrids compared withconventional breeding. However, few publicbreeding programs or small- and medium-size seed companies, especially indeveloping countries, use the procedure.The CGIAR Research Program on Maize8

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"The course was a very goodexperience for me. I'd read about[doubled haploids], but was ableto practice all the steps." Victor Moran Rosas, breeder,Semillas Berentsen, Mexico

Global Food Policy Report 2011The good news Agriculture, nutrition, and health

climbed to the top of national and global agendas, and the links between agriculture, food, land, water, and energy received more attention.

The world's major political leaders made food policy a high priority, with the G20 agreement on an Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture.

At the World Economic Forum, the world's business and society leaders gave agriculture a boost when they initiated their New Vision for Agriculture.

Encouraging progress was made at theclimate change conference in Durban, acknowledging the role agriculture can play in the mitigation of and adaptationto climate change.

China's focus on agricultural policy bore fruit as total grain production exceeded 570 million tons, a new record.

India's parliament introduced a National Food Security Bill to provide affordable grains to more than half of its 1.2 billion people.

New initiatives such as Feed the Future, the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program, and South–South cooperation boosted agriculture investments.

Promoting mother and child nutrition gained momentum as it became widelyaccepted that the nutrition in the 1,000 days between conception and a child's second birthday are of crucial importance for the child's future.

The bad news High and extremely volatile food

prices in the first half of the year threatened the food security of millions of people.

Biofuel policies in the United States of America (USA) and the European Union (EU) have not been changed to take into account their impact on land-use change and food price volatility.

The Doha Round of trade negotiations has still not been finalized, so countries continue to maintain domestic policies that undermine the trading prospects of developing countries and the sustainability of the global food system.

Setting a clear international standard or 'code of conduct' for large-scale foreign investment in land has received too little attention.

African countries are not meeting their target of allocating at least 10% of national budgetary resources to agriculture.

The international community responded slowly and too late to the disaster that was unfolding in the Horn of Africa.

Hunger still persists globally: nearly one billion people go hungry every day. The 2011 Global Hunger Index indicates that more than two dozen countries have 'alarming' or 'extremely alarming' hunger levels.

(MAIZE) organized training courses in LatinAmerica, Africa, and Asia to help breeders inthese regions apply the doubled haploidmethod and to encourage them to becomeproactive in producing hybrids adapted tolocal environments. Breeders trained in thedoubled haploid method will help speed thedelivery of improved maize varieties tosmall-scale farmers and cooperatives.

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9 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Cereals (Dryland Cereals), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

10 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

"Mali has only five seedcompanies serving the country,thus it is imperative to build theskill base in breeding." Ntji Coulibaly, Head, National MaizeProgram, Institute of Rural Economy,Mali

Technologies for making low-intensity tilapia–shrimp aquaculture profitableIn southern Bangladesh, the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems10 (AAS) organized training courses for 23,000 men and 23,000 women to introduce new aquaculture technologies. Low-intensity commercial tilapia–shrimp aquaculture has significantly expanded and is now practiced over 92,000 hectares, changing the lives of participants. Fish farmers who took part in training sessions on pond management and breeding in the USAID-funded Feed the Future Aquaculture project generated greater profits after the training than they did before.

Take Ensan Ali, owner of a fish nursery in Barisal, Bangladesh. He had no formal training in nursery management and his losses were so severe that he was going to close his nursery. Now that Ensan has been trained in preparing and managing ponds, planning, stocking, and harvesting, he expects to make a net annual profit of US$2,450 – up from US$500 the year before. "I used to work with risk before, but now I know how and what to do for successful fry production," he says. His pond serves as a demonstration for neighboring farmers, and Ensan plans to extend his business by opening two new ponds.

In western India, the CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Cereals9 introducedtechniques for growing improved varieties ofsorghum, such as treating seed withthiamethoxam to control shoot fly, usingseed drills to space plants favorably,applying fertilizer based on the results ofsoil tests, and managing water. The 25,000farmers using the new techniques haveharvested 40% more grain and 20% morefodder, and farm incomes have risen by50% over 2 years.

Urbanization is putting pressure on waterresources, especially in water-scarce areas.In these regions, introducing technologies torecover urban waste water and use it safelycan help maintain sustainable food supplies.One notable success in reusing waste wateris in the Near East where the CGIARResearch Program on Water, Land and

Ecosystems11 (WLE) worked with farmers inarid and semi-arid areas of Jordan,Lebanon, and Palestine to set up grey watertreatment stations and show that urbanwaste water could safely be used forirrigation. Between 2010 and 2012, 24treatment stations were set up. Farmers inJordan successfully using treated wastewater are encouraging others to follow suit.Following a visit by Palestinian farmers andtechnical staff from the West Bank andGaza Strip to farms in Jordan where greywater was being used, the Palestinianshave since repaired a neglected wastewater treatment station in the City of Ateel,on the northern West Bank.

According to FAO, Ug99, a new race ofstem rust, could cut global wheat productionby 60 million tons and cause food prices tospike. The CGIAR Research Program onWheat12 (WHEAT) is part of the fight againststem rust, developing and releasing newvarieties resistant to Ug99. In India, two newvarieties derived from CGIAR germplasmthat are resistant to Ug99 and yield 12–14%more than currently grown popular varietieswere planted on 50,000 hectares. But formore farmers to be able to grow varietiesresistant to Ug99, they need to be able toobtain seed. Wheat scientists at CGIAR'sInternational Maize and Wheat ImprovementCenter (CIMMYT) foresaw the risk of nothaving enough seed in a crisis. They alerteddonors who provided funds for seedproduction. Thanks to rapid methods ofseed production introduced by CGIARResearch Programs, six countries –Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Ethiopia,Nepal, and Pakistan – have producedsufficient seed of Ug99-resistant wheat tocounter a potential outbreak.

Raising yields of root, tuber, and bananacrops is cumbersome because of theirbiology. Increases in yields tend to lagcompared to major cereals. Next-generationsequencing technologies and plantmetabolite profiling (fingerprinting), however,

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11 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

12 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Wheat (WHEAT), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports13 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB), available at

www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports14 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes (Grain Legumes), available at

www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

can speed up and make breeding moreefficient. To harness the potential of thesetechnologies, the CGIAR Research Programon Roots, Tubers and Bananas13 (RTB) iscreating comprehensive maps of the genesand metabolic processes in the main RTBcrops. The 'Omics approach' combinesresearch in three key areas: genomics, theuse of DNA sequencing to uncover and mapthousands of single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP) markers;metabolomics, the study of chemicalfingerprints of cellular processes; andphenomics, the evaluation of how genesdetermine phenotypes. Applying these newtechniques will accelerate the developmentof more productive varieties and improvefarmers' yields.

Improving nutrition and healthSix CGIAR Research Programs are workingon enhancing the productivity, resilience,and the nutritional value of staple food crops.One is the CGIAR Research Program onGrain Legumes,14 a partner in the Pan-Africa

"Investments in agriculturalresearch are vital to improvefood security and nutrition indeveloping countries. Canada isa proud supporter of CGIAR,which develops scientific andpolicy innovations to improveboth the quantity and quality offood produced, leading tohealthier children and mothers,and reduced rural poverty." Honorable Julian Fantino, CanadianMinister of International Cooperation

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Bean Research Alliance (PABRA). PABRApartner organizations have together solvedproblems in bean production that few couldhandle individually. Members have releasedabout 450 improved bean varieties since1985, raising the incomes of eight millionrural households – about 45 million people –and promising them a healthier future.Because the new varieties give higher yieldsand are more resistant to disease, they helprural households become more food secureand boost household incomes. According toa recent impact study, improved beans areexpected to deliver economic benefits ofUS$200 million from 1986–2015.

Larger harvests and more nutritious cropsfrom the same area of land are particularlyimportant for improving nutrition and healthwhere agricultural land is scarce. In 2012, theGovernment of Rwanda released five iron-rich bean varieties that were developedunder the HarvestPlus Program in A4NH bythe Rwanda Agriculture Board and CGIAR'sInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT). Thanks to partnerships withcooperatives, agro-dealers, and evenchurches, more than 136,000 Rwandanhouseholds received 'iron bean' seed packsin 2012. Because of their high iron contentthe new varieties help combat iron-deficiencyanemia in Rwanda where per capita beanconsumption is the highest in the world.

Also as part of the HarvestPlus Program,scientists at CGIAR's International CropsResearch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

(ICRISAT) developed new varieties of pearlmillet that are rich in iron and zinc. Pearlmillet is another crop with the potential toboost both nutrition and incomes,particularly as it is one of the few crops thatthrives on poor land. Across large tracts ofthe poorer, less fertile parts of India, bread,chapatti, and porridge are made from milletflour. Improving the nutritional value of pearlmillet could therefore make a big differenceto people's health in these areas. In thestates of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat,and Uttar Pradesh where pearl millet is astaple food, an estimated 70% of childrenunder five are anemic, mainly due to irondeficiency. HarvestPlus launched apartnership with an Indian company, NirmalSeeds Pvt. Ltd, to distribute iron-rich milletseeds more quickly to farmers. NirmalSeeds is arranging field demonstrations topromote ICTP-8203Fe – a variety that is notonly higher in iron but also gives 15%higher yields – and selling seed through itsnetwork of distributors. In 2012, NirmalSeeds sold 180 tons of ICTP-8203Fe seed.More than 35,000 farmers in Maharashtraadopted the high iron variety ICTP-8203Fe.

Pearl millet is just one of six crops beingevaluated for their nutritional value – lookingat Vitamin A, iron, or zinc levels – by thelarge cross-Center HarvestPlus Program,which breeds and develops biofortifiedcrops. Once high-yielding varieties of staplefoods with superior levels of micronutrientshave been tested for their nutritional impact,the best will be rolled out on a large scale.

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Managing natural resourcessustainably

Agricultural landscapes provide a variety ofbenefits apart from food production, such asecosystem and hydrological services.Balancing the different functions will beimportant for managing natural resourcessustainably in the twenty-first century. InCGIAR, WLE leads crosscutting researchon agriculture and ecosystem services,which involves nearly all CGIAR Centers, aswell as major international organizationssuch as the Stockholm Environment Center,The Nature Conservancy, Centre decoopération internationale en rechercheagronomique pour le développement(CIRAD), and Ecoagriculture Partners. Aworking group on ecosystem functions infarming systems has developed aframework to integrate ecosystems servicesinto agricultural land-use planning anddecision-making as a way of sustainablyincreasing overall productivity. Other areasto be tackled include in situ agrobiodiversityas a way of increasing sustainability indiversified and intensified systems,managing ecosystem functions andagrobiodiversity, and methods to managetrade-offs between improving productivityand sustainably managing naturalresources.

In Africa, farmers are putting the results ofwork combining local and scientificknowledge of native species into practice on

15 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

the steep slopes of Lake Tanganyika. Theyhave planted two million indigenous trees,greatly improving hydrological services –such as stream flow, control of sedimentdeposited into the lake, and water qualitydownstream – and boosting rurallivelihoods. The CGIAR Research Programon Forests, Trees and Agroforestry15 and theWorld Wildlife Fund are now scaling uppractices and tools developed during thiswork – low-cost community nurseries forraising seedlings, tools to assist extension,and rural advisory services for farmers – aspart of the Lake Tanganyika RegionalIntegrated Management Programme.

Translating the results of research intodevelopment outcomes often depends oninfluencing national governments to makechanges to policies. CGIAR research –which showed that banana–coffee systemsare not only profitable, but also resilient toclimate shocks – has led several coffee-producing countries in East Africa andCentral America that previously encouragedmonocropping to change theirrecommendations. Based on the evidence,authorities are now advising farmers tointercrop coffee and banana. As well asreducing soil erosion, farmers not only earnmore from intercropping but also spreadrisks, as crop failures seldom affect bothcoffee and banana simultaneously.

