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By: Luke Sullivan

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y The Tropics are warmed yearround by the sun

y The tropics lack hot and cold seasons ofthe rest oftheworld, but theyhave seasonal rains, due topressure

differences in the rest ofthe world.y These rains are called monsoons

y These are prominent in west, west-central Africa,Southeast Asia, and India

y Northofthese areas there is very little rain, creatingdeserts

y

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y People had hard times adapting to the many tropicenvironments.

y Although the domestication ofplants had beendiscovered in the tropics, people preferred huntingand gathering

y Pastoral herders, herded domesticated animals in thearid regions not fit for agriculture.

y Asia relied heavilyon agriculture to support their large

populationy Foods from Asia and the African coasts moved all over

Africa.

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y Shifting Cultivation was adopted in the tropical zones

y South Eastern Asian Farmers developed irrigationsystems to ensure steady watering oftheir crops

y Indian Farmers used canals and dams to irrigate theirland

y Sri Lanka has the worlds largest concentration ofirrigation to support their large population in the arid

northern nations

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y Metallurgy was present in the tropics

y Gold and copperwere important to long distance trade

y Iron was an abundant and useful metal

y African gold was exported all over the world

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y Two new Islamic empires,Mali in West Africa, and Delhi inSouth Asia were the strongest powers in the tropicsbetween 1200 and 1500.

y

After theM

uslim conquest and loss ofnorthern Africa inthe eighth century, the faith spread throughout Africa,eventually going southofthe Sahara

y The spread ofIslam was mostlypeaceful

y TheMali empire was formed in 1240 from a former Africanpower called Takrur

y Mali was much larger than anything before it, controllingthe central trade routes, and the Niger gold mines

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y WhenMali rulerMansa Kankan Musa traveled toMecca onhis pilgrimage he displayed his empires wealth

y He carried somuch gold in gifts that the value ofgold in

Cairowas depressed for years afterhe came throughy He created Mosques and Muslim schools all overhis

empire, spreading the word ofthe Quran

y The empire began to decline 200 years after its creation

y

They were attacked bymany groups avid for theirwealth

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y Islam in India was more violent than in West Africa

y Centuries after the fall ofthe Gupta Empire, India wasweak and fragmented.

y Afghan warlords began raiding Indian lands in theeleventh century

y Muslims looted Buddhist and Hindu temples, in thename ofspreading the Islamic faith

y TheMilitary superiorityoftheMuslims could not bematched and they took many lands, including Delhi

y Muslim conquerors soon became peaceful rulers.

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y The Emperorofthis new conquest was Sultan Iltutmish

y He chose his daughter as his successor

y The uproarofhaving a femaleMuslimruler eventuallyhadher imprisoned and killed

y After 500 years ofrebellion, Sultan Ala-ud-din Khalji tookrule

y When the threat oftheMongols Khalji expanded hisborders

y There was much tension betweenMuslim and Hindu elitesy These religious differences eventually led to the fall ofhe

Dehli Sultanate

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y With the fall oftheMongols and prosperityofEurasian states Indian trade was exploding

y The Trading network was mainlyone way, few traders

evermade the full circuity The main vessel ofthe trading network was the Dhow

y In the 1400s the Dhow gave way to the Chinese Junk asthe greatest shipofthe Indian trade route.

y The Indian trade routes were purely commercial andhad little political influence.

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y The East African shores prospered from the trade in the Indianocean

y The people ofthese shores were called the Swahili

y The Arab merchants were attracted to the African gold

y The centerofthe gold trade in Africa was the cityofZimbabwey Zimbabwe started out as an agricultural state but generated

muchoftheir wealth through long-distance trade

y Gold exports brought Zimbabwe to its political and economicpeak

y The inhabitants ofZimbabwe over-exhausted their naturalresources that resulted in an economical crisis that broughtabout the fall ofthe empire

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y Aden, unlike the rest ofArabia, had monthlymonsoons that brought plentyofrain to grow grain forexport, and provided a perfect layoverfor Indian

Ocean tradey Religious toleration was commonplace topromote

commercial interests

y Some religious friction did occur, but there wasnt too

much

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y The state ofGujarat in western India prospered due toits prime trade location on the Arabian sea and itsrelations with theMuslim elite ofthe Delhi sultanate

y

The main exports were cotton textilesy Gujarat engaged in manufacturing as well as

commerce

y More southerly cities on theMalabar coast duplicated

Gujarats actions

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y The most popularwayfrom the Indian ocean to Chinais the strait ofMalacca.

y The CityofMalacca emerged as a powerful city due to

its key locationy Malacca had an alliance with the Chinese and wasfriendly with India and the Arabs because ofitconversion to Islamfrom Hinduism

y Malacca was a median for the Indian and Chinesetraders

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y As the trade between India, Africa, and Arabiaoccurred, their cultures blended together

y Architecture from Arabia was seen in Africa

y Literacy was very important to theMuslimfaith, andeducation was more widespread

y Timbuktu became the centerofIslam in Africa

y Islam spread throughout all the lands they touched

y Many low-caste Hindus converted to Islam

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y Many defeated Hindus became slaves toMuslimconquerors in Delhi.

y Africans were slaves in India

y Some slaves were educated in skilled trades andmilitary service

y This High cast ofslaves were rich and powerful

y Low caste slaves did more menial work

y Wealthyhouseholds had slaves as servants

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y Female slaves were so numerous, that the worst horsesold forfive times as much as a female slave

y Women were expected tofollow stricterrules offidelity than men

y Afemales status was determined byhermale master(father, husband, orowner)

y Women were meant to bear children prepare food,farm, weave clothes, and collect firewood, and cooking

watery Some women sought freedom in joiningMuslimhouseholds