ch. 11.6 mutations in genes objectives: 1.describe the following types of mutations: a.base...

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CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1. Describe the following types of mutations: a. Base substitution b. Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can cause a mutation. Vocabulary: Mutation Mutagen

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Base Substitutions Single Base Mutation (Point Mutation) Replacement of one base or nucleotide for another. May or may not cause dysfunction in protein.

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Page 1: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

CH. 11.6 Mutations in GenesObjectives: 1. Describe the

following types of mutations:

a. Base substitutionb. Base insertion or

deletion

2. Explain what can cause a mutation.

Vocabulary: MutationMutagen

Page 2: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Mutations

• http://www.ptbeach.com/167020813143947783/cwp/view.asp?A=3&Q=278050&C=54590

• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mutations.html

Any change in nucleotide sequence of DNA

Effects vary:

None --> Severe

Page 3: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Base Substitutions

• http://www.ptbeach.com/167020813143947783/cwp/view.asp?A=3&Q=278050&C=54590• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mutations.html

Single Base Mutation (Point Mutation)

Replacement of one base or nucleotide for another.

May or may not cause dysfunction in protein.

http://www.ptbeach.com/167020813143947783/cwp/view.asp?A=3&Q=278050&C=54590

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mutations.html

Page 4: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Base Substitutions

• http://www.ptbeach.com/167020813143947783/cwp/view.asp?A=3&Q=278050&C=54590• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mutations.html

1. Silent Mutation: Substitution does not result in a change in amino acid sequence.

(More than 1 codon for each amino acid)

Ex: GAA --> GAG still makes Glutamine

http://www.ptbeach.com/167020813143947783/cwp/view.asp?A=3&Q=278050&C=54590

Page 5: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Base Substitutions

2. Missense Mutation: Substitution DOES result in an amino acid substitution.

Can have negative effects.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Page 6: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Sickle Cell Anemia

•Sickled R.B.C.s are angular and inflexible

•Get stuck in blood vessels and block blood flow (=PAIN).

•Less functioning RBCs = Fatigue (limits O2 delivered to cells)•http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/

Page 7: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Base Substitutions3. Nonsense Mutation: Substitution results in a STOP CODON.

•Shorter, incomplete protein

•Negative impacts vary (How much protein was translated?)

Page 8: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Mutations: INSERTIONS & DELETIONS“Frameshift” mutations:

Nucleotide is added or removed.•Changes codons, changes amino acid sequence

•Bigger impacts/ Different Proteins

Page 9: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Page 10: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Review Mutations

Page 11: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Mutagens: Cause MutationsPhysical Agents

High frequency energy

• X-rays

• UV rays

Chemical Agents

• Free-radical oxygens

• Certain chemicals (chemotherapy)

Page 12: CH. 11.6 Mutations in Genes Objectives: 1.Describe the following types of mutations: a.Base substitution b.Base insertion or deletion 2. Explain what can

Mutations: Source of Genetic Variation

Mutations are passed to offspring.

Most lead to dysfunctional proteins.

Some are lethal.

Few - are beneficial (but important to gene pool) Variations in gene pool allow

species to survive when environmental conditions change.

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