In Peru, a new law takes into accountresearch by WLE on payments forecosystem services (PES) in the Cañete

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"We are leaving the oldparadigm of having trees cut andgetting revenues from this, andentering a new era: the trees willstand, and at the same timerevenues are received andpeople's welfare is improved." Kuntoro Mangkusubroto, IndonesiaTask Force for REDD+

River basin. The research on innovativeways of sharing the benefits of protectingwatersheds is part of an exploration of howagriculture fits within wider ecosystems.Projects undertaken by CIAT in partnershipwith the Peruvian Ministry of Environment inthe Cañete watershed investigated andpiloted benefit-sharing mechanisms. Theresults of the pilot projects will help theMinistry develop PES schemes for morethan 30 other basins. In consultation withvarious research partners, including CIAT,which is part of the advisory group onnational ecosystem services legislation,Peru's Ministry of Environment has draftednew legislation to catalyze PES schemes.The schemes could defuse potential conflictover the uneven distribution of benefits fromecosystem services. The Ministry is nowengaged in public consultations to buildsupport for the new law in the PeruvianCongress.

In Indonesia, CGIAR's Center forInternational Forestry Research (CIFOR)worked very closely with the President'sREDD+ Task Force to develop agovernment strategy on reducing emissionsfrom deforestation and forest degradation(REDD+). The strategy is part of a jointIndonesia–Norway effort to slow the pace ofclimate change by reducing the rate ofdeforestation, thereby bringing sustainableenvironmental, social, and economicbenefits. As well as providing researchfindings to inform the strategy, CIFORworked with the Indonesian Government to

raise awareness nationally and globally onthe challenges and opportunities associatedwith REDD+.

Agriculture is a major source of greenhousegases; the potential to mitigate climatechange by reducing emissions fromagriculture is therefore huge. Much of thispotential is in developing countries.Nationally appropriate mitigation actions(NAMAs) are a new mechanism of theUnited Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC) for developingcountries to establish mitigation plans andactions. An analysis by FAO and CCAFS ofhow agriculture was dealt with in 12 NAMAshas been used by five other countries whilepreparing their NAMAs. FAO and CCAFSalso organized a workshop for experts insmallholder mitigation to help themunderstand how NAMAs can be a tool fornational mitigation planning and climate-smart agriculture, and how to go aboutdeveloping them.

A CGIAR study16 that modeled land-usechanges contributed to modifications in theEU biofuel policy proposed by the EuropeanCommission in 2012. The modified policyproposal reduces the share of biofuels to bederived from food crops and would remedysome of the unintended environmentalconsequences of regulations on biofuels.

On international climate change policy,CCAFS, with funding from the Global DonorPlatform for Rural Development, set up theCommission on Sustainable Agriculture andClimate Change. The report of theCommission, published in 2012, madeseven major recommendations and hasinfluenced several governments. In Mexico,for example, Congress supported a draftclimate change bill, which was subsequentlypassed as the General Climate Change Law2012 – only the third such law in the world.In Bangladesh, Commissioner MohammedAsaduzzaman used the findings in thereport to validate Bangladesh's submissionon agriculture to the UNFCCC's SubsidiaryBody on Scientific and TechnologicalAdvice. In Kenya, the Commission's reportwas used as a reference when preparingKenya's Agriculture Act 2012.

16 Laborde D and Valin H. 2012. Modeling land use changes in a global CGE: assessing the EU biofuels mandate with the Mirage-BioF model. Climate Change Economics. DOI: 10.1142/S2010007812500170

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An analysis of climate change and foodsystems17 by CCAFS showed thatagriculture and agricultural systems arehighly vulnerable to climate change. Thepaper calculated emissions in all aspects offood production and distribution – directemissions from crops and livestock, theindirect emissions of food production as aresult of changes in land cover, emissionsfrom manufacturing fertilizer, and fromstoring, transporting, and refrigerating food.A companion policy brief18 concluded that a'recalibration' of the food system will berequired to ensure future food security andsustainable use of critical natural resourcesin a changing climate. In some contexts thismay mean switching from major staplessuch as bananas to potatoes. Thepublications sparked debate in the media onthe advantages and disadvantages of localas opposed to imported food, food waste,and the use of fertilizer, and influenced theclimate change debate at the internationallevel. The UN Committee on Food Security,for example, drew on the analysis toprepare its recommendations on climatechange and food security.

GenderGender inequalities affect access to anduse of technology, land, water, forests,livestock, fisheries, education, income,investment, and labor. The ConsortiumGender Strategy, launched in 2010, coversboth gender in research and gender in theworkplace. Each CGIAR Research Programis developing a strategy for integratinggender into research. In 2012, there wasconcrete progress across Programs inincorporating gender issues into researchand cooperating on crosscutting genderissues. By the end of the year, eightPrograms had approved a gender strategy,six were already implementing theirstrategies, and two were working on drafts.

GRiSP's gender strategy, for example, aimsto empower women and accelerate thedelivery of development objectives byintegrating women into designing,experimenting, and evaluating riceresearch-for-development. The strategy alsoseeks to improve women's access to

17 Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, and Ingram JSI. 2012. Climate change and food systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37: 195–222. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608

18 Thornton P. 2012. Recalibrating Food Production in the Developing World: Global Warming Will Change More Than Just the Climate. CCAFS Policy Brief no. 6. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

resources such as production inputs,knowledge, and improved technologies; andcontrol over outputs such as harvested rice,processed rice, and other products.

"Providing opportunities forwomen in the agricultural sectoris not only about genderempowerment. It is also aboutensuring that the best minds,whether male or female, aregiven an equal chance to deploytheir skills and energy asscientists, farmers, extensionagents and others." Mark Holderness, ExecutiveSecretary, Global Forum onAgricultural Research (GFAR)

The approach to gender taken by AASsimilarly seeks to realize irreversible, deep,and enduring change for women. To createlasting change the AAS 'gendertransformative approach' investigates theunderlying causes of gender inequalities.Research addresses the unequal powerdynamics that adversely affect householdlivelihoods. The Program works with menand women to reflect on and questionexisting norms, beliefs, practices,and structures. AAS also partners withorganizations in the health and educationsectors to learn from their approaches,methods, tools, and experience. Incombination with strategies to develop theproductivity of agricultural systems, thegender transformative approach will improveaccess to resources for production andcontrol over life choices that affectdevelopment.

The CGIAR Research Program on Forests,Trees and Agroforestry embeds attention togender and addresses imbalances in eachresearch theme, taking a systematic

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approach to designing and implementinggender-responsive research. Genderspecialists guide and train Programscientists, managers, and partners in orderto improve the quality and quantity ofgender research. Recent gender researchincludes a study of non-timber forestryproducts which identified opportunities forincreasing women's earnings, opportunitiesthat the Program is investigating further.

Many Programs have adopted therecommendations of the CGIAR Genderand Agriculture Research Network,launched during 2012, on areas where jointmonitoring and evaluation, commonmethods, and sharing data would add value.PIM is already developing methods forcollecting and analyzing gender-disaggregated data that all Programs canuse.

A study by A4NH assessed food safety ininformal markets, where women'sinvolvement predominates. CCAFS hasintegrated gender into climate-riskmanagement in 22 climate-smart villages inWest Africa, East Africa, and South Asia, andhas collected data on gender inequality in 16benchmark sites across 13 countries.

COLLABORATIONThe emphasis on collaborative researchbrought about by CGIAR reform gainedmomentum throughout the year,notwithstanding delays in some Programsbecause of the security situation in Syriaand disruption in some Arab Springcountries. More effective partnerships wereforged to achieve greater impact – a key

aspect of the reform – including amongCGIAR Research Programs, national andregional programs, and global climatechange and nutrition research groups.

A competitive grants scheme, for example,launched by MAIZE and WHEAT, and opento non-CGIAR researchers, aims to fillresearch gaps and thus achieve greaterimpact. In 2012, MAIZE and WHEATawarded 55 Competitive Partner Grants. Ofthese, WHEAT approved grants for 19projects in India, Uzbekistan, Turkey, China,UK, and USA. The Competitive PartnerGrants extend MAIZE and WHEATpartnerships, harness a wider range ofinnovative ideas, and complement ongoingMAIZE and WHEAT research.

In Egypt, Livestock and Fish, CARE, andCGIAR's WorldFish joined forces to createjobs and improve incomes in aquaculture.AAS set up two women's fish-marketinggroups to empower members and securemore equitable benefits. CARE Egypt andprivate sector hatcheries play key roles indisseminating and ensuring women haveaccess to the highly productive Abbassastrain of tilapia. Also during 2012, Livestockand Fish helped bring together the TanzaniaDairy Board, Sokoine University ofAgriculture, ILRI, Heifer ProjectInternational, SNV (The NetherlandsDevelopment Organisation), Land O'Lakes,Inc., and the Tanzania Ministry of Livestockand Fisheries Development to set up amulti-stakeholder Dairy DevelopmentForum. This alliance, linking all stakeholdersin the dairy value chain for the first time, willaddress bottlenecks and developappropriate solutions for the dairy sector inTanzania.

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CCAFS partnered with the Common Marketfor Eastern and Southern Africa, the EastAfrica Community, and the Southern AfricaDevelopment Community, to organize twoworkshops – in Arusha, Tanzania, andJohannesburg, South Africa – to helpAfrican representatives in climate changenegotiations articulate African perspectiveson agriculture. This collaboration meantthat, for the first time, African countries wereable to provide a joint submission onagriculture to the UNFCCC, and make theirviews known to the Subsidiary Body forScientific and Technical Advice and theConference of Parties. The Africansubmission to the UNFCCC process arguedfor agriculture to be included in anyinternational agreement on climate change,and for African countries to be provided withaccess to research and technology.

In Vietnam, IRRI, CCAFS, and international,national, and local partners work togetheron the project Climate change affecting landuse in the Mekong Delta: adaptation of ricecropping systems (CLUES). CLUES is thefirst project to focus specifically on riceproduction and climate change in a regionalcontext. By November 2012, Vietnam hadreleased 15 new climate-change-ready ricevarieties, and CLUES partners hadsuccessfully promoted managementtechniques to help farmers lessen theimpacts of climate change on riceproduction.

Common approaches andmethodologiesThe CGIAR Research Programs that focuson commodities are following the same

value chain approach, a promising means toaddress market limitations faced by thepoor. In 2012, researchers in Livestock andFish, PIM, and A4NH joined forces todevelop a practical toolkit for assessingvalue chains. The toolkit – covering theentire value chain from producers toconsumers and bringing together scatteredapproaches and tools – will help CGIAR andpartner researchers to rapidly analyzelivestock and fish value chains. Scientists atCIAT, the International Center forAgricultural Research in the Dry Areas(ICARDA), IFPRI, and WorldFish developedthe tools and tested them with the help ofpartners in Egypt, Ethiopia, Tanzania,Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia. The toolkitcan be used across all Programs.

A common methodology is also importantfor providing evidence on progress towardgender equity across empowermentschemes. Working with A4NH, all Programswill use the Women's Empowerment inAgriculture Index, recently launched at theUnited Nations, and in the UK and Indianparliaments. The Index will provide evidencethat is unambiguous, quickly understood,and that decision makers can use. So far 19countries have adopted the Index as part ofthe US Government Feed the Futureinitiative.

