Ch. 11 Rome and ChristianityCh. 11 Rome and Christianity

►From Republic to EmpireFrom Republic to Empire►The Roman Empire and ReligionThe Roman Empire and Religion►The End of the EmpireThe End of the Empire

From Republic to EmpireFrom Republic to Empire

Big PictureBig PictureRome grew politically and economically, eventually Rome grew politically and economically, eventually

developing into a culture that would influence developing into a culture that would influence later civilizations.later civilizations.

Main IdeasMain Ideas1.1. Disorder made opportunities for Julius Caesar to Disorder made opportunities for Julius Caesar to

gain powergain power2.2. Empire began with the reign of Augustus CaesarEmpire began with the reign of Augustus Caesar3.3. The empire grew to control the entire The empire grew to control the entire

Mediterranean worldMediterranean world4.4. Romans made many advances in engineering, art, Romans made many advances in engineering, art,

literature, science, architecture and lawliterature, science, architecture and law

Disorder in the RepublicDisorder in the Republic

► Rome in the 70s BC was a dangerous place to be, politicians Rome in the 70s BC was a dangerous place to be, politicians and generals fought each other to gain powerand generals fought each other to gain power

► Gifted orator and philosopher, Cicero advised people to Gifted orator and philosopher, Cicero advised people to limited the power of the generals and support the Senate.limited the power of the generals and support the Senate.

► Citizens did not listen and several generals were set to take Citizens did not listen and several generals were set to take over the government.over the government.

► The most powerful of these generals was Julius Caesar.The most powerful of these generals was Julius Caesar.

Caesar’s Rise and FallCaesar’s Rise and Fall► He was a well respected general who gained power and He was a well respected general who gained power and

prestige. prestige. ► Not only a successful general, but a gifted speaker with Not only a successful general, but a gifted speaker with

powerful friends: Pompey and Crassus, together the three powerful friends: Pompey and Crassus, together the three ruled Rome.ruled Rome.

► As Caesars power grew his friendships fell apartAs Caesars power grew his friendships fell apart► Pompey's Senate supporters told Caesar to give up command Pompey's Senate supporters told Caesar to give up command

of his armies so that Pompey could rule alone. Caesar of his armies so that Pompey could rule alone. Caesar refused.refused.

► He prepared for a confrontation crossing the Rubicon River to He prepared for a confrontation crossing the Rubicon River to invade Italy from the north. Caesar was successful!invade Italy from the north. Caesar was successful!

► In 45 BC Caesar returned to Rome and declared himself In 45 BC Caesar returned to Rome and declared himself dictator for lifedictator for life

► The Senate feared his power and killed him on March 15The Senate feared his power and killed him on March 15thth..

The End of the RepublicThe End of the Republic

► After Caesar’s murder, Marc Antony and Caesar's adopted After Caesar’s murder, Marc Antony and Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, took over Romeson, Octavian, took over Rome

► The two were driven to make the killers pay and were The two were driven to make the killers pay and were successfulsuccessful

► Happiness between Antony and Octavian did not last.Happiness between Antony and Octavian did not last.► Antony married Octavian’s sister, but later divorced her to Antony married Octavian’s sister, but later divorced her to

marry Cleopatra of Egypt. This angered Octavian. This led to marry Cleopatra of Egypt. This angered Octavian. This led to a civil war. Octavian won and became Rome’s sole leadera civil war. Octavian won and became Rome’s sole leader

► He took the name Augustus (revered one) changing Rome He took the name Augustus (revered one) changing Rome from a republic to an empirefrom a republic to an empire

Rome’s Growing EmpireRome’s Growing Empire

► As emperors conquered new territory, they not only As emperors conquered new territory, they not only added land, but new cultures, ideas, and goods.added land, but new cultures, ideas, and goods.

