ch 03 methods and materials of construction, renovation, and demolition
TRANSCRIPT
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Methods and Materials of Construction, Renovation, and Demolition
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Objectives (1 of 2)
• Identify and describe the basic regulations that apply to building construction projects
• Identify and describe the role of the typical members of a building design team
• Identify and describe the roles of the various members of the construction team
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Objectives (2 of 2)
• Identify and describe the hazards to fire fighters during the construction, renovation, and demolition of a building
• Identify and describe the hazards to fire fighters of the different types of materials used in the construction of buildings
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Introduction
• Inherent dangers
• Buildings under construction, renovation, and demolition
• Building materials interaction in fire
• Buildings in Your Community
• Built under different codes
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Construction Regulations (1 of 2)
• Building code
• Fire code
• Plumbing, mechanical, and electrical codes
• Zoning regulations
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Construction Regulations (2 of 2)
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• Insurance regulations
• Construction safety regulations
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The Building Design and Construction Process (1 of 2)
• Professionals in the design process
• Architect
• Structural engineer
• Civil engineer
• Mechanical engineer
• Electrical engineer
• Fire protection engineer
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The Building Design and Construction Process (2 of 2)
• Professionals in the design process
• General contractor
• Subcontractors
• Fireproofing contractors
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Site Preparation (1 of 3)
• Preliminary soil testing
• Deep foundations
• Piles
• Caissons
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Site Preparation (2 of 3)
• Foundation structural components
• Superstructure
• Substructure Foundation
• Foundation
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Site Preparation (3 of 3)
• Excavation• Dewatering pumps• Soil walls • Crosslot bracing • Rakers • Tiebacks • Slurry wall
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The Hazards of a Building Under Construction (1 of 4)
• Before a fire
• Visit buildings under construction
• Videotape the construction
• Test private fire prevention mechanisms
• Look for hazards
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The Hazards of a Building Under Construction (2 of 4)
• Fire dangers• Welding and
cutting operations
• Construction debris
• Arson
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The Hazards of a Building Under Construction (3 of 4)
• Framing
• Wallboard
• Falsework
• Standpipe systems
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The Hazards of a Building Under Construction (4 of 4)
• Issues during a construction fire
• Collapse of a structure
• Progressive collapse
• Explosives stored on-site
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The Hazards of a Building Under Renovation
• May be occupied by people
• Changes in use
• Altered or disabled fire protection systems
• Cut-off egress paths
• “Do-it-yourself” renovators
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The Hazards of a Building Under Demolition
• Disabled or removed safety systems
• Torch cutting operations • Unsupported, freestanding
walls • Fractured utilities
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The Characteristics of Materials
• Reaction to forces
• Vary
• Good against compressive forces
• Good against tensile forces
• Strong in tension and weak or unsuitable in compression
• All damaged by fire
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Wood (1 of 3)
• Types of woods
• Softwoods
• Conifers (pines)
• Hardwoods
• Oak
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Wood (2 of 3)
• Board: greater than 2"
• Dimensional lumber: 2"– 4"
• Timber: greater than or equal to 5"
• Chemical treatments
• Insect resistance
• Fire resistance
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Wood (3 of 3)
• Compressive strength can vary
• Material and structural components
• Plywood
• Oriented strand board (OSB)
• Lightweight wood truss
• Wooden I-joist
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Masonry and Stone
• Brick
• Spall
• Portland cement mortar
• Sand-lime mortar
• Concrete masonry
• Quarried stone
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Concrete• Mixture of portland
cement, water, and aggregates • Aggregate • Admixture • Composite materials
• Virtually no tensile strength
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Metal (1 of 4)
• Wrought Iron• Commercially
pure iron of fibrous nature
• Malleable• Cast iron
• Brittle
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Metal (2 of 4)
• Structural steel
• Rolled in a variety of shapes
• Conducts heat
• Elongates when heated
• Fails at approximately 1000°–1100° F
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Metal (3 of 4)
• Cold-drawn steel
• Used in the construction of cables used to brace failing buildings or as tendons in tensioned concrete
• Also used as cables to brace failing buildings
• Fails at 800° F
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Metal (4 of 4)
• Aluminum
• Lightweight
• Malleable
• Nonmagnetic
• Melts at ordinary fire temperatures
• Aluminum roofs are hazardous
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Glass
• Little resistance to heat or pressure• Thermal pane• Blast-resistant• Fixed sashes of double-pane glass• Laminated “hurricane-resistant”• Wired glass• Glass fiber insulation
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Asbestos
• Fireproofing agent for steel
• Often unknown usage
• Carcinogen when inhaled
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Synthetic Materials
• Thermoplastics
• Thermosets
• Interior finish
• Foam core panels
• Resin plastics
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Gypsum
• Natural mineral
• Used in the manufacture of drywall and plaster
• Typically wallboard
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The Effects of Shape
• Affects resistance to a compressive load
• Not a consideration in tensile loads
• Resistance related to the cross-section makeup of a material
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Summary
• Variety of regulations
• Many different professionals
• Preparing a site
• Buildings under renovation
• Demolition structures