Sentinel landscapes, sites where scientistscan track changes in forest cover over thelong term and across national borders, alsocatalyze joint approaches and methods. TheCGIAR Research Program on Forests,Trees and Agroforestry is developing astandard research framework to collectevidence across the network of sites on keyindicators of change that affect

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development. The sentinel landscapesinitiative builds on and complements thework done by partners in target regions andis an excellent vehicle for partners toinfluence research that can bring aboutdevelopment outcomes. Long-term socio-ecological research at sentinel sites willtrack changes in how forests, agroforestry,and tree genetic resources are managedand used, and on the effects of these onlivelihoods.

Scientists are also developing commonapproaches to studying the extent to whichclimate change could exacerbate thedamage caused by crop pests anddiseases. The RTB and CCAFS Programs,for example, are working together to identifywhich ones could become more serious ormore widespread, and to help governments,international organizations, and farmers toprotect crops. At a workshop in December2012, the RTB–CCAFS group identified themost damaging pests and diseases,developed a framework for improving riskprediction, and planned for shareddatabanks.

Addressing crosscuttingissuesCGIAR Research Programs madepromising advances in jointly addressingcrosscutting issues and sharingresponsibilities. Three Programs working onagricultural systems – AAS, DrylandSystems,19 and Integrated Systems for theHumid Tropics20 – meet regularly to discusscommon research approaches and tools fordifferent agroecosystems.

Sustainable intensification is a crosscuttingissue in CGIAR. Africa RISING, a Program todevelop an integrated research-for-development model for sustainableintensification that is scalable and adaptable,aligns CGIAR work with ComprehensiveAfrica Agricultural Development Programme(CAADP) national and continent-widepriorities, and complements investments byUSAID country missions. Africa RISING ispart of the Feed the Future Global Food

19 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems (Dryland Systems), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

20 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics (Humidtropics), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

Security Research Strategy and assemblesthe expertise of 10 CGIAR and otherinternational centers, local and USuniversities, national governments, nationalagricultural research institutes, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), andthe private sector.

During 2012, Africa RISING's start-up year,15 'early win' projects in West Africa, Eastand Southern Africa, and the Ethiopian

Tackling aflatoxin in maize and groundnutsAfrican economies lose a staggering US$450 million a year due to aflatoxin contamination, which affects staple crops such as maize and groundnuts.

Over the past 15 years, scientists at CGIAR's International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) have developed aflasafe™, a natural, low-cost biocontrol treatment that drastically cuts aflatoxin contamination in food crops. Used alongside other improved management practices, aflasafe™ could reduce aflatoxin contamination by more than 70% in maize and groundnuts, increase crop value by at least 5%, and improve the health of children and women. The World Bank estimates that in Senegal, reducing aflatoxin contamination would add US$281 million a year to the value of groundnut exports.

Three Programs coordinate efforts to close research gaps on aflatoxin risks and mitigation in maize and groundnuts. The MAIZE and Grain LegumesPrograms focus on technologies to reduce and test aflatoxins in maize and groundnuts on-farm and in local value chains. A4NH focuses on assessing and lessening both market and health risks, and on policy advice. Working together on value chain interventions, the three Programs aim for a more robust overall approach to managing aflatoxin in the two crops.

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highlands fast-tracked promisingapproaches to intensification withsmallholder farmers, such as labor savingand water harvesting technologies,'doubled-up legumes' intercropping (forexample, pigeon pea with groundnut), anddual purpose crops. One project in Malawi,for example, led by CIMMYT, introducedmembers of two smallholder maize producerorganizations to conservation agriculturepractices such as no-till, residuemanagement, and crop rotation. Applyingmethods like these will boost householdincomes and improve nutrition, soil fertility,and resilience to climate change.

"Ensuring that CGIAR researchproducts reach large numbers ofsmallholder farmers is a key totransforming African farmingsystems and a high priority forFeed the Future researchprograms. For example, AfricaRISING's CGIAR-led researchon maize–pigeon pea systems inMalawi contributes to anotherUSAID-supported nutritionproject involving thousands offarmers." Rob Bertram, USAID

The RTB Program launched a strategicassessment of research priorities to identifyareas where combining research efforts willbenefit from synergies and have thegreatest potential impact on poverty, foodsecurity, human nutrition and health, genderequity, and environmental sustainability. Thesurvey on production constraints andresearch options for the main root, tuber,and banana crops drew more than 1,500responses from experts ranging from potatobreeders in Bolivia and plantain pathologistsin East Africa, to extension staff in India.

In Central Africa, a pilot bioinformaticsplatform to manage and analyze sequencingdata in plant breeding is a good example ofthe efficiencies made possible by Programsynergies. Several Programs helped GRiSPdevelop the tools on the website that willhelp scientists breed new varieties of ricemore rapidly. Impact assessments haveshown that rice breeding research canimprove productivity and deliver significantbenefits to rice farmers. IRRI's improvedrice varieties, for example, have increasedfarmers' returns by US$127 a hectare insouthern Vietnam, US$76 a hectare inIndonesia, and US$52 a hectare in thePhilippines. If new and improved rice

SynergiesSynergies between CGIAR ResearchPrograms are already evident in countriesand across regions, and in methods andapproaches. Programs working inBangladesh, for example, are nowcollaborating more closely. In Africa, PIMworked with several other Programs onaligning research with national prioritiesunder the umbrella of CAADP. Much of thefood safety work of A4NH supportsLivestock and Fish value chain work andcross-program team work on assessingvalue chains, developing tools, and buildingnational capacity.

Synergies with the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP)In 2012, work continued on harmonizing CGIAR Research Program priorities with those of national investment strategies under the umbrella of CAADP. Several regional workshops and a conference in Dublin gathering all partners – including the World Bank, USAID, and Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) – helped align their work. A team at IFPRI created a prototype mapping tool for organizing and providing access to national and regional spatial information on projects. The mapping tool will enable CAADP to coordinate investments by development partners, as well as technologies developed and released by national agricultural research organizations, regional organizations, and CGIAR Research Programs.

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Capturing synergies between global supply chains and developmentSynergies between the private sector, scientists, and NGOs are important in linking smallholder farmers into global supply chains. The seeds of the wild Allanblackia tree have been harvested forcenturies by communities in equatorial Africa. Allanblackia fruit contains oil with aunique composition, structure, and melting properties. It is ideal for margarine and dairy cream alternatives, and can be used in developing new products and improving the quality of existing ones. After discovering the potential of Allanblackia in 2000, Unilever played a leading role in helping to set up a public–private partnership to establish supply chains for producing oil from wild harvested seeds. Partners include the International Union for Conservation of Nature, CGIAR's World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), and NGOs such as TechnoServe.

By 2011, it had become clear that the amount of Allanblackia fruit gathered from the wild – about 200 tons – was insufficient to meet an estimated

demand of 100,000 tons from Unilever and other companies. Sustainable domestication was the answer. ICRAF worked with farmers to domesticate trees that grow quickly and produce large quantities of oil-rich quality seeds. Farmers are being trained to plant Allanblackia and are encouraged to join smallholder schemes so as to become part of the supply chain. Unilever helped co-fund and co-found local companies and is helping them towards independently owning and running the supply chain. So far, around 11,000 farmers, half of whom are women, are involved and have increased their earnings. The goal is to link 500,000 smallholder farmers into Unilever's supply network by helping farmers improve their agricultural practices and to supply the global market at competitive prices.

"We wanted to make Allanblackia a crop which would benefit large numbers of African farmers and biodiversity at the same time." Harrie Hendrikx, Unilever

varieties can be delivered even morequickly and the benefits extended to Africa,this could have a significant global impact.

GRiSP has also designed cooperatives forrice growers, producers, processors, andmarketers to commercialize quality riceproducts. The reach of the CGIAR Research

Programs means that the synergies ofcombining efforts can widen the impact bydelivering innovations, such as thesecooperatives, to several locationssimultaneously. Pilot rice cooperativesbacked by microfinance in Cameroon,Chad, and the Central African Republiccurrently involve around 179,000 farmers.

Synergies along value chains that involvethe private sector are a key feature of theDrought-Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA)project run by IITA and CIMMYT, as part ofthe MAIZE Program. In Mali, linking up withprivate sector partner Faso Kaba Seeds hasbeen important for promoting improvedvarieties, training farmers to produce seed,and setting up a distribution network for sixpopular crops, including drought-tolerantmaize.

In 2008, Faso Kaba Seeds contractedfarmers to produce 100 tons of seed ofdrought-tolerant maize. By 2012, thecompany was producing 10-times moreseed, employing 11 people, running its ownseed cleaning and packing unit, andcoordinating around 150 franchised stores.Without the collaboration between FasoKaba Seeds and researchers, few farmersin Mali would be able to get hold of seed.The DTMA project is now developingdrought-tolerant maize varieties and valuechains for 13 countries in Africa.

Innovation networks andknowledge systemsAs CGIAR takes on more responsibility forachieving development outcomes, CGIARResearch Programs increasingly engage withmulti-stakeholder networks and platforms toscale up innovations and anchor CGIARresearch in local realities. In the WLE NileBasin Development Challenge in Ethiopia, forexample, researchers benefit from wideinteraction with a range of public and privateorganizations, and local and national decisionmakers through dedicated innovationplatforms. Such cooperation leads to positiveoutcomes in terms of relevance to localcontexts, uptake of innovations, communityempowerment, and engagement in national

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"Drought-tolerant maize beatsconventional maize as the horsebeats the donkey." Lassana Diakite, Chair of a localfarming cooperative in Mali

policy processes. In the Blue Nile Basin, ILRIand International Water ManagementInstitute (IWMI) researchers set up localinnovation platforms to manage rainwater.Participants worked together to identifyissues and design pilot projects thatrepresented community and decision makers'concerns. Although the pilot interventionswere largely unsuccessful, the lessonsgenerated have been invaluable for thoseinvolved. Researchers worked with membersof the innovation platforms to review theirefforts, to encourage a sense of ownership,and to ensure that interventions take intoaccount community concerns and meet theneeds of different social groups.

In another project recognizing theimportance of local context, CCAFS, ILRI,IDS, the International Institute forEnvironment and Development, theInternational Development Research Centre(IDRC), and other partners studied sociallearning and other participatory approachesto find ways to systematically embedresearch on climate change adaptation andmitigation in community knowledgesystems. The work showed the power butalso the challenges in social engagement atthe local level. The findings point to a rangeof needs and opportunities that CCAFScould engage with at – and across – local,subnational, national, and internationalscales. They also raise questions regardingthe internal functioning and strategy of theCCAFS network and how this might bestsupport improved communications andsocial learning on climate change.

CGIAR Research Programs are alsouniquely placed to tap expertise oninnovation networks and knowledgesystems at other levels. In determining howbest to use innovation platforms tostrengthen collaborative research insmallholder maize production, for example,the MAIZE Program linked up with theNetherlands Royal Tropical Institute (KIT).The Institute, which has a goodunderstanding of innovation platforms inmany development contexts, reviewed 11projects that work through such platformsand helped MAIZE select pilot projects topromote learning among stakeholders alongthe value chain, from farmers and extensionagents to representatives of seedcompanies and government departments.Through the pilot innovation platforms,

"The Marketplace is an effort tomove from retail South–Southcollaboration, where each timewe are facilitating onearrangement at a time, to awholesale approach, where weput in place a model that willallow many differentcollaborations to be effective." Willem Janssen, Lead AgricultureSpecialist, World Bank

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Biodiversity, food, and nutritionIn 2012, scientists at Bioversity International, with partners from Save the Children UK and the National Museum of Kenya, studied how five wild, neglected, and underutilized fruits and vegetables can lower food costs and improve nutrition. The research showed that by making the five wild foods part of a woman's diet, her food costs fall by around 40%.

