Ch 2: How England became rich from her colonies

Mercantilism:•State directs economic activity•National wealth increases

–Restricted imports–Increased exports

•Hakluyt: Colonies can furnish tar, lumber, hemp & market for woolens

–Labor shortage ltds manufacture in Colonies

–England’s labor surplus provides cheap goods

England’s control over colonial economy

3,000 miles awayDoubt about importance of colonies

English politics= shambles1630s Charles I

40-42 Calls Parliament to raise $$Civil War

49 Parliament cuts off Charles’ head

58 Cromwell rules, no king

60 Charles II (son- ltd power)85 James I (bro)

88 James II runs- replaced w/ Will & MaryGlorious Revolution

Colonies during England’s time of troubles

• 1607 VA founded under James I• 30s-80s: limited interest; civil unrest• 50s Cromwell bans 4n shipping war w

Dutch• 60s Navigation Acts (Charles II)

– No trade w Cols but in England’s ships– No trade from Cols (listed goods) but from

England– No transport of goods 2 Cols except from E

Rivalry of English & Dutch

• Dutch: largest merchant fleet– Took most Portuguese trade E. Indies– Opened Japan trade– Controlled Baltic lumber trade– Raided Spanish– Finished/ sold raw wool into textiles

• Boycott nearly broke E industry

Rivalry (b)

• Dutch: – Greatest painters, philosophers– Weak hold over colonies– Trade = wool cols Tobacco to Europe– Controlled key water routes Hudson R

• Mss Valley, Grt Lakes

– Key outlet for fur trade

Rivalry (c)

• Charles II gave Dutch territory to bro James (Duke York)

• 1664 James sent 4 frigates, 400 men – Col surrenders

• Dutch declare war on England– Violate Navigation Acts

Proprietary Colonies

• Founded by owners of land- friends & family of king

• There for $$$ -- Quitrents 1 shilling per acre

• Settlers mostly Scottish, Irish, Welsh, French, German– Some from other colonies

Founding of New York

• Duke of York inherits from Dutch– Old settlers keep rights

• Duke appoints Governor– Gov Nichols presented ‘Dukes Laws’ to reps of towns

• Puritans object to paying taxes w/o rep• Character of noisy discontent becomes NY trait

– 1683 Duke allows reps to elect assembly• Charter of Liberties: confirms traditional English rights• 86 Charter repudiated when Duke becomes James II

Colony of New Jersey

• Transferred from Duke of York to Berkeley & Sir Carteret– Some transferred from Gov Nicholls to

Puritans of E. Long Island• Allows self gov through assembly

– Berkeley & C allow same to New Haven Puritans

• L.I. Puritans won’t accept authority• Col divided 74, sold off to Quakers• 1702 re-united into NJ under Royal Charter

Carolinas

• William Berkeley (John’s bro) – Gov VA, sugar planter from Barbados– Brings displaced planters– 63 Gets charter from King Charles II for land

between NC and GA from Atlantic to Pacific• Plants 2 colonies: Albemarle Sound & Charlestown• Constitution: balanced aristocrats & proprietors• Governor appointed by Proprietors & Upper house

reps of nobility; lower house = commoners• Upper house initiates laws

South Carolina

• Settlers: Barbadians, Huguenots, N. Englanders, English, Scots, Black Slaves– Pines tar, pitch, turpentine– Rice**

• Lowlands & Charlestown

– Last of proprietary governors ousted 1719

• 1729 Royal governors sent in

Pennsylvania

• William Penn (admiral of Cromwell expedition to W Indies) disgrace Ireland– Penn Jr. expelled from Oxford sent to tour

continent• To rid him of Quaker ideas• Purchased NJ as refuge• Puritans not friendly to Quakers

– 1681 King gave land in lieu of payment of loan & charter to PA

• Agrees to enforce Navigation Acts, get King’s approval on laws & freeholder’s approval too

• Provides Anglican minister if 20+ colonists ask for one

PA (b)

– Assembly battles council (upper house) for control

– 1699 Penn lets Assembly set up plan for government

• 1701 Charter of Privileges takes legislative power from Council, proprietors

– They keep veto power

Where did England’s Authority end and Colonial Liberty begin?

• Each colony founded w/o imperial policy• Each government was beyond immediate

control– Time– Distance– Charters required consent of settlers to local

legislation

• Deep suspicion of policies imposed from above- esp. New England

How is New England least suited to Mercantilism?

• Few raw materials supplied

• Mostly fish W. I.

