Ch. 14 Absolutism in Europe

Queen Elizabeth

Louis XIV

Ivan “The Terrible”

I. Spain A. Rodrigo Diaz “El Cid” (Champion) *Spanish hero fought Muslims Moors *Spanish Muslims

B. Reconquista (Reconquest) 800 - 1200’s *Crusade against Muslims *Granada southern Spain *Muslim control

C. Queen Isabella of Castile & Ferdinand of Aragon *marriage united Spain 1469 financed Columbus 1492 Spanish Inquisition Muslims & Jews 1492

D. Spanish Hapsburgs (Hawks Castle) Hapsburgs *leading family of Europe

1. Charles V 1516 - 1556 *King of Spain & Holy Roman Emperor Protestant Reformation Peace of Augsburg 1555

2. Philip II “The Prudent King” (son of Charles V) 1556 -1598 *Greatest of Spanish Kings “Most Catholic King” 2nd Spanish Inquisition

a. Madrid *capital of Spain El Escorial Palace & royal court

b. Spanish Armada 1588 *invasion of England 60,000 soldiers 168 ships sailed up English Channel “Sea Dogs” *English Pirates robbing Spanish ships

Francis Drake English Admiral *destroyed Spanish Armada

C. Century of Gold 1550 - 1650 Spanish art & culture peaked Don Quixote by Cervantes Tale of Spanish Knight Spanish Empire in Americas sent Gold & Silver

II. England A. Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603 “The Virgin Queen” “Good Queen Bess” “I will have but one mistress England, & no master.”

Anglican Church became the Church of England Spanish Armada defeated 1588 *Last of Tudor family

Mary Stuart *Queen of Scotland “Mary Queen of Scots” closest relative (cousins) *conspired to take throne Tower of London beheaded 1587

B. English Revolution 1. James I (son of Mary Stuart) 1603 Stuart *ruling family of Scotland

a. King James Bible translate bible English 1611 “Wisest Fool in Christendom” b. Quarrel with Parliament Persecution of Puritans (Eng. Calvinists)

c. Gunpowder Plot Nov. 5 1605 *Cath. radicals attempt blow up Parliament & James I 20 barrels gunpowder in cellar Guy Fox *Leader of Catholic radicals

Guy Fawkes being Hanged, Drawn and Quartered

d. Union Jack *National flag of England

e. Colonies in America Jamestown, Virginia *1st Eng. Colony in N. Amer. 1607 Plymouth, Mass. 1620

2. Charles I (son of James I) 1625 – 1649 a. Petition of Rights 1628 *King can’t levy taxes without consent of Parliament Billet housing soldiers in homes was outlawed Dissolved Parliament 11 years

b. Star Chamber (secret court) *trials for enemies of King

c. Long Parliament 1640 (met for 20 years) limited kings powers / abolished Star Chamber *Long Parliament lead the Rev. vs. King Charles I led troops into House of Commons

3. English Civil War 1642 - 1649 King Charles I Cavaliers *King’s Cavalry Royalists *Nobles that supported the King vs. Parliament Burgesses *Middle Class Puritans Round Heads *supporters of Parliament

New Model Army *Parliaments ArmyOliver Cromwell LeaderKing Charles I captured 1646 “We shall cut off the Kings head with the crown upon it!” Cromwell

*Charles I Beheaded 1649

4. The Commonwealth 1649 - 1659 led by Cromwell *strict Puritan rules Oliver Cromwell “Lord Protector” 1646 - 1658

Rump Parliament only part of Par. (60 members) Jan 30, 1649 abolished monarchy & Charles I beheaded

Virginia *Colony Royalists fled to

5. Restoration *monarchy restored 1660 Charles II “Merry Monarch” 1660 - 1685 son of Charles I exiled in France

Cromwell’s Head

a. New Amsterdam (New York) *taken from Dutch

b. Habeas Corpus Act 1679 prisoners brought before judge & hear charges

c. Political Parties emerged during Restoration Tories *supported King (want strong King) Whigs *supported Par. (weak King)

d. London Plague 1665 100,000 died Great Fire of London 1666

6. James II (brother Charles II) Duke of York 1685 – 1688 disliked by Parliament - He’s Catholic *forced to give up throne “God help me when my own children desert me.”