The World Food Programme, FAO, UN Global Environment Fund, and Bioversity International are working to integrate biodiversity into school feeding projects in communities facing severe poverty and hunger. Research underway in Brazil, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Kenya will offer long-term solutions to improve diets and dietary behaviors. School gardens and junior farmer field schools will show how young people can grow local, seasonal, nutritious foods and will raise awareness about the importance of these foods as part of a diverse and sustainable diet.

MAIZE and KIT will jointly coach andsupport researchers and local partners tohelp them understand farmers' needs andrealities from a 'systems' perspective. Thelessons learned will give all Programs abetter understanding of innovation platformsas a means to scale up impact.

In addition to tapping into expertise,Programs also help partners in South–Southalliances share their expertise. Much unique

developing world knowledge, on thenutritional value of local agriculturalbiodiversity, for example, is undocumented.Programs provide technical backup andcontacts through their extensive networks tostrengthen South–South alliances. TheA4NH Biodiversity for Food and NutritionProject, for example, draws on CGIAR'sBioversity International and otherinternational partners – the United NationsEnvironment Programme, FAO, World FoodProgramme, The World Vegetable Center,Crops for the Future, the Earth Institute atColumbia University, the World Bank,Brazil’s agricultural research entityEmbrapa, the Forum for AgriculturalResearch in Africa (FARA) and ICRAF– tosupport and foster the Africa–BrazilAgricultural Innovation Marketplace.

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By helping leverage expertise from theagricultural research-for-developmentcommunity to strengthen platforms such asthe Agricultural Innovation Marketplace,Programs will help widen the scope ofSouth–South collaboration and multiply thevalue of their work many times over.

ResponsivenessThe wide reach of CGIAR means thatCGIAR Research Programs can quickly put

21 Annual progress report 2012: CGIAR Research Program on Managing and Sustaining Crop Collections (Genebanks), available at www.cgiar.org/CRP2012Reports

The lifeblood of crop improvement researchThe CGIAR Research Program on Managing and Sustaining Crop Collections21 (Genebanks) collects, conserves, and characterizes the diversity of the world's major food crops. Over the last 10 years, CGIAR genebanks have distributed more than one million samples to plant breeders and crop researchers – helping them develop new, resilient crop varieties which have saved millions of lives.

In 2012, CGIAR genebanks provided 131,181 samples to users in 105 countries. Often, CGIAR genebanks are the sole source of clean, healthy, documented material for national agricultural programs, universities, and farmers' groups in the developing world. Maintaining high standards is vital. During the year, the CIMMYT Maize and Wheat Germplasm Bank became the second CGIAR genebank to attain International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certification. The CGIAR's International Potato Center (CIP) genebank gained ISO accreditation in 2008. Work also progressed on developing a common web portal that will give breeders and researchers easier access to information on CGIAR genebank accessions.

CGIAR also partners with the Global Crop Diversity Trust to manage the CGIAR genebanks and to raise funds for a US$500 million endowment to ensure financing for the genebanks in the future.

together just-in-time responses tounexpected problems that span nationalborders, such as outbreaks of cropdiseases. In 2011, a new disease – maizelethal necrosis – emerged in East Africa.Partners in the MAIZE Program were able torespond rapidly to requests from Africancountries to help contain the disease. In2012, working with the Kenya AgriculturalResearch Institute and regulatory authorities,the Program drew on international networksto identify and speed up distribution ofdisease-resistant germplasm to replacesusceptible varieties. Maize from theCIMMYT genebank was an important factorin the speed of the regional response.

LOOKING OUTWARDAND THINKINGINCLUSIVELYCGIAR Research Programs – though somehad been underway for just a few monthsby the end of 2012 – have already clearlydemonstrated how collaboration stimulatesmore outward-looking and inclusive thinking.In communicating and sharing knowledge,scientists have started to 'work out loud',connecting with colleagues and partners inmore open research processes, and makingknown more of what they do. The Livestockand Fish Program, for example, plans anddocuments meetings on an open wiki andwebsite, shares 'reports' and 'outputs' earlyin the research cycle, publishes anddisseminates all documents as openaccess, and encourages scientists to blogabout their research. Most other Programshave a similar approach.

Looking outward is not confined toresearchers, or to the internet. CGIARResearch Programs and Centers also makeuse of the power of information andcommunication technologies andpartnerships to put knowledge into thehands of many more who could benefit fromit. Such outreach often involves re-purposing and re-packaging researchfindings for those beyond the reach oftraditional research articles and books.

For instance, information for livestockfarmers provided by Livestock and Fish

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reaches hundreds of thousands of Indiansmallholders through a pilot mKisan mobilephone project. In Kenya, CCAFS andICRAF work with the 'Shamba Shape Up'TV series to reach out to large audiences inan entertaining way. In Bangladesh andIndia, IRRI, CIMMYT, and partners in theCereal Systems Initiative for South Asiaproject team up with Digital Green todisseminate information on a wide variety ofagricultural technologies – new varieties andtypes of crops, better methods of plantingseed, irrigating, managing soils and pests,and composting. ILRI and CIMMYT workwith Farm Radio International on communityradio programs for Ethiopian farmers.

In the science policy arena, the GlobalFutures project – aiming to improveagricultural productivity and environmentalsustainability in developing countries byevaluating promising technologies,investments, and policy reforms – integratesefforts across six Centers and is building aConsortium-wide research program. Theproject uses a set of biophysical andsocioeconomic models, including theInternational Model for Policy Analysis ofAgricultural Commodities and Trade(IMPACT), hydrology and watersupply–demand models, and crop models toassess the potential returns to a range ofpossible investments in new technologiesand policy and programs. In 2012, project

scientists evaluated 150 promisingtechnologies, and integrated biophysicalcrop and climate models with the geospatialwork of HarvestChoice, a program thatgenerates knowledge products to help guidestrategic investments to improve thewellbeing of poor people in sub-SaharanAfrica through more productive andprofitable farming. The Global Futuresproject helps leaders understand prioritiesfor development and apply appropriatetechnologies, for example in designing theScience Agenda for Africa under theleadership of FARA.

Collaborative work among Programs is, inmany cases, already promising to have animpact greater than the sum of its parts.There are several reasons for this. Manypartners, both within and outside CGIAR,are involved in planning work, bringing theirdiverse perspectives and helping setrelevant priorities. Research can be carriedout in more regions and in more countries,and along value chains. Tools and methodscontributed by upstream research partnerscan speed up research by downstreampartners. The right partners in the rightplaces working together can producerelevant results more rapidly. And the basicprinciples underlying collaboration – opensharing of knowledge, teamwork, andinnovation – together power a relentlessdrive for results.

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Focus: Partnershipfor impactAt the heart of reform within CGIARis a change in the way that we workwith our network of partners tocapture and respond to needs, anddeliver results.

In establishing the CGIAR ResearchPrograms we are changing the way we workin order to meet the challenges of thetwenty-first century. These changesacknowledge that the impact of our work willdepend not only on the quality of ourscience and its relevance to people's needs,but on how we collaborate with partners. Inthis section of the Annual Report, wespotlight partnerships within our four areasof focus – reducing poverty, increasing foodsecurity, improving health and nutrition, andmanaging natural resources sustainably.More detail on these and other partnershipsacross CGIAR can be found on our websiteat www.cgiar.org/AR2012.

Working in partnerships is not alwaysstraightforward. It often brings togetherpartners with different interests, differentways of doing things, different time frames,and different views and values. Competitionover agendas, resources, and who doeswhat are ever present, albeit sometimes in asubtle or disguised manner. As collaborationis crucial for sustainable development, it isimportant to improve our understanding ofhow partnerships work, what their limitationsare, and how they can be made to be moreeffective, efficient, and equitable.

Over the years, CGIAR Research Centershave built up an extensive array ofpartnerships with diverse players. These arenot just hands-off, long-distancearrangements. Many projects, often inremote locations, involve side-by-sideteamwork in the field to make newtechnologies and practices available tofarmers. National and civil societyinstitutions have proved indispensable intranslating the results of research into

development outcomes. Active collaborationwith the private sector has extended thereach and impact of CGIAR research onboth crop and livestock production. TheCGIAR Research Programs are a concertedeffort to build and broaden partnerships forgreater development impact.

"The problems we are trying to address are complex change processes and no oneorganization can tackle them alone." Andrea Rodericks, Executive Director,Program Quality and Learning, CAREIndia

Making research partnerships on roots, tubers, and bananas strongerThe RTB Program asked the Institutional Learning and Change Initiative (ILAC), a CGIAR program hosted at Bioversity International, to analyze its partnerships and suggest ways to improve them. ILAC reviewed RTB's network, gathering information from scientists on issues ranging from the kind of research they do to the number and nature of their partnerships. The responses are being used to map and analyze how 578 researchers in 315 organizations interact, to understand how the network evolved, to explore new models for sharing knowledge, developing capacity, and learning collectively, and to recommend how Programs can strengthen their partnerships.

Alimentos, which is developing new chiliproducts using native chili peppers. So far,chilies have been bottled, canned, dried,made into jam, and used as an ingredient inspecialty cheeses.

Tackling the value chainPartnerships are at the heart of the project.Researchers, farmers, farmer associations,NGOs, foundations, private companies,universities, development agencies, nationaland international research institutions,

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"The Capsicum project is apioneer effort in trying to link thedifferent actors of the valuechain of a native Andean specieswith great genetic variability andgreat potential for thedevelopment of agribusinesses." Manuel Sigueñas, Director, GeneticResources and Biotechnology,Instituto Nacional de InnovaciónAgraria, Peru

WARMING CHILIMARKETSAgricultural growth has often beenheld back by inappropriate laws,ineffective organizations, andundeveloped value chains. Partnersin the CGIAR Research Program onPolicies, Institutions and Markets(PIM) are working to establish howthese barriers can be overcome toreduce poverty, improve foodsecurity, and increase the incomesof smallholder producers.

Peru has the highest cultivated chili pepper(Capsicum) diversity in the world, andBolivia is the origin of several cultivated andwild chili peppers. Yet much of this diversityis untapped, although consumers arebecoming more and more interested inexotic and spicy tastes, as well as in healthyand nutritious foods. Food companies andgourmet chefs are looking for new flavors,while pharmaceutical companies aresearching for chili varieties high in capsaicin– used in making pain relievers – and otherproducts based on the valuable biochemicaltraits of chili, such as antioxidants. Newvalue-added chili products made fromhitherto little-used native chilies areappearing in response to this interest; someare already being sold in supermarkets inPeru.

What does this mean for a smallholderfarmer in the Ucayali region of Peru such asEsaú Hidalgo del Águila? He has alwayshad chili peppers on his table, but now hischilies are being exported around the world.Hidalgo, who grows organic produce andwho is a member of APE-Pimental – afarmers' ecological organization – has beenable to capitalize on the growing interest inchilies because he is involved in a projectled by PIM. The project links smallholderproducers of native chilies to markets,providing them with opportunities to earnmore from the chilies they grow. Over theborder in Bolivia, farmers are working withthe Fundación Instituto de Tecnología de

Reducing poverty

"The project has provided theopportunity to develop newprocessed chili products for themarket and has opened our eyesto the diversity of chili we havein the country. So far we havedeveloped 15 products from 15ecotypes, but there is plenty ofdiversity left for us to developmore products."Edwin Serrano, Instituto deTecnología de Alimentos, Bolivia

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"I am very excited because Ihave access to a market that Idid not have years ago. ThePeruvian market has reacted ina very positive manner to thenative chilies, a veryencouraging change." Stefan Bederski, Chief ExecutiveOfficer, Agro Export Topará

regional government officials, restaurants,and food processors are just some of theplayers working together to develop the chilimarket. Most of the chilies native to Peruand Bolivia are grown on small farms andhave never been put to commercial use.Partners are working to characterize theuseful and commercially interesting traits ofchilies in these countries, map the Capsicumvalue chain, identify bottlenecks, anddevelop strategies to overcome challengesin developing and taking products to market.