• Fur at first; ran out– Later distribution of goods– Competed w/ merchants of mother country

• Illegal trade boomed

Reasons for New England to resist Navigation Acts

• Economic: more profit = covenant of works

• Religious: Chas II hates Puritans

Was the king out to get New England? (a)

• Charter required laws to conform to those of England– Didn’t follow

• 1662 King ordered: revise!– Assembly ignores

• 64 Commission of 4 sent- to capture New Netherlands, then investigate N.E.– Commission treated poorly in Boston– All refused to talk to agents

King out to get N.E. (b)

• Agents recommend Charter be revoked– King must prove violations

• King demands MA send agents to answer– None sent– New England’s laws on religion violated English law– King too busy to pursue

• 1673 Plantation Duties export tax passed on items shipped anywhere but E– To cut down on smuggling– Downfall of Dominion of N.E. and Revolution of 1688

stop enforcement temporarily

Why King Chas II didn’t crack down on New England

• No administrative agency for colonial affairs

• 1675 Privy Council, aka: Lords of Trade– Tried to control N.E.

• 1679 King took N.H. from M.A.– Became royal colony

Tit for tat• Eng ct says MA has no title to ME• Lords of Trade renew demand for

agents• L of T ordered MA to follow Nav

Acts• L of T sent customs officer-

Edward Randolph• L of T demand MA show why

charter should not be revoked• 1684 MA charter revoked• 85 Duke of York K. James II• L of T puts NJ, NY, CT, RI, Ply,

MA, NH, ME under ‘Dominion of New England

• Sir Edmund Andros sent to govern• He raised taxes, revoked town

charters– Demands Quitrents– Enforced Nav Acts

• MA buys title from counter-claimant

• MA sends, w/o authority to answer Qs

• Refused bcs Charter gives authority to make laws- then passed law to follow Nav Acts

• MA set up it’s own customs office; arrested Randolph’s agents

• MA sent more agents w/o power to answer Qs

• MA decides not to resist

• MA objects No right to do that!• MA sorry they didn’t resist

What happens to James II?

• Catholic & won’t cooperate with Parliament

• Chased out of England

• Replaced by William & Mary 1688– Boston jumps the gun: imprisoned Andros &

council– Andros recalled; MA given temporary ok

Why NY’s revolution was less organized

• Thinly populated

• Different cultures; no cooperation

• 1689 German Jacob Leisler led militia in coup & governed 1691

• K. Wm sent new governor– Leisler hesitates to surrender power– Hung for treason

How England got control over colonies and trade

• 1696 Parliament ordered governors take oath– To enforce Nav Acts – Sent customs officials to each colony

• Power of Writ of Assistance (blind searches for smuggled goods)

• Violators of Nav Acts prosecuted at Admiralty Ct– No jury; king appoints Judges

• 1696-1729 most colonies become Royal Colonies

What gave colonists final say?

• Power of the purse:– Lower assemblies could levy taxes

• Pay governors• Or withhold pay

3 Agencies to enforce Navigation Acts

• Admiralty Courts

• Customs officials

• Royal Governors w/ oaths

Why isn’t this sufficient?

• Courts unable to act due to vague 1696 laws

• Customs officials often bribed

• Royal Governors thwarted by assemblies

Contest for North America- English, French, Spanish, Indians

• Indian warfare– Conflicts over land, wild life, frontier– 1622 Powhatan Confederacy victory in VA

• 347 English dead

– 37 Puritans beat Pequots, burn village– 75 Meta-comet- King Philip’s war

Contest 2- French

• Bar way west of Appalachians– Canada s. 1608 (Quebec)

• Missionaries (souls) & Courier de Bois (furs)• Interior Great lakes to New Orleans by 1680s• Forts, trading posts• Peaceful trade w/ Indians• French King encourages farming, sends women to settle

– Bonus for large families

– Excommunication for abandoning farms

– Few settlers- pop sparse

– Allied w/ Hurons

Contest 3 - English

• English allied w/ enemies of Huron: Iroquois– 1689 – 1713 Continuous war French v.

English• 1689-97 War of League of Augsburg• 1702-13 War of Spanish Succession/ King

William’s War & Queen Anne’s War

Contest 4 Spanish

• 1732 GA founded as buffer against Spanish• Geo Oglethorpe: brought poor to re-habilitate

– Outlawed Rum, slavery• Failed to draw settlers• 1715 allowed Rum, slavery• 1752 becomes Royal Colony

– Grows Rice

• 1739-42 War of Jenkins Ear• 1740-48 War of Austrian Succession (Europe)

– Here: King George’s War– North: New England expedition captured Ft Louisburg (Cape

Breton Isle) • Treaty Aix-la-Chapelle: 1748 made us give fort back