► Romans experienced a Pax Romana or a Roman Romans experienced a Pax Romana or a Roman peacepeace

► As a result. Trade increased, making Romans As a result. Trade increased, making Romans wealthy. This improved the equality of life for wealthy. This improved the equality of life for people of Rome and its provincespeople of Rome and its provinces

Rome’s AccomplishmentsRome’s AccomplishmentsScience and Science and

EngineeringEngineering► Greek doctor Greek doctor

Galen studied the Galen studied the body to improve body to improve healthhealth

► Great builders Great builders who used cementwho used cement

► Built roads in Built roads in layers like we do layers like we do todaytoday

► Created lasting Created lasting structure using structure using arches, like in arches, like in their aqueducts.their aqueducts.

► Combined arches Combined arches helped in the helped in the construction of construction of vaultsvaults

Architecture and Architecture and ArtArt

► Roman Roman Architecture Architecture copied some copied some older Greek older Greek designs and use designs and use of marbleof marble

► Engineering Engineering techniques like techniques like the vault.the vault.

► Roman artists Roman artists were known for were known for mosaics, mosaics, paintings and paintings and statuesstatues

Literature and Language

Virgil was an author who wrote the Aeneid, which was about the founding of Rome

Ovid wrote poems about Roman mythology

They wrote in Latin which later developed into the Romance languages.

Other Romance languages are Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian.

LawLaw

► Rome’s greatest influence may have been in the Rome’s greatest influence may have been in the field of Lawfield of Law

► Inspired civil law – a legal system based on a Inspired civil law – a legal system based on a written code of lawswritten code of laws

► What is our code of laws in the USA?What is our code of laws in the USA?

Section 2 The Roman Empire Section 2 The Roman Empire and Religionand Religion

Big IdeaBig IdeaThe people of the Roman Empire practiced many The people of the Roman Empire practiced many

different religions. They considered some different religions. They considered some religions a political problem. Eventually, they religions a political problem. Eventually, they

accepted the religion of Christianity. accepted the religion of Christianity. Main IdeasMain Ideas

► Romans had conflicts with the monotheistic Romans had conflicts with the monotheistic JewsJews

► Christianity grew out of JudaismChristianity grew out of Judaism► Many considered Jesus the MessiahMany considered Jesus the Messiah► Christianity grew in popularity eventually Christianity grew in popularity eventually

becoming Rome’s official religionbecoming Rome’s official religion

Religious Tolerance and Religious Tolerance and ConflictConflict

► Rome practiced religious tolerance, allowing Rome practiced religious tolerance, allowing others to continue their faith when conquered as others to continue their faith when conquered as well as adopted religious ideas from other well as adopted religious ideas from other culturescultures

► Romans had issues with religions they felt caused Romans had issues with religions they felt caused political problems, like the Jewish faithpolitical problems, like the Jewish faith

► They felt the because the Jews only prayed to one They felt the because the Jews only prayed to one God, they would anger all of the other godsGod, they would anger all of the other gods

► Jews rebelled against the Roman rule, eventually Jews rebelled against the Roman rule, eventually Romans took their anger out on the Jews by Romans took their anger out on the Jews by taxing them heavily and treating them harshlytaxing them heavily and treating them harshly

► Emperor Hadrian thought that if he banned some Emperor Hadrian thought that if he banned some Jewish rituals they would eventually give up the Jewish rituals they would eventually give up the religion.religion.

► Instead the Jews rebelled and Hadrian and the Instead the Jews rebelled and Hadrian and the Roman army crushed the revolt and destroyed Roman army crushed the revolt and destroyed Jerusalem building a new city over the ruins and Jerusalem building a new city over the ruins and invited people from all over the empire to live invited people from all over the empire to live there. Jews were forced out.there. Jews were forced out.

A New ReligionA New Religion► Many Jews Many Jews

believed a new believed a new leader would leader would come to restore come to restore the greatness of the greatness of King David’s King David’s Kingdom, Israel.Kingdom, Israel.