Filling the knowledge gapSmallholder farmers, producers, andexporters along the value chain can seepositive changes. Take Stefan Bederski,Chief Executive Officer of Agro ExportTopará, a company that produces,processes, and exports organic certified chiliproducts to the USA and EU. Twenty yearsago, Stefan was stumped when clientsasked about the attributes of the chilivarieties he offered. Research is nowproviding him with the answers and helpingStefan fulfill his dream of promoting nativePeruvian chilies in international markets.Originally, Agro Export Topará worked withcommercial chili varieties, but afterpartnering in the research project, it hasstarted using various native chilies.

Commercializing native species has promisebut needs to be done sustainably. Thismeans conserving precious biodiversity. Todo this, Peru has set up a genebank of 700accessions – the most diverse nationalcollection of native chili pepper varieties inthe world – at the Instituto Nacional deInnovación Agraria, where accessions withcommercially valuable traits are available. InBolivia, a NGO, Centro de InvestigacionesFitoecogenéticas Pairumani, maintains aunique collection of 600 chili landraces andwild species.

"This case can be replicated andexpanded around the world tohelp farmers who are strugglingwith declining commodity prices,and are looking for opportunitiesto increase their incomes throughhigh-value, high-quality markets." Stefano Padulosi, BioversityInternational

Overcoming barriersThe chili research project is an example ofwhy partners are so important. Partnering totackle failures in markets will raise incomes,make farming livelihoods more resilient, andprepare farmers to face future challenges,such as climate change.

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RICE ADVICEThe CGIAR Research Program onRice, known as the Global RiceScience Partnership (GRiSP), is aunique collaboration for impact-oriented rice research-for-development. GRiSP streamlinesCGIAR rice research and aligns it tocomplement research by more than900 partners worldwide.

Rice is and will remain the most importantcrop in Asia, and is becoming significant inLatin America and Africa too. In all locations,fertilizers have a huge impact in boostingrice yields. But fertilizer is an expense thatsubsistence farmers cannot usually afford.When they can invest in fertilizers, mostfarmers do not have enough accurateinformation to know what type andcombination to use, or how much or whento apply it to optimize productivity. One ofthe objectives of GRiSP is to bring downcosts and increase profits for smallholderrice farmers – and one way to do this is byhelping farmers make effective use offertilizer. For production systems such asirrigated rice, where using fertilizer correctlycan make a big difference in productivityand profitability, information andcommunications technology can providefarmers with timely site-specific advice onmanaging their crop.

For freeOne such innovation is 'Nutrient Manager', asimple software package that gives farmersor extension workers pre-season andlocation-specific fertilizer recommendationsthat can be run on a mobile phone. Since itsdebut in the Philippines in 2011 andsubsequent release in Indonesia in 2012,the Nutrient Manager for Rice Mobile hasbeen providing rice farmers with specificadvice on fertilizer for a particular rice fieldeither by mobile phone or smartphone, or byinternet. In 2012, a smartphone app,NMRiceApp, was also released in thePhilippines.

"The Nutrient Manager is so fastand easy to understand." Mamerto Jimenez, Filipino farmer

"It marks the realization of oneconcrete step towards givingfarmers better access to proven,easy-to-use and cost-effectiverice technologies." Proceso Alcala, PhilippineAgriculture Secretary

Increasing food security

NMRiceMobile and NMRiceApp helpfarmers optimize their rice production.Farmers who have a simple mobile phone(widely used in both countries) can useNMRiceMobile by making a toll-free call.They then use the keypad to answer 15–20simple questions about the location of theirfield, the variety of rice, when it was sown,the availability of irrigation water, how theymanage crop residues, and the yield historyof the field. Based on the replies, theprogram provides fertilizerrecommendations – when, how much, andwhat sort of fertilizer to apply to maximizeyield and profit, and cut down on waste – asa text message.

NMRiceApp, the smartphone equivalent,tends to be used more by extension workerswith access to such phones – but it asks thesame questions and gives the same result.

NMRiceMobile and NMRiceApp put intopractice the principles of site-specificnutrient management for rice that havebeen well established after more than adecade of research in Asia's major rice-

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"The application is highlyadaptable. We already have theweb-based version in advancedtesting. We can adapt that for atablet or a smartphone, and wecan move toward a cellphone-based short message service(SMS), like the one that alreadyworks well in the Philippines." Dr Stephan Haefele, IRRI

growing areas. The knowledge thatunderpins them is also available in an onlinedecision-making tool named NutrientManager for Rice, which is tailored to therice-growing conditions of the specificcountry.

In Indonesia, farmers in all provincesincreased their rice yields and net incomewhen switching from their current fertilizerpractice to the practice recommended byNMRiceMobile. In most cases, the increasein net income for farmers exceeded US$100per hectare per season. Indonesia hasabout 15 million rice farmers. If just a smallproportion of these farmers adopt therecommendations it would correspond witha significant overall rise in farmer incomes,food security, and considerable nationaleconomic benefits.

Heading to AfricaFarmers in Africa will soon have access tosimilar advice. CGIAR's Africa Rice Center(AfricaRice) and its partners haveconducted more than 300 fertilizermanagement trials since the 1990s, andhave developed decision support systemsfor fertilizer recommendations. Databasesdrawing on this work and updated rice'passport' data – the standard descriptorsthat characterize rice cultivars – as well asrecent field observations, have been used toadapt the Nutrient Manager to West Africa.

The Nutrient Manager has been calibratedfor Senegal, and the application is currentlybeing developed for other countries. In

small-scale evaluations, Senegalesefarmers who followed the recommendationsof Nutrient Manager registered a yieldincrease of 1.9 tons per hectare or 35%compared to farmers' own practices,translating into an increase in netprofitability of US$600 per hectare per year.

However, the Nutrient Manager is not anend product, and requires furtherimprovement including adding other cropmanagement practices apart from nutrientmanagement and choice of fertilizer types.Looking ahead, AfricaRice and its nationalpartners will develop new decision supportsystems beyond the Nutrient Manager toaddress other concerns of farmers, incollaboration with partners in GRiSP.

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Improving nutritionand healthGROWING HEALTHYHelen Keller – founder of one ofCGIAR's partner organizations,Helen Keller International (HKI) –would have approved of leveragingand enhancing the synergiesbetween agriculture, nutrition, andhealth to improve the wellbeing ofpoor people, especially women andyoung children. The idea jells withher philosophy that joint efforts canachieve much more than individualefforts.

The CGIAR Research Program onAgriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH),which is led by CGIAR's International FoodPolicy Research Institute (IFPRI), works withkey players in three areas that will make adifference to the nutrition and health of poorpeople, particularly women and children:making more nutritious and safer foodsaccessible to the underprivileged; integratingagriculture, nutrition, and health indevelopment programs; and promoting,enabling, and supporting cross-sectoralpolicies and investment in health andnutrition. The research issues in the threeareas are complex and span value chains,crops, diseases associated with agriculture,and development policies and programs.This means partnering across sectors andwith a variety of players with differentexpertise.

Teaming upThe partnership between IFPRI and HKI is amodel of successful cooperation betweenresearchers and an international NGOheavily involved in development programson the ground. The collaboration betweenIFPRI and HKI, set to strengthen as A4NHgets fully under way, represents the kind ofrelationship that is critical to improving thenutrition and health of poor people and,more broadly, to reducing poverty,increasing food security, and managingnatural resources more sustainably.

"Alone we can do so little;together we can do so much." Helen Keller (1880–1968), FounderHelen Keller International

"For programs like this to thrive,different sectors must cometogether and share resourcesand knowledge. The time forsilos is past. Those working innutrition, food security,agriculture, water, and healthmust join together to conquer thecause of one-third of childdeaths worldwide –undernutrition." Kathy Spahn, President and ChiefExecutive Officer, Helen KellerInternational

IFPRI, bringing its research expertise to thepartnership, evaluated HKI homestead foodproduction programs in Cambodia andBurkina Faso. Looking at the findingstogether, IFPRI and HKI were able to workout what programs might need to do – whatkind of training or capacity building might beneeded, and what processes might need tobe put in place – for programs to achievetheir objective of improving the health and

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networks, part of the evaluation, will also behelpful. They will provide information on howHKI's behavior change communicationsstrategy has influenced women's health,improved their knowledge, and made adifference to children's nutrition.Documenting the success of these programs is critical to establish a body ofscientific proof that small-scale agriculturalprograms improve nutrition, economicgrowth, and health. HKI is working withIFPRI in a number of countries to help buildthis evidence base.

The findings of evaluations will be used tohelp plan further HKI homestead foodproduction programs in Cambodia, BurkinaFaso, and elsewhere. This type ofpartnership is an example of howdevelopment programs and researchers canwork together to improve program designand implementation, and to optimize thepotential for impact. Each contributes,according to their own area of expertise, tocollecting rigorous evidence about theimpact of programs, and explaining how andwhy impacts were achieved or not achieved.

nutrition of mothers and children. Theresulting 'program impact pathways', as theyare called, show where and how programscould be modified or strengthened for agreater impact, and what might be helpingor hindering their success. They also helpIFPRI to design better ways to evaluateprograms. In 2012, A4NH and CAREevaluated processes and undertook endlinesurveys to measure program impact inBurkina Faso. The evaluations over the next2–5 years will provide the evidence neededto jointly develop the impact pathways andtheory of change.

Finding the keysPartnerships between researchers andthose running development programs toprovide evidence of what works and whatdoes not are important because little hasbeen done to date in this regard. In BurkinaFaso, IFPRI and HKI did the first rigorousevaluation of a homestead food productionprogram. HKI put some of therecommendations into practice straightaway. The findings of a census of social

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Sustainably managingnatural resourcesZAMBEZI FOODBASKETThe Zambezi River basin is a foodbasket for the landlocked southernAfrican nation of Zambia. The riverand surrounding floodplains supportagriculture, fisheries, and livestock.Around three million people – aquarter of Zambia's population –directly rely on the BarotseFloodplain aquatic agriculturalsystem for their livelihoods.

Despite the natural potential of this dynamicwetland system, life for its inhabitants isbeset with poverty and hardship. More thanfour out of five people live below the povertyline, over half of children under the age of 5years are stunted, and HIV prevalence hasrisen by 2% over the past 5 years while thenational rate has declined in the sameperiod.

The Barotse Floodplain exemplifies thechallenges and opportunities faced bycommunities dependent on Africa's inlandwetlands. Low agricultural productivity, poorinfrastructure, and poorly developedagricultural value chains mean that Barotsecommunities are unable to tap into thegrowing market for rice, fish, and livestockproducts in the region.

The CGIAR Research Program on AquaticAgricultural Systems (AAS) aims to tacklethese issues head-on through research thataccelerates learning and brings together the combined knowledge of users,government, and civil society organizations.Since 2011, the AAS Program has beenworking in five countries across Africa, Asia,and the Pacific to raise agricultural and fishproduction, and expand the markets forproduce in the regions. Zambia's BarotseFloodplain was selected early in theplanning stage of the Program as one ofthree areas to focus on, along withCambodia and the Solomon Islands.

