ch. 16 notes.notebook - edl€¦ · ch. 16 notes.notebook 1 ... "identify examples of a solid,...
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Ch. 16 Notes.notebook
1
January 20, 2017
Jan 48:12 AM
Monday, January 3rd, 20171) Seating arrangement
2) Explain QOTD:
"To protect your eyes when mixing strong caustics or acids, it is recommended you wear..."
3) Go through agenda, rules, and safety
4) Explain Lab Safety Poem/Song Assignment
5) Work time
Jan 38:59 AM
Jan 37:52 AM
Tuesday, January 4th, 20171) Check in cell phones
2) Answer the QOTD:
"Identify examples of a solid, liquid, and a gas in your classroom"
3) Be ready to present your lab safety songs/raps
4) We will check Ch. 16 Vocab Ready to check 12 words after we present songs
Jan 48:17 AM
Section 1 Kinetic TheoryA) States of Matter
1. Kinetic Theory is an explanation of how particles in matter behave.– all matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions)
– These particles are in constant, random motion.
– These particles collide with each other and the walls of their container.
Jan 48:35 AM
Matter anything that has mass and takes up space (water,gold) NOT matter light, heat, color
Jan 48:37 AM
Chemical properties characteristics that are observed by changing matter composition.
e.g. oxidation (reacts with oxygen), flammability, reactivity, electrolysis
Properties of matterPhysical properties characteristics that can be observed by changing matter composition.
e.g. color, odor, shape, mass, volume, density, texture, conductivity, state, bp, fp..
Ch. 16 Notes.notebook
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January 20, 2017
Jan 48:41 AM
Changes in matterPhysical change alters the substance without changing is compositione.g. breaking, bending, tearing, grinding, melting, freezing, vaporization (liquid> gas)
Chemical change involves one or more substance changing into a new substance.e.g.change in color, production of light, release gas/ fizz, odor, form a precipitate, sometimes produce sound
Jan 48:11 AM
2. Thermal Energy total energy of a material's particles; causes particles to vibrate in place.
3. Average kinetic energy temperature of the substance, or how fast the particles are moving; the lower the temperature, the slower the particle motion.
Jan 48:13 AM
4. Solid state particles tightly packed in a specific geometric arrangement.
Jan 48:16 AM
5. Liquid a solid begins to liquefy at the melting point as the particles gain enough energy to overcome their ordered arrangement.
– Energy required to reach the melting point= heat of fusion.
– liquid particles have more space between them, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container
Jan 48:18 AM
6. Gaseous state a liquid's particles have enough energy to escape the attractive forces of the other particles in the liquid.
Jan 58:52 AM
a. Heat of vaporization is the energy required for a liquid to change to a gas.
b. at the boiling point, the pressure of a liquid's vapor is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere, and the liquid becomes a gas.
c. Gas particles spread evenly throughout their container in the process of diffusion.
Ch. 16 Notes.notebook
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January 20, 2017
Jan 58:54 AM
a.) Heating curve of a liquid as a solid melts and a liquid vaporizes, the temperature remains constant; the temperature will increase after the attractive forces of the earlier state have been overcome.
Jan 58:56 AM
8. Plasma state of matter consisting of hightemperature gas with balanced positively and negatively charged particles.
Jan 48:33 AM
States of matter
State shape volume particle arrangement
particle motion
solid definate definite tightly packed vibrates
liquid variable definate loosely packed slip past one another
gas variable variable far apart random motion
plasma (found in stars, LCD)
gas like
exisits at extremely high temperatures
variable
mixture of +/ charges
overall charge neutral
high energy collisions strip electrons
Jan 48:25 AM
Thermal expansion increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increases.
1. The size of a substance will then decrease when the temp. decreases.
Jan 58:58 AM
2. expansion and contraction occur in most solids, liquids, and gases.
3. **Water is an exception because it expands as it becomes a solid. (temperature decrease)
Jan 58:59 AM
c. Some substances do not react as expected when changing states.1) Amorphous solids lack the tightly ordered structure found in crystals
a) do not have definite m.p.
b) e.g. glass, plastic
• Glass melts 1400°C to 1600°C• Lead melts at 327°C
Ch. 16 Notes.notebook
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January 20, 2017
Jan 59:04 AM
2. Liquid crystals do not lose their ordered arrangement completely; used in liquid crystal displays in watches, clocks, calculators, and computers.
Jan 58:41 AM
Thursday, January 5, 2017
1. Answer the QOTD:
"What do the flat portions of a heating curve indicate about a substance?"
If you did not present your lab safety song yesterday, be prepared to present at the start of class.
Jan 59:00 AM
SR #1 p. 4831. all matter is composed of small particles, all particles are in
constant, random motion, and the particles are constantly colliding.
2. Solid: vibrate in place, Liquid: slide past one another, Gas: move freely and randomly collide
3. The particles gain enough kinetic energy to slip out of their ordered arrangement.
4. The particles in the liquid overcome the downward pressure and escape from the liquid. (atm pressure and liquid presure are equal)
5. Lower because atm pressure is lower, the appliance creates a higher pressure above the liquid.
6. n/a7. Draw Heat Curve below:
Jan 68:27 AM
Friday, January 6th, 20171) Check in cell phones
2) Answer the QOTD:
"1. What is the name for the process of a liquid changing into a gas?"A. Melting B. Vaporization C. Sublimation D.Condensation"
3) Take out signed copied of your lab safety contracts
Jan 69:55 AM
Enrich: Changes in State
Jan 98:22 AM
Monday, January 9th, 20171. Copy down the week's assignments/activities
in your agenda book2. answer the QOTD:
"what term do we use to describe the amount of energy required for a liquid at its boiling point to
become a gas?"1. Take out PDB lab and enrich wksh
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January 20, 2017
Jan 68:30 AM
Sec. 2 Properties of FluidsA. Buoyancy the ability of a fluid(liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.