“Rock-a-bye Baby” *based on birth of James II son Rock-a-bye, babyIn the treetopWhen the wind blowsThe cradle will rockWhen the bough breaksThe cradle will fallAnd down will come babyCradle and all

7. Glorious Revolution 1688 Queen Mary & William of Orange *invited by Par. to rule England Bloodless Revolution James II fled to France

a. Bill of Rights “Law of the Realm” *Limited Constitutional Monarch (Kings powers limited by Par.) Par. pick King King not above law Protect citizens rights

b. Act of Union *England & Scotland join kingdoms 1707 United Kingdom of Great Britain

8. King George I 1714 - 1727 spoke only German Hanoverian Dynasty

Sir Robert Walpole *1st Prime Minister of England 1721 - 1742 “First Lord of the Treasury” original title Prime Minister *Chief adviser to King Cabinet *Advisers to King Finance State Navy War “Let sleeping dogs lie.” Walpole referring to Eng. Colonies

9. King George III 1760 - 1820 *American Revolution during his reign

III. France A. King Henry IV 1589 - 1610 *1st of Bourbon Kings Ruling family of France

Edict of Nantes *Freedom to Huguenots 1598

B. Louis XIII 10 years old took throne 1. Marie de Medici (mother) Regent actual controller of France

2. Cardinal Richelieu *Chief adviser to Louis XIII 1624 - 1642 *Made King supreme & France a world power

3. Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648 *France vs. Holy Roman Empire

C. Louis XIV “Sun King” 1643 – 1715 Sun *symbol Motto: “I am the State!”

Absolutism *ruler holds total power Standing Army: 400,000 troops War during 30/54 years of his reign

Palace of Versailles 12 miles west of Paris / 27 years to build (20,000 acres)

Functions of Versailles: center of gov. keep eye on opposition Nobles required to live here (1000 Lords) Center of French Culture

War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713 last Spanish Hapsburg died 1700 Philip V *Grandson of Louis XIV *takes Spanish throne Europe forms an alliance

Prevent Louis XIV from uniting Spain & France Peace of Utrecht 1713 no uniting of Spain & France

Louisiana *claimed by de La Salle

IV. Germany 300 Hundred small independent states Holy Roman Emperor control

A. Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor 1618 *tried to restore Catholic Church *starts Thirty Years War

B. Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648 *Last Great Religious War (21 million killed) Protestants vs. Catholics Denmark Holy Roman Empire Sweden Spain France

Gustavus Adolpus “Lion of the North” *King of Sweden

Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War 1648 Protestants gain religious freedom

C. Prussia *militaristic German state 1. Fredrick William “Great Elector” 1640 - 1688 *guided Prussia Thirty Years War Berlin *capital of Prussia Junkers *noble landlords pledged allegiance

2. King Frederick William I “Royal Drill Sergeant” 1713 - 1740 *1st King of Prussia Prussia major European power Goose Step – marching formation most efficient army in Europe Public Schools

Potsdam Guard 6’7” *regiment of giants

3. King Frederick II “Frederick the Great” 1740 - 1786 *Prussia became World Power

D. Austria 1. Austrian Hapsburgs*ruling family of Austria

2. Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor 1711 - 1740 *no male heir3. Pragmatic Sanction *right of Maria Theresa to inherit Austrian throne

4. Maria Theresa Holy Roman Empress 1740 *lead Austria in war against Prussia

E. War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 *Frederick The Great invaded Austria vs. Queen Maria Theresa Prussia vs. Austria France England Bavaria Russia

F. Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 called French & Indian War in America Frederick The Great of Prussia invaded Saxony Prussia vs. Austria England France all European nations involved Peace of Paris ended Seven Years War 1754 Eng. Gets Canada

V. Russia A. Ivan I “Moneybag” *1st Grand Prince of Russia

B. Ivan III “Ivan the Great” 1462 - 1480 *unified Russia drove Mongols out Moscow “Third Rome” Kremlin *gov. headquarters

C. Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” 1533 - 1584 1st crowned Czar *Emperor of Russia Reign of Terror Boyars *Nobility of Moscow executed 1000’s Secret Police Polo with prisoners heads ripped out sons tongue

D. Time of Troubles *Czars assassinated 1604 - 1613 no strong leadership after Ivan

E. Czar Michael Romanov 1st of Romanov Dynasty *ruling family of Russia 1613 - 1917

F. Peter the Great 1682 - 1725 *Intro Western technology & French culture

*Tax on Beards

Window on the West *water port on Baltic or Black Seas St. Petersburg “Venice Of The North” *new capital city 1712

G. Catherine the Great Czarina *Empress 1762 - 1796 added 200,000 sq. miles to Russia Siberia *fur trade & natural resources

Alaska colony 1741 defeated Ottoman Turks gain Black Sea portdestroyed peasant revolt / 90% population serfsPartition of Poland 1772

Winter Palace *St. Petersburg, Russia *Home of Czars