A traditional–modern mixWorldFish, which leads the AAS Program, isfostering productive partnerships withresearch, government, and communitysectors. WorldFish is garnering technicalknow-how from international and nationalresearch institutions like CGIAR's IWMI andthe University of Zambia, which bringexpertise on farm water management thatimproves productivity and increasesunderstanding of flooding regimes in theregion. National and internationaldevelopment NGOs that focus ondevelopment issues are valuable to theProgram. Concern Worldwide, for example,contributes knowledge and experience ofcommunity-based canal management andgender mainstreaming. Similarly, CatholicRelief Services brings developmentexpertise on community-basedmicrofinancing, which helps small-scaleproducers predict the profitability of theirbusiness before they start production andmarketing. Valuable policy support in theelaboration and development of agriculturaland natural resource value chains is

"WorldFish has…managed tobring us on board from stage tostage… Our partnership isoverwhelming, because we havecome to realize that we agree inalmost all our key areas ofoperation, these being thelivelihood of people in theBarotse, and our common goalof realizing the potential of theBarotse Floodplain." Fines Nasilele, Program Coordinator,People's Participation Service

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provided by local and central governmentagencies. These partnerships are helping toblend traditional knowledge with modernagricultural innovations to sustainablyimprove productivity for the people of theBarotse Floodplain.

Local communities and organizations arepartners in the Program and havecontributed valuable input from the outset.In the early stages, Barotse communitygroups came together to map out their goalsand plans for the region. This resulted in anAction Plan, which included goals such asvalue chain development, crop diversity, andcanal management. Three partnerorganizations in the Barotse Floodplainhave been instrumental in this process,bringing an essential local perspective tothe Program: the People's ParticipationService, Caritas Mongu – a partner toCatholic Relief Services – and the BarotseRoyal Establishment.

"We are working as a team andwe have prioritized team workfrom the onset of thepartnership. Our partnership hasa bright future." Albert Mulanda, ProgramCoordinator, Caritas Mongu

"We already have the indigenousway of preserving our naturalresources, hence we believe thatthe partnership with WorldFishand the [CGIAR ResearchProgram on] Aquatic AgriculturalSystems will help us to reviveand improve the lost value of ourtraditional know-how of naturalresource preservation." Mr. Mwangelwa Akapelwa Silumbu, asenior leader in the Barotse RoyalEstablishment

Respect and understandingWorking directly with local communitiesensures that the Program fully considerscommunity concerns and culture whendesigning and implementing activities. Thisparticipatory approach helps communitiesbecome custodians and beneficiaries of thenatural resources on which they rely. As partof this ongoing process, the Program hasempowered community members to tell theirstories through a series of short films.These films provide a unique insight into thevaried and interconnected issues that facethe people of the Barotse Floodplain; theirtestimonies reinforce the need for asystems-based approach to development inthe region.

"The Netherlands is proud to bea long-standing partner of theCGIAR, given that sustainedinvestment in high-level researchis an important first step ingenerating innovations thatimprove the livelihoods of poorsmallholder farmers, fishers, andforesters. With current reformsand diverse partnerships, theCGIAR, a proven contributor topublic knowledge on agriculturalscience and technology, isstrongly positioned to continueto be relevant." Rob Swartbol, Director General forInternational Cooperation, Ministryfor Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands

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Moving CGIAR forwardCommitted donors, goodmanagement, clear accountability,effective evaluation, transparency,and strong research programs arethe building blocks of continuedsuccess. CGIAR is moving forwardon all these fronts to enablescientists to deliver research thathas an impact.

Progress continued throughout CGIAR in2012, and we are grateful to all of ourfunders, who ultimately make our workpossible. In addition to ongoing efforts toensure that research meets the needs andgets into the hands of smallholder farmers,CGIAR persisted in implementing reforms.In many ways 2012 may be seen as a yearof consolidation, marked by healthy financialgrowth, shaping research for the benefit ofsome of the world's poorest people, andattention to improving efficiency andeffectiveness across CGIAR.

2012 was the third and final year of theinaugural CGIAR Fund Council, which

governs the CGIAR Fund. The Fund Council,made up of representatives of Fund donorsand other stakeholders, sets overall prioritieson the use of Fund resources, and appointsthe Independent Science and PartnershipCouncil (ISPC), a panel of world-classscientific experts that advises CGIAR Funddonors. In March 2012, the Fund Councilheld its spring meeting at the Bill & MelindaGates Foundation in Seattle, as well as aforum with Bill Gates, who called for the useof report cards that would enable players inthe international agricultural system to setgoals and be measured against them – aproposal in direct alignment with CGIAR'snew policy of producing scorecards tomeasure performance and efficiency. NotingCGIAR's unique role in generating world-class science for the benefit of poorsmallholder farmers, Gates added that "if theCGIAR system didn't already exist, we'dneed to invent it."

"Spending on agriculture is awise investment; long after youcontribute, the benefit continues," said Bill Gates, pictured here withRachel Kyte, during his dialogue with the CGIAR Fund Council onMarch 8, 2012

Immediately following the Fund Council's fallmeeting in Punta del Este, Uruguay, theFund Office held the second biennialFunders Forum on November 2. Donorshad the opportunity to share their Fundexperiences and planned futurecontributions; they also discussed commongoals, issues, and concerns; and receivedupdates on the Fund and the impact ofCGIAR research. The Funders Forum

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"Australia, as a long-standinginvestor and partner in CGIAR,places great importance onresearch that is specificallydesigned to tackle major globaldevelopment challenges for thebenefit of some of the world'spoorest people. As host of theG20 summit in 2014, Australiahopes to highlight the critical roleof agricultural research-for-development and to shape theinternational agenda accordinglyon issues related to food securityand economic growth." Nick Austin, Chief Executive Officer,Australian Centre for InternationalAgricultural Research

"The level of discussions andresults achieved over the entireevent were remarkable. I amalso particularly glad to noticethat GCARD's [GlobalConference on AgriculturalResearch for Development's]conclusive remarks focused onfarmers, women, youth, andextension as main partners towork with for the futurechallenges and activities ofGCARD." Robert Carlson, President, WorldFarmers' Organisation

endorsed the CGIAR Strategy and ResultsFramework (SRF) Action Plan, which hadbeen developed by the CGIAR Consortiumwith support from the ISPC. The Action Plansets out the new performance managementsystem that will link priorities and targetsacross CGIAR Research Programs andprovide a clear statement of the overallimpact of CGIAR work.

SHAPING THERESEARCH AGENDAFor CGIAR to do research as effectively aspossible, our research priorities need toalign with those of global, regional, andnational partners and stakeholders. Thismeans involving them in shaping theresearch agenda. The second GlobalConference on Agricultural Research forDevelopment (GCARD2), held in Punta delEste, Uruguay, October 29–November 1,was an opportunity to advance alignment.The event brought together more than 1,000representatives from across the agriculturalsector – farmers, NGOs, researchers,donors, policymakers, and developmentexperts – to explore ways to partner betterand more effectively, and deliver impact.

Delegates convened around the globalthemes that CGIAR Research Programsaddress, which helped program leadersshape their programs to meet the needsand expectations of partners andstakeholders. The discussions led to newcommitments by CGIAR – on partnerships,capacity development, gender strategies,and long-term planning.

CGIAR is committed to reducing the gendergap in agriculture and ensuring thatresearch benefits and empowers ruralwomen and meets the needs of poor femalefarmers. As part of recent reforms, we haveredoubled efforts in this respect, knowingthat we will not achieve lasting impactunless we take gender disparities intoaccount in all aspects of our work. 2012saw important steps forward in ensuring thatresearch outputs and evidence havepositive impacts on gender outcomes. TheWomen's Empowerment in AgricultureIndex, launched in 2012, measures theempowerment, agency, and inclusion ofwomen in the agriculture sector indeveloping countries, helping to identifyways to overcome those obstacles andconstraints. The Index is a significantinnovation in its field and aims to increaseunderstanding of the connections betweenwomen's empowerment, food security, andagricultural growth. The Index is apartnership between the US Government'sFeed the Future initiative, USAID, IFPRI,and OPHI of Oxford University.

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"An empowered person issomeone who has the power todecide – to say, if they haveland, 'well, I can go farm, I cangrow crops, I can plant seeds' –or if they have animals, to say, 'Ican sell them without going toask permission.' This is a personwho has the power to decideabout their things, their life, theiractions." 39-year-old Guatemalan woman

IMPROVINGEFFICIENCY ANDEFFECTIVENESSCGIAR is one of the largest research-for-development organizations in the world andthe only global agricultural research bodythat is dedicated to generating world-classscience for the specific benefit and needs ofpoor smallholders. There is tremendouspotential for scientists and practitionersaround the globe to leverage CGIARresearch. In 2012, CGIAR adoptedPrinciples on the Management of IntellectualAssets (IA), a landmark achievement. Thisfirst ever system-wide policy on IA willharness the strengths of all partners,including those in the private sector, todisseminate research outcomes with greaterspeed and scale on behalf of the poor. TheIA Principles – which promote collaboration,open innovation, knowledge dissemination,and benefit sharing – were approved for atrial period of 2 years, so that the CGIARcan assess and learn from the experience.The next steps, already underway, are todevelop an annual CGIAR Intellectual AssetReport, and a detailed Open Access Policyand corresponding guidelines.

The CGIAR Consortium energizedleadership with the hiring of a new ChiefExecutive Officer in May, and several otherkey staff appointments. Other importantdevelopments were the approval of theCGIAR Policy for Independent ExternalEvaluation and the appointment of a newhead of the Independent EvaluationArrangement (IEA). Evaluations, including ofthe CGIAR Research Programs, will assessthe comparative advantage of CGIAR inefficiently contributing to the achievement ofdevelopment results, and the value-for-money proposition that CGIAR represents.The ISPC Standing Panel on ImpactAssessment will also assess the impact ofCGIAR work in priority research areas.Evaluations will help CGIAR demonstratebenefits from its research, improve cost-effectiveness, and promote a results-basedculture.

Complementing these developments, theFund Office worked with other parts of thesystem to develop scorecards to measure

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the performance of system entities. Thescorecards incorporate goals, performanceindicators, and targets in a number of areas:plans and results, client services, financialmeasures, internal business processes, stafflearning and growth, and risks. Thescorecards will be used in reporting to theFund Council in 2013. The objective is todevelop a robust scorecard for showingimpact – on poverty, food security, nutritionand health, and natural resources – acrossCGIAR.

The ability of CGIAR to contribute toimproving farmers' lives and livelihoods, andto ensure food security, ultimately dependson the strength of its partnerships. To ensurethat we are being good partners ourselves, in2012 we conducted an extensive stakeholderperception survey. The survey was sent toapproximately 4,000 past, current, andpotential partners; 1,071 responses werereceived from more than 115 countries.Respondents rated CGIAR in a number ofcategories on a seven-point scale rangingfrom 'very poor' to 'excellent'. The good newsis that the results showed that stakeholdersare generally positive about theirpartnerships with CGIAR, with an overall

satisfaction rate of 75% expressed by currentand former partners. CGIAR performed wellin core areas of expertise – research outputsand research outcomes – especially in foodsecurity and sustainability. But the surveyshowed that these factors have a relativelyweak impact on perceptions of satisfactorypartnerships. The survey identified two majorareas where CGIAR needs to improve itsstakeholder engagement: transparency andcollaboration. The full results of the report areavailable on the CGIAR website(www.cgiar.org), and a Partnership ActionPlan is planned for 2013.

In response to significant gaps andchallenges in governance that came to lightin 2012, the CGIAR Consortium and FundCouncil jointly commissioned a review ofcorporate governance, to be undertaken in2013, seizing the opportunity to strengthenmanagement and leadership across theentire system. Improving governance is anissue of great strategic importance forCGIAR and is critical to reaping thepromises of reform, a more effective andefficient system, high-quality scientific work,and CGIAR's ability to achieve impact on theground.

