ch 2 intro
DESCRIPTION
AP Psychology Ch.2 intro notesTRANSCRIPT
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Conducting Research (general info)
Psychology is an experimental science Assumptions must be supported by evidence Procedures consists of five steps:
1) Forming a research question2) Forming a hypothesis3) Testing the hypothesis 4) Analyzing the results5) Drawing conclusions
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Replication Findings may represent a random occurrence For a study to be confirmed it must be
replicated (repeated) to show the same results If the results are repeated and obtain different
results, the findings of the first study are questioned
It is important to study both males and females if the goal is to make generalizations about all members of the species.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
New Questions Whether the findings of the research study
support or contradict the hypothesis, they are likely to lead to new research questions.
Once new questions are asked, the process begins all over again.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Question: Why are proper sampling techniques important?
Surveys are taken to find out about people’s attitudes and behaviors directly.Two survey methods—written questionnaires and interviewingThe findings of interviews and questionnaires are not completely accurate.
People may not answer honestly about their attitudes or behavior
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Populations and Samples
Must decide what group or groups of people they wish to examine and how they will be selected.
Target population—is the whole group you want to study or describe.
Researchers study a sample of the target population
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Selecting Samples
Samples must be selected scientifically to ensure that the samples accurately represent the populations they are supposed to represent.
Random Sample—individuals are selected by chance from the target population
Stratified sample—subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
A random sample of 1,000 to 1,500 people will usually represent the general American population reasonably well.
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Generalizing Results Researchers do not use a sample that represents an
entire population Researchers want to know about only one group
within the population Researchers are cautious about generalizing their
findings to groups other than those from which their samples were drawn
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Volunteer Bias Researchers have little control over who responds to
surveys or participates in research studies. They cannot force people to complete the
questionnaires. Bias—a predisposition to a certain point of view. People who volunteer to participate in studies often
bring with them a volunteer bias.