► This leader was This leader was to be a Messiah, to be a Messiah, “God’s anointed “God’s anointed one”one”

► Many Jews Many Jews anxiously anxiously awaited his awaited his arrivalarrival

► Many believed Many believed Jesus of Nazareth Jesus of Nazareth was this Messiahwas this Messiah

Jesus of Jesus of NazarethNazareth

► Jesus is an influential person in Jesus is an influential person in all of world history, but little is all of world history, but little is known of his lifeknown of his life

► Most of what is known is learned Most of what is known is learned from the Christian Biblefrom the Christian Bible

► The Bible is made of two parts, The Bible is made of two parts, Old Testament (similar to the Old Testament (similar to the Hebrew Bible) and New Hebrew Bible) and New Testament (sacred to Christians)Testament (sacred to Christians)

► Jesus was born to a simple family Jesus was born to a simple family and Christians believe he is the and Christians believe he is the son of God. As he grew he cause son of God. As he grew he cause a lot of excitement wherever he a lot of excitement wherever he wentwent

► He was a teacher who influenced He was a teacher who influenced many peoplemany people

► This influence challenged the This influence challenged the authority of political and religious authority of political and religious leadersleaders

► Shortly after he was arrested and Shortly after he was arrested and sentenced to die by crucifixionsentenced to die by crucifixion

► Christians believe he resurrected Christians believe he resurrected or rose from the dead. Some or rose from the dead. Some people began calling him Jesus people began calling him Jesus Christ. Christ came from the Christ. Christ came from the Latin word Christos, Greek for Latin word Christos, Greek for Messiah this is where the words Messiah this is where the words Christian and Christianity came Christian and Christianity came fromfrom

The Teachings of JesusThe Teachings of Jesus► His teachings were rooted His teachings were rooted

in older Jewish traditions, in older Jewish traditions, such as, love God and such as, love God and love other peoplelove other people

► He encouraged the love He encouraged the love of all people even your of all people even your enemies, salvation or enemies, salvation or forgiveness of sins, many forgiveness of sins, many other teachings dealt with other teachings dealt with reaching the kingdom of reaching the kingdom of HeavenHeaven

► Jesus’ teachings have Jesus’ teachings have been interpreted in many been interpreted in many different ways, which is different ways, which is why there are so many why there are so many different denominations different denominations of Christianityof Christianity

The Spread of Jesus’ TeachingsThe Spread of Jesus’ Teachings

► The Apostles The Apostles traveled widely traveled widely telling of Jesus telling of Jesus and his teachings, and his teachings, after the after the ResurrectionResurrection

► Some of Jesus’ Some of Jesus’ disciples wrote disciples wrote accounts of Jesus’ accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings life and teachings known as Gospelsknown as Gospels

► The ideas of Paul The ideas of Paul of Tarsus helped of Tarsus helped break the break the Christian Church Christian Church from Judaismfrom Judaism

The Growth of ChristianityThe Growth of Christianity► Through Paul of Tarsus Through Paul of Tarsus

and early Christians the and early Christians the teachings of Jesus began teachings of Jesus began to spread rapidlyto spread rapidly

► Within a hundred years of Within a hundred years of Jesus’ death thousands of Jesus’ death thousands of Christians lived in RomeChristians lived in Rome

► A few Roman emperors A few Roman emperors feared that Christians feared that Christians would cause unrest, so would cause unrest, so they to banned they to banned ChristianityChristianity

► This began a period of This began a period of persecution, a punishment persecution, a punishment against a group because of against a group because of their beliefstheir beliefs

► It wasn’t until emperor It wasn’t until emperor Constantine that Constantine that Christianity was accepted Christianity was accepted in the empire and became in the empire and became Rome’s official religionRome’s official religion

Section 3 The End of the Section 3 The End of the EmpireEmpire

The Big IdeaThe Big IdeaInternal and external problems lead to the Roman Internal and external problems lead to the Roman

Empire splitting into east and west. The Western Empire splitting into east and west. The Western half collapsed, but the east prospered for half collapsed, but the east prospered for

hundreds of yearshundreds of years

Main IdeasMain Ideas1.1. Many problems led Diocletian to split the Empire Many problems led Diocletian to split the Empire

making it easier to run and defendmaking it easier to run and defend2.2. Rome declined because of political problems, Rome declined because of political problems,

invasions and money issuesinvasions and money issues3.3. In the east the Byzantines created a new society In the east the Byzantines created a new society

with different religious traditionswith different religious traditions

► Rome had become so big by the end of the 200s, emperors Rome had become so big by the end of the 200s, emperors had given up some of the land the Roman army had had given up some of the land the Roman army had conqueredconquered