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36 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 2

Tribute to CGIAR donorsPoor rural communities in developingcountries face mounting challenges toagricultural development and food security.Tackling these challenges requiressignificant resources and long-termfinancing for sophisticated programs.Thanks to the support and contributionsfrom our valued investors, who share ourcommitment to eradicating poverty, hunger,

and malnutrition, CGIAR is making progresswith new initiatives and innovations for thebenefit of smallholder farmers, fishers, andforesters. We are extremely grateful to all ofour funders, who make this work possible,and we will continue to strive to be moreefficient, collaborative, and impact-orientedso that together we can truly transform thelives of the poor.

Australia Bangladesh Belgium Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Canada China Denmark European Commission Finland France India International Development Research

Centre International Fund for Agricultural

Development Iran Ireland Japan

Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States of America World Bank

Donors contributing to the CGIAR Fund in 2012

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

www.cgiar.org/AR2012 37

Investment in CGIAR:Financial summary

Figure 1. Total CGIAR funding, 2008–2012

STRONG FINANCIALGROWTHIn 2012, financial support for CGIARcontinued to grow at a strong rate, reflectingdonors' confidence in CGIAR's ability totackle global food-security challenges anddevelop a range of innovations in agricultureon behalf of the world's poorest people.Despite global economic distress, funding forCGIAR increased dramatically between 2008and the end of 2012, from US$531 million toUS$860 million (see Figure 1). With a 21%increase in funding of US$147 million, 2012also marked the single largest annualincrease in funding in CGIAR's history. Thislevel of growth is particularly noteworthyconsidering the continuing fiscal difficultiesexperienced by many of our donors.

Since 2008, total funding has increased byalmost 62% (US$329 million), an averageannual increase of over 15%. In the decadeprior to reform (1998–2007), the averagegrowth rate in funding was 4.8%. Thisgrowth demonstrates sustained donorconfidence in and support for the reforms,including CGIAR's commitment to a results-oriented approach to research. It alsocontributes to steady progress toward thegoal of reaching funding of US$1 billion in2013 in order to strengthen the portfolio ofCGIAR Research Programs and furtheradvance CGIAR's mission.

CGIAR FUNDThe increase in overall funding is just oneindicator that the reform process is bearingfruit. The growth in contributions to CGIAR'smulti-donor trust fund is perhaps an evenbetter indicator of donors' commitment tokey aspects of the reform. Launched inDecember 2010, the CGIAR Fund wasestablished to provide reliable andpredictable multi-year funding and therebyenable research planning over the longterm, resource allocation based on agreedpriorities, and the timely and predictabledisbursement of funds.

To maximize funding coordination andharmonization, reduce transaction costs,and avoid funding and researchfragmentation, donors to CGIAR areencouraged to channel their resourcesthrough the Fund. Donors may designatetheir contributions to one or more of threefunding windows. Contributions to Window 1of the Fund are the least restricted, leavingthe CGIAR Fund Council to decide howthese funds are allocated to CGIARResearch Programs, used to pay systemcosts, or otherwise applied to achieving theCGIAR mission. Contributions to Window 2are designated by Fund donors to specificresearch programs. Contributions toWindow 3 are allocated by Fund donors tospecific CGIAR Centers.

From 2011 to 2012, contributions receivedthrough the Fund increased by 33%,growing from US$384 million to US$512million. That, together with US$127 millioncarried over from 2011, resulted in a total ofUS$639 million available for distribution, asindicated in Table 1 below. US$458 millionwas disbursed during the year, so the Fundhad a balance of US$181 million at the endof 2012. The high balance remainedbecause many grants were received by theFund late in 2012 and, consequently, couldnot be disbursed before the end of the year.Of the total US$458 disbursed, US$325million was via Windows 1 and 2, andUS$133 million was via Window 3.

Figure 2 illustrates the monthly cash flowand Fund balance during 2012, indicatinghow the disbursements are affected by thepace of receipts in the Fund during the year.The Fund is able to attenuate the effects ofthe pattern of donor contributions, themajority of which are received in the lastquarter of the year, through carrying overfunds from the previous year to supportfunding requests during the first 6 months ofthe current year.

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

38 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 2

CGIAR FUND DONORSJust as contributions to the CGIAR Fundincreased from 2011 to 2012, so did thenumber of Fund donors, growing from 26 in2011 to 33 in 2012. Table 2 shows donorcontributions by Window. Of the US$514million committed to the Fund in 2012, nearlytwo-thirds was provided as harmonizedfunding, meaning via Windows 1 and 2,enabling CGIAR to pool resources fromdifferent donors to finance research priorities.

Based on agreed priorities, the CGIAR FundCouncil allocates funding to CGIARResearch Programs as well as to othersystem operations. Before receivingfunding, Programs set out their expectedachievements and provide verifiable targetsagainst which progress can be measuredand monitored. Streamlining the fundingprocess, linking funding to results, andlegally binding performance agreementsgive donors better value for money, andensure the cost-effective use of resourcesand that research translates into tangiblebenefits for the poor.

Table 1: CGIAR Fund statement of receipts, disbursements, and Fund balance as of December 31,2012 (US$ million)

Balance b/f from 20112011 contributions received in 20122012 contributions received in 2012*Cost-sharing percentageSub-total receipts in 2012 Total available in 2012Transfers Less: disbursementsFund balance *See Table 2

Window 193

1 184

1 186 279

8 219

68

Window 221

2 116

118 139

3 106

36

Window 31 3

185

188 189 (5)

133 52

Provisional12

20

20 32 (6)

0 25

Total CGIAR Fund127

6 505

1 512 639

0 458 181

Figure 2. Monthly CGIAR Fund balance in 2012

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

www.cgiar.org/AR2012 39

Table 2: CGIAR Fund 2012 donor contributions (US$ million)

ReceiptsAustraliaBangladesh**Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationCanadaChinaDenmarkEuropean CommissionFinlandFranceIDRCIFADIndiaIranIrelandJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNigeriaNorwayPortugalRussiaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnites States of AmericaWorld BankSub-total 2012 receiptsBelgium*Nigeria*Iran*Total 2012 contributions

Window 18.8

15.6

3.1

1.31.2

0.7

0.10.30.3

5.82.00.1

18.5

17.66.5

51.40.5

50.0183.7

0.5

184.2

Window 220.5

1.5

0.13.0

1.3

8.0

0.5

1.90.7

0.530.0

20.66.7

21.0

116.37.1

123.4

Window 311.30.1

24.3

2.7

21.01.3

2.61.80.53.41.0

0.40.52.0

0.1

0.6

0.5

1.90.10.5

22.685.5

184.61.3

0.5186.4

Provisional

0.1

3.8

16.1

20.0

20.0

Total CGIAR Fund40.6

0.125.815.6

2.86.1

21.03.91.28.02.63.10.55.31.80.30.61.0

37.82.00.1

18.50.63.80.5

38.215.0

0.10.5

74.1123.1

50.0504.5

8.40.50.5

514.0

*Contributions that are supported by a signed contribution agreement but for which the money was not yet received by December 31,2012.**Includes contributions that have been received but for which the contribution agreement is still in process.

"The Netherlands has demonstratedtremendous leadership not only inmaking the most significant multi-year contribution to the CGIARFund to date, but also in choosingto provide its support in the form ofunrestricted aid, evidence of themultilateral approach in action. …Contributions like this enable theCGIAR to invest in big ideas for bigimpact. We hope that other partnersare inspired by the Netherlands'example." Rachel Kyte, CGIAR Fund Council Chair

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

40 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 2

Table 3: CGIAR financial results (US$ million)

RevenueCGIAR Fund Windows 1 and 2CGIAR Fund Window 3BilateralSub-total fundingCenter own incomeTotal revenueExpenditureCRPsCenter own programsSystems entitiesTotal expenditureNet result

Total 2012

28478

498860

27887

700162

14876

11

CRPs 2012

26056

384700

Non-CRPs2012

2422

114160

Total 2011

18716

510713

22735

221477

9707

28

CRPs 2011

952

124221

Non-CRPs2011

9214

386492

CRP: CGIAR Research Program

MULTI-YEARCONTRIBUTIONAGREEMENTSSupporting a core objective of CGIARreform – to foster financial stability,predictable funding for long-term research,and timely disbursement of funds – by theend of 2012, nine donors had made multi-year funding commitments: Australia, the Bill& Melinda Gates Foundation, Denmark,IDRC, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Russia,Spain, and the United Kingdom. The largestmulti-year contribution to the CGIAR Fundwas more than US$165 million over 4 years(2012–2015) from the Netherlands.

OVERALL 2012FINANCIAL RESULTSIn 2012, the CGIAR Fund was the majordonor to the system, financing US$316million or 45% of total CGIAR ResearchProgram activities during the year. Asindicated in Table 3, US$260 million infunding was provided by Windows 1 and 2,while US$56 million came from Window 3.Bilateral grant income accounted forUS$384 million (55%) of CGIAR systemactivities.

Total system revenue in 2012 was US$887million (which comprises US$860 million infunding and US$27 million in Center-generated income), up from US$735 millionin 2011, which represents a 21% increase.Expenditures in 2012 were US$876 million– an increase of US$169 million (24%) over2011 – resulting in an operating surplus ofUS$11 million, which was added toaccumulated reserves.

Table 4: Summary of CGIAR Research Program funding 2012 (US$ million)

Dryland SystemsHumidtropicsAASPIMWHEATMAIZEGRiSPRTBGrain LegumesDryland CerealsLivestock and FishA4NHWLEForests, Trees and AgroforestryCCAFSGenebanks

W1/2

9.17.27.5

15.211.413.535.422.3

7.53.27.79.1

22.429.446.412.6260

W3

2.82.91.09.52.39.2

12.72.63.80.10.31.25.11.30.5

–56

Total

30.520.020.175.140.774.299.051.222.4

7.415.937.455.971.262.915.9700

Bilateral

18.69.9

11.650.427.051.550.926.311.14.17.9

27.128.440.516.0

3.3384

From financial statements of individual centers

W1/2

30363621281835443343472438417379

37%

W3

9115

135

1213

719

223

10110

8%

Total(% of total)

433

116

1114

731258

1092

100%

Bilateral

61535966676952494755517351582621

55%

% of individual CRP funding

CRP: CGIAR Research Program

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

www.cgiar.org/AR2012 41

Figure 3. Total CGIAR revenue by source, 2011and 2012

SOURCES OF CGIARREVENUEAs illustrated in Figure 3, the increase inCGIAR revenue is clearly driven by theincrease in contributions through the CGIARFund. From 2011 to 2012, the Fund's shareof total CGIAR revenue grew from 28 to41%, evidence of increasing interest in a

multilateral approach to funding. In terms ofuntied aid, Windows 1 and 2 togetheraccounted for 25% of total revenue in 2011and 32% of the total in 2012, indicating slowbut steady progress towards one of theimportant goals of reform. In terms ofpercentage change, Windows 1 and 2combined grew by 52% from 2011 to 2012,while Window 3 saw a dramatic increase of388%.

CGIAR RESEARCHPROGRAM FINANCIALSUMMARYCGIAR Research Program expenditures in2012 amounted to US$700 million, or 80%of the total US$876 million, compared toUS$221 million (31%) in 2011. This changereflects the significant shift from Center-focused research to system-wide researchprogramming as the full portfolio of CGIARResearch Programs came online. Thebreakdown of CGIAR Research Programfunding by source is shown in Table 4.

