CH. 12. 3 EMOTIONS

EXPRESSED EMOTION People more speedily detect an

angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

UNIVERSALLY WE SHARE ABOUT 4 BASIC EMOTIONS

JoyFearAngerSadness

Part of our Physical Survival System. Without ANGER or FEAR we would not protect ourselves.

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND EMOTIONFBI how they spot a liar

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVMy2cZVbPM&feature=related

CAN YOU SPOT THE FAKE SMILE http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/s

miles/

Expressing Emotion

Culturally universal expressions

PAUL EKMAN LEADING RESEARCHER IN MICROEXPRESSIONS

Lie Detection Prof. Paul Ekman

REMIND ME TO PASS OUT THE LIE DETECTION TEST

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Eyes: fear and anger

Mouth: happiness

Introverts: read emotions of others better

Extroverts: easier to read emotions of an extrovert

Women: express happiness easier than men

Men: express anger easier than women

Fake smile: longer duration, turned “on/off” more quickly

Brain: good emotion detector when people are not trying to deceive.

ExpressiveBehaviors

3 THEORIES OF EMOTIONS

James-Lange TheoryStimulus > then your body reacts, then you feel the emotion.

> Canon-Bard TheoryStimulus > Like a cannon boom you feel a physical change and have an emotional response at the same time. BoomCognitive TheoryStimulus > Physical Changes > Interpretation > Emotional Response

Let’s try out James Lange theory of emotion: Get out a sheet of paper and your pencil… Label your paper with the scale on top. Your going to get into different groups. Which group are you in? Lip ? Teeth?Left (lip) Hold a pencil or pen in their mouth just behind the front teeth. (thereby making them smile)Right Keep lips apart without having their lips touch pen/pencil (making you frown)

Scale of Not funny at all Extremely Funny 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cartoon # 1

surfwithberserk.com

Cartoon # 2

Cartoon #3

Cartoon # 4

Cartoon # 5

Cartoon #

Cartoon #

Do we smile because we are happy or are we happy because we smile? Results suggest that facial expressions help determine emotional reactions. This is consistent with James-Lange Theory of emotion.

Remember the mirror neuron video? Research has showed us that when people have been told to mimic expressions of basic emotions they also experience those emotions. Just by activating a smile (with your pencil) was enough to make the cartoons more amusing.

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION

To experience emotion one must:

be physically aroused

cognitively label the arousal

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Cognition and Emotion

The brain’s shortcut for emotions

Thalamus

Visualcortex

To pounding heart

Amygdala

Instant fearresponse

Slightly slowerinterpretation:

“This is a snake!Get away.”

Experiencing Emotion

The Amygdala-a neural key to fear learning

Amygdala

ConsciousExperience

Check out Video called The Brain under Real Player

REBT Therapy

Albert Ellis

DEALING WITH EMOTIONS

The ABCs of Emotional Change

A = Activating Event

B = Irrational Beliefs

C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences

D = Disputing

E = New Emotional Reaction

Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational Belief.

Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world.

A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction.

10 COMMON IRRATIONAL BELIEFS

1. I must be loved and approved by almost every significant other person in my life.

2. I should be completely competent and achieving in all ways to be a worthwhile person.

3. Certain people I must deal with are thoroughly bad and should be severely blamed and punished for it.

4. It is awful and upsetting when things are not the way I would very much like them to be.

5. My happiness is always caused by external events; I cannot control my emotional reactions.

6. If something unpleasant might happen, I should keep dwelling on it.

7. It is easier to avoid difficulties and responsibilities than to face them.

8. I should depend on others who are stronger than I am.

9. Because something once strongly affected my life, it will do so indefinitely.

10. There is always a perfect solution to human problems, and it is awful if this solution is not found.

10 COMMON IRRATIONAL BELIEFS

HOW DOES THIS WORK?Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational

Belief.

Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world.

A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction

The ABCs of Emotional Change

A = Activating Event

B = Irrational Beliefs

C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences

D = Disputing

E = New Emotional Reaction

HAPPINESS IS...

Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to

Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)

Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable

Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage

Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills

Have a meaningful religious faith

Sleep well and exercise

However, Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, Such as

Age

Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)

Education levels

Parenthood (having children or not)

Physical attractiveness

LET’S STOP NOW:

Motive Psychology

Henry Murray’s Theory of Needs

Apperception: the act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation

Thematic Apperception Technique (TAT)

SAMPLE TAT CARD

SAMPLE TAT CARD

TAT AND QUESTIONNAIRE MEASURES OF MOTIVES: DO THEY MEASURE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF MOTIVES?

McClelland argues that responses to TAT and questionnaire measures are not correlated because they measure two different types of motivation

TAT measures implicit motivation—unconscious desires, aspirations, and needs