Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCEEARTH SCIENCE

Tarbuck Lutgens

Chapter

22Goals for today:

1. Describe the atom model theory.

2. Explain Ions and Isotopes

3. Compare and contrast states of matter

4. Describe how chemical bonds form.

5. Learn to love jawbreakers.

Minerals

States of Matter

2.1 Matter

Gas properties…

Liquid

Solid

Youtube

Elements and the Periodic Table

2.1 Matter

Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals.

Over 100 elements are known.

Atoms

Smallest particles of matter (or an element)

2.1 Matter

• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges

The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains• protons, which have positive electrical charges

Atoms

2.1 Matter

Energy levels, or shells• surround the nucleus (hecka fast)

• contain electrons—negatively charged particles

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Model of an Atom

Isotopes

Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles.

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.

Have different mass numbers: the sum of the

neutrons plus protons

2.1 Matter

The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Why Atoms Bond

• A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.

When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.

2.1 Matter

• An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.

Types of Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic bonds form between positive and

negative ions.

2.1 Matter

2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.

3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons.

• Bohr’s Model

• Ionic and Covalent bonds

Carbon Atom

Agenda for today (8-19-10)

• Starter• Vocabulary quiz (to be turned in)• Homework discussion• Homework • Vocabulary 2.2• 2.2 Minerals

• Read• Lab #1: Examining the properties of Minerals

Quiz 2.1 (to be turned in)complete sentences not necessary

1. What particles make up an atom?2. What are the electrical charge of each of

those particles (from #1)?3. What is a substance composed of 2 or

more elements combined?4. Draw a model of an atom, and label it’s 4

parts.5. What is the nucleus of an atom made up

of?

Vocabulary 2.2 (Cornell)

1. Mineral

2. Silicate

3. Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

4. 5 characteristics of minerals (pg. 45)

Journal #9 (Date)1. We have studied atoms, elements,

minerals,…what do you think is the next larger THING we will be studying?

2. Every little grain or sand has a story, imagine you are a grain of sand. Describe (short) how you (that grain of sand) got between the toes of a CHS freshman. :0)

Agenda for today (date)

1. Review properties of minerals

2. Prepare for mineral lab

3. Desribe the unique properties of some minerals.

4. General review (quiz on Wednesday).

Characteristics of a Mineral

2.2 Minerals

1. Naturally occurring

2. Solid substance

3. Orderly crystalline structure

4. Definite chemical composition

5. Generally considered inorganic

How Minerals Form

2.2 Minerals

1. Crystallization from magma

2. Precipitation

3. Pressure and temperature

4. Hydrothermal solutions

Minerals Formed as a Result of Crystallization of Magma

Mineral Groups Can be classified based on their

composition

2.2 Minerals

1. Silicates• Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure

called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework of every silicate mineral.

The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and Three-Dimensional Networks

Sulfides

Native Copper

Mineral Lab ActivityA number

Ex: #23

Color

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors.

Streak

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form.

Luster

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.

Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays Metallic Luster.

Crystal Form

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms.

Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form.

Hardness

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.

Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

Mohs Scale of Hardness

Cleavage

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.

Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction

Fracture

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.

Fracture—the uneven breakage of a mineral

2.3 Check for understanding(Can you answer these?)1. Describe what properties can be used to

identify minerals.2. Explain how density can be used to

identify minerals.3. Use color, luster, cleavage/fracture, and

Mohs scale (hardness) to classify minerals.

4. List other distinctive properties of minerals.

Conchoidal Fracture

Density

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume.

Distinctive Properties of Minerals

2.3 Properties of Minerals

Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties.

Mineral Lab ActivityA number

Ex: #23

On line Mineral Identification Lab

http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/geol101/labs/minerals/Min01.htm