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

42 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 2

EXPENDITURE BYCOST CATEGORYPersonnel costs as a percentage of totalCGIAR costs have decreased significantlyfrom 43% in 2011 to 36% in 2012, whilesupplies and services have increased from30 to 35%. From 2011 to 2012, partnershipexpenditures only increased by 1%, from 16to 17%. However, the share of partnershipexpenditures relative to total costs isnoticeably up from a historical average of4%, clearly demonstrating a change in themodus operandi of CGIAR. Expenditures in2012 are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. CGIAR expenditure by cost category,2012

EXPENDITURE BYREGIONCGIAR expenditures in sub-Saharan Africahave increased from an average of 43% ofthe total during the period 1972–2008 to53% in 2012. During this same period,CGIAR investment has decreased in Asiafrom 31% to 27% of total expenditures; inLatin America from 15% to 13%; and in theCentral and West Asia and North Africa(CWANA) region from 11% to 7%. The 2012expenditures are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. CGIAR expenditure by region, 2012

Table 5: 2012 financial results by Center (US$ million)

CenterAfricaRice Bioversity CIATCIFOR CIMMYTCIPICARDAICRISATIFPRI IITAILRI IRRI IWMI ICRAF WorldFish Sub-total System-level activities

Challenge Program partners

CRP

20.7 30.4 51.9 34.0

108.5 39.4 32.7 39.6 80.6 47.5 30.0 77.3 37.2 45.4 25.9

700.4

700.4

700

Non-CRP

1.8 5.2

17.4 6.8 6.4 3.9 5.8

15.7 3.1

14.7 20.6

7.3 2.2 5.6 0.7

117.0 13.9

130.9 29.1 160

Total

22.7 37.3 73.5 41.1

116.0 44.0 39.9 60.1 84.0 63.2 55.7 86.5 40.7 52.7 27.3

844.4 13.9

858.3 29.1 887

Other

0.2 1.7 4.3 0.3 1.1 0.8 1.5 4.8 0.4 1.0 5.2 2.0 1.4 1.7 0.7

27.1

27.1

27

Revenue

CRP

20.7 30.4 51.9 34.0

108.5 39.4 32.7 39.6 80.6 47.5 30.0 77.3 37.2 45.4 25.9

700.4

700.4

700

Non-CRP

1.5 6.3

16.2 (0.1)

1.6 4.4

12.9 16.8

3.7 27.9 24.1

7.9 2.4 7.1 0.9

133.6 13.9

147.5 29.1 177

Surplus/(deficit)

0.5 0.6 5.5 7.2 5.9 0.2

(5.7)3.8

(0.2)(12.2)

1.7 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.5

10.5 0.0

10.5 0.0 11

Total

22.2 36.7 68.1 33.8

110.1 43.8 45.6 56.3 84.3 75.4 54.0 85.1 39.6 52.5 26.8

833.4 13.9

847.3 29.1 876

Expenditure

CRP: CGIAR Research Program

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

www.cgiar.org/AR2012 43

CONCLUSIONThe 2012 finances confirm strong andsustained donor commitment to the CGIARsystem, with an increasing amount offunding being channeled through the Fundand targeted at CGIAR Research Programs.This increased financial commitment byinvestors reflects confidence in keyelements of the reform, including a moreefficient and effective approach to bothgovernance and research, with a focus onresults, and clear lines of accountability

across the system. Through the reformprocess, CGIAR has embraced a newapproach that is centered on innovativeways to pursue scientific work and thefunding it requires. It is bringing donorstogether for better results and enablingscientists to concentrate more on theresearch through which they develop anddeliver big ideas for big impact. As a result, CGIAR is well on course to reach its US$1 billion goal in 2013 and achievegreater impact in the lives of the poor indeveloping countries.

FINANCIAL SUMMARYOF CENTERSIn 2012, the Centers' total revenue wasUS$844.4 million, of which theyimplemented or spent US$833.9 million,leaving a surplus of US$11 million. Abreakdown of individual Centers' surplusand deficits is shown in Table 5.

44 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 2

CGIAR 2012

www.cgiar.org/AR2012 45

CGIAR 2012CGIAR FUNDThe CGIAR Fund is a multi-donor trust fundthat, guided by the Strategy and ResultsFramework (SRF), finances CGIARresearch. The CGIAR Fund is administeredby the World Bank, as Trustee, andgoverned by the Fund Council.

CGIAR FUNDTRUSTEEThe World Bank, as trustee, provides thefollowing functions: it holds in trust the fundstransferred by Fund donors under TrustFund Administration Agreements; it servesas an agent of the Fund Council indisbursing Fund resources based onspecific instructions from the Fund Counciland through Fund Transfer Agreementsbetween the World Bank and theConsortium; and it provides regular reportson its Trustee activities to the Fund Council,Fund donors, and the Consortium.

TrusteePamela Crivelli

CGIAR FUND OFFICEThe Fund Office is the support unit of theFund Council, the Funders Forum, and theirrespective Chairs. In support of the FundCouncil, the Fund Office assists the FundCouncil and its Chair in the conduct of theFund Council's business, including:managing relations with Fund donors;analyzing the Consortium's compliance withperformance agreements based oninformation submitted by the Consortium;and supporting the Fund Council inresource mobilization efforts, in closecollaboration with the Consortium.

Head of the CGIAR Fund Office Jonathan Wadsworth

CGIAR FUND COUNCILThe CGIAR Fund Council, a representativebody of Fund donors and otherstakeholders, is the decision-making body ofthe CGIAR Fund. It also appoints theIndependent Science and PartnershipCouncil (ISPC), a panel of leading scientificexperts who provide independent adviceand expertise to all Fund donors.

Chair of the CGIAR Fund CouncilRachel Kyte

Executive Secretary of the CGIAR Fund CouncilJonathan Wadsworth

CGIAR Fund Council members Association of Agricultural Research

Institutions in the Near East and North Africa

AustraliaBill & Melinda Gates FoundationBrazilCanadaChinaEgyptEuropean CommissionFood and Agriculture Organization of the

United NationsGlobal Forum on Agricultural ResearchIndiaInternational Development Research

CentreInternational Fund for Agricultural

DevelopmentJapanKenyaNigeriaPapua New GuineaSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States of AmericaWorld Bank

CGIAR 2012

46 A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 2

INDEPENDENTSCIENCE ANDPARTNERSHIPCOUNCILThe ISPC advises Fund donors on majorscience issues. The ISPC is a panel ofworld-class scientific experts chosen by theFund Council to provide independentadvice. Where there is no conflict ofinterest, the ISPC also responds to requestsfor advice from the Consortium. As the ISPCreports to the Fund Council, it is also animportant link between donors and theConsortium on scientific issues.

Council ChairKenneth Cassman

Secretariat Executive DirectorPeter Gardiner

INDEPENDENTEVALUATIONARRANGEMENTThe IEA is the totality of the provisions ofthe CGIAR Policy for Independent ExternalEvaluation which was adopted by the FundCouncil and became effective in February2012. The policy addresses the independentexternal evaluation of the CGIAR as awhole, and of its ongoing and completedpolicies, programs, and institutional entities,in particular the CGIAR Research Programs.

Head, Independent Evaluation ArrangementRachel Bedouin

CGIAR CONSORTIUMThe CGIAR Consortium is an internationalorganization that, together with the CGIARFund, advances international agriculturalresearch for a food-secure future byintegrating and coordinating the efforts ofthose who fund research and those who dothe research. The CGIAR Consortium ismade up of: the Consortium Board; the

Consortium Office; and the 15 ResearchCenters that are members of the CGIARConsortium. The CGIAR Consortiumdevelops and carries out research programsto address complex development issuesrelated to agriculture.

Chief Executive Officer, CGIAR ConsortiumFrank Rijsberman (since May 2012)

CGIAR CONSORTIUMBOARDThe Consortium Board leads the CGIARConsortium, sets policies, and isresponsible for the attainment of the CGIARConsortium's purpose. The ConsortiumBoard has 10 members, including an exofficio member, the Chief Executive Officerof the CGIAR Consortium.

ChairCarlos Pérez del Castillo

Vice ChairCarl Hausmann

MembersTom Arnold (retired from the Board

December 31, 2012)Mohamed Ait-KadiGanesan BalachanderGebisa EjetaIan Goldin (retired from the Board

December 31, 2012)Lynn HaightAgnes Mwang'ombe

Ex officio memberFrank Rijsberman, Chief Executive Officer

ObserverPamela Anderson, Director General, CIP, Consortium Research Centers' Representative to the CGIAR Consortium Board

ObserverAlan Tollervey, DFID, CGIAR Fund Council's Representative to the CGIAR Consortium Board

CGIAR 2012

www.cgiar.org/AR2012 47

CGIAR CONSORTIUMOFFICEThe CGIAR Consortium set up itsConsortium Office Headquarters inMontpellier, France, in March 2011. TheConsortium Office: supports the ConsortiumBoard and helps it carry out itsresponsibilities; helps Research Centersthat are members of the CGIAR Consortiumcommunicate and collaborate amongthemselves and with the Consortium Board;positions the Consortium globally, advocatesfor international agricultural research and

mobilizes resources; explores opportunitiesto improve efficiency, adopt best practices,and share knowledge; develops, incooperation with the Research Centers thatare members of the CGIAR Consortium,donors, and partners, the CGIAR Strategyand Results Framework for approval by theFunders Forum; approves and manages theperformance of CGIAR Research Programs;reviews the efficiency and structure of theResearch Centers that are members of theCGIAR Consortium and decides onappropriate action in accordance with theConstitution; and develops, manages, andoperates shared services to boost efficiency.

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

CGIAR Consortium Research CentersCenter

Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice)www.africarice.org

Bioversity International (Bioversity)www.bioversityinternational.org

International Center for Tropical Agriculture(known by its Spanish acronym CIAT for CentroInternacional de Agricultura Tropical)www.ciat.cgiar.org

Center for International Forestry Research(CIFOR)www.cifor.org

International Maize and Wheat ImprovementCenter (known by its Spanish acronym CIMMYTfor Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento deMaíz y Trigo)www.cimmyt.org

International Potato Center (known by itsSpanish acronym CIP for Centro Internacionalde la Papa)www.cipotato.org

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)www.icarda.org

International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)www.icrisat.org

Board Chair

Peter Matlon

Paul Zuckerman

Wanda Collins

Hosny El-Lakany

Sara Boettiger

Peter VanderZaag

Henri Carsalade; Camilla Toulmin (since November 2012)

Nigel Poole

Director General

Papa Abdoulaye Seck

Emile Frison

Ruben Echeverría

Frances Seymour; Peter Holmgren (since September 2012)

Thomas Lumpkin

Pamela Anderson

Mahmoud Sohl

William Dar

48

Center

International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI)www.ifpri.org

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA)www.iita.org

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)www.ilri.org

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)www.irri.org

International Water Management Institute(IWMI)www.iwmi.cgiar.org

World Agroforestry Centre (previously known asthe International Centre for Research inAgroforestry, ICRAF)www.worldagroforestrycentre.org

WorldFishwww.worldfishcenter.org

Board Chair

Fawzi Al-Sultan

Bruce Coulman

Knut Hove

Emerlinda Roman

John Skerritt

Eric Tollens

Remo Gautschi

Director General

Shenggen Fan

Nteranya Sanginga

Jimmy Smith

Robert Zeigler

Colin Chartres; Jeremy Bird (since October 2012)

Tony Simons

Stephen Hall

49

CGIAR CONSORTIUMCGIAR Consortium

c/o Agropolis International1000 Avenue Agropolis

F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5

tel: +33 4 67 04 7575fax: +33 4 67 04 7583

email: consortium@cgiar.org

www.cgiar.org

CGIAR FUNDCGIAR Fund Office

The World Bank Group1818 H Street NW

Washington, DC 20433 USA

tel: +1 202 473 8951fax: +1 202 473 8110

email: cgiarfund@cgiar.org

www.cgiarfund.orgScience for a food secure future