Jan 68:31 AM
1. An object will float if its weight is less than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid.
2. An object will sink if its weight is more than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid.
Jan 68:32 AM
3. Archemedes principle buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
4. An object will float if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in.
Jan 68:34 AM
B. Pascal's principle pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid.
1) Pressure is force exerted per unit area
F
P A
F = Force (Newtons)
P = Pressure (Pascal)
A = Area (m2)
Jan 98:38 AM
Practice problem p. 487
Jan 98:38 AM
2) Hydraulic machines use this principle to lift heavy loads.
Ch. 16 Notes.notebook
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January 20, 2017
Jan 68:41 AM
C. Bernoulli's principle as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases.
• airplanes use this principle to fly.
Jan 68:44 AM
D. Viscosity a liquid's resistance to flow
1. Molecular structure determines a fluid's viscosity.
2. Increased temperature will lower viscosity.
Jan 71:24 PM
1) Answer the QOTD:"An object was dropped into a graduated cylinder that contained 40 mL. The water level rose to 65 mL. Determine the volume of that object. The object has a mass of 25.4 g. Find the Density of the object and determine if it will sink or float. Hint: Density of water is 1.0 g/mL."
Tuesday, January 10th, 2017
Jan 109:01 AM
SR #2 p. 4891. Weight is pushing down and buoyancy force is pushing up2. Archemedes' principle says that the buoyant force on an
object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. the overall density of an airfilled ship is less than that of water.
3. when you squeeze one end of a mustard container, the pressure is transmitted throughout the mustard, forcing it out the top (Pascal's Principle)
4. The fast moving winds in tornadoes create low pressure area above the roof. The pressure under the roof is greater than the pressure pushing down, so the roof flies off.
5. the air in the balloon is compressed, so its weight is greater than the buoyant force of the surrounding air. Helium is less dense than air, and the balloon would float.
6. N/A7.
Jan 84:13 PM
Wednesday, January 11th, 20171) Check in Cell Phones
2) Answer the QOTD:
"Mary and Bob are both boiling water in different cities. If Mary's water boils at 86ºC and Bob's water boils at 90ºC which of the two is at a higher altitude? How do you know?"3) Take out notetaking guide 16.3
Jan 84:14 PM
16.3 Behavior of GasesA. Pressure is measured in a unit called a Pascal (Pa).1. Collisions of particles in air result in
atmospheric pressure.
2. Moving particles colliding with the inside walls of a container result in gas pressure.
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January 20, 2017
Jan 118:38 AM
1) Pressure is force exerted per unit area
**One Pa is equal to 1 N/m2
**Most often given in kilopascals (kPa)
**At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa
F
P A
F = Force (Newtons, N)
P = Pressure (Pascal, Pa)
A = Area (m2)
RECALL:
Jan 84:17 PM
B. Boyle's Law relates pressure and volume.1. Volume decreases as pressure increases.
2. Pressure decreases as volume increases.3. Pressure multiplied by volume is always equal to constant if the temperature is constant.
Jan 118:48 AM
Practice Problem p. 493
Jan 84:23 PM
C. Charles Law relates volume and temperature1. At a constant pressure, volume increases as
temperature increases.2. At a constant pressure, volume decreases as
temperature decreases.
Jan 84:25 PM
D. Gay Lussac's Law relates pressure and temperature; at a constant volume, as temperature increases, pressure increases.
Jan 138:24 AM
Thursday, January 12th, 2017
1) Check in cell phones
2) Answer the QOTD:"In a 30 cm3 sealed cylinder, the initial temperature reading is 30°C. The cylinder is heated until the thermometer records 60°C. What is the final volume of gas? What Law did you use to solve this problem?"
Ch. 16 Notes.notebook
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January 20, 2017
Jan 128:59 AM
SR #3 p. 4951. Gas particles move and collide with the sides of their
container2. The pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa; pressure
decreases as the distance from earth (altitude) increases
3. The volume of the balloon will decrease because the pressure increased.
4. The gas burner heats the air in the balloon increasing the volume of the balloon and decreasing the air's density causing the balloon to rise.
5. As temp. increases, pressure increases. The cylinder might explode.
6. P1V1=P2V2
7. V1/T1= V2/T2
Jan 148:51 AM
Friday, January 13, 2017
1) Check in Cell phones
2) Answer the QOTD:"To lift an object weighing 6,000 N, how much force is needed on a small piston with an area of 0.072 m2 if the large pistion has an area of 3.8 m2?"
3) Take out your Mastery and a pen
4) Study quietly for your quiz.
Jan 119:01 AM
Tuesday, January 171. Check in cell phones2. Answer the QOTD:
What is the pressure on a scuba diver found 10 meters below the surface of the water?
1. Take out Bill Nye video wksh and pass forward!
Jan 141:51 PM
Pascal's Principles
Boyle's Law
Charles Law
Archemedes Principle
Gay Lusacs's Law
Bernoulli's Principle
Buoyancy
Viscosity
Area
Pressure