► Germanic tribes attacked from the northGermanic tribes attacked from the north► Persians invaded from the eastPersians invaded from the east► People living on the outskirts of Rome began to move away People living on the outskirts of Rome began to move away

for fear of attackfor fear of attack► Government had to raise taxes to pay for defenseGovernment had to raise taxes to pay for defense► Desperate Romans looked for a stronger emperorDesperate Romans looked for a stronger emperor

Division of the EmpireDivision of the Empire

► Diocletian stepped Diocletian stepped in to rule and split in to rule and split the empire in two in the empire in two in order to rule more order to rule more efficientlyefficiently

► When Constantine When Constantine moved in as moved in as emperor he moved emperor he moved the capital to Turkey the capital to Turkey and renamed it and renamed it Constantinople after Constantinople after himselfhimself

The Decline of RomeThe Decline of Rome► Barbarians attacked at Barbarians attacked at

every turnevery turn► Huns and Goths, made up Huns and Goths, made up

of Ostrogoths and of Ostrogoths and Visigoths were very strongVisigoths were very strong

► It reached a point were It reached a point were the Romans could only the Romans could only keep the Goths out by keep the Goths out by paying them to stay awaypaying them to stay away

► In 408, however the In 408, however the Romans stopped making Romans stopped making the payments and the the payments and the Goths attacked.Goths attacked.

► In 410 the Goths In 410 the Goths overthrew Romeoverthrew Rome

The Fall of the Western The Fall of the Western EmpireEmpire

►The take over by the The take over by the Goths inspired other Goths inspired other barbarians to attackbarbarians to attack

►The Vandals, Angles, The Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Saxons, Jutes, and Franks all launched Franks all launched attacks on the empireattacks on the empire

►The Huns again attacked The Huns again attacked from the east, led by from the east, led by Attila and raided the Attila and raided the landland

Reasons for Rome’s FallReasons for Rome’s Fall► Vast size of the empireVast size of the empire► Communication during Communication during

conflict was difficultconflict was difficult► Too big to govern Too big to govern

efficientlyefficiently► Political crisis lead to Political crisis lead to

corruption which made corruption which made poor leadershippoor leadership

► The wealthy fled their The wealthy fled their homes and formed their homes and formed their own armiesown armies

► Some used their armies Some used their armies to overthrow emperors to overthrow emperors and take power for and take power for themselvesthemselves

► Population decreased Population decreased and schools closedand schools closed

► The empire collapsedThe empire collapsed

A New Eastern EmpireA New Eastern Empire► Despite the Fall of Rome, the Despite the Fall of Rome, the

eastern empire grew in wealth eastern empire grew in wealth and prosperityand prosperity

► Justinian ruled the eastern empire Justinian ruled the eastern empire well by organizing laws and well by organizing laws and focusing on Churchfocusing on Church

► Justinian’s code was a simplified Justinian’s code was a simplified version of the Roman code of lawsversion of the Roman code of laws

► Justinian did make enemies but Justinian did make enemies but put the rioters down with the put the rioters down with the support of his smart and powerful support of his smart and powerful wifewife

► After his death the empire did After his death the empire did begin to weaken, but finally fell to begin to weaken, but finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in the year the Ottoman Turks in the year 14531453

Justinian and Theodora

Byzantine SocietyByzantine Society

►The Byzantine Empire, as it came to be The Byzantine Empire, as it came to be known, developed in the Eastern known, developed in the Eastern EmpireEmpire

►Christianity was interpreted differently Christianity was interpreted differently in different parts of the world, this in different parts of the world, this caused a split between Catholic in the caused a split between Catholic in the west and Orthodox Christians in the west and Orthodox Christians in the easteast

►Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia