ch. 23 europe faces revolutions. nationalism develops nationalism and nation-states...
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Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-States▫Nationalism—loyalty to a nation rather than
a king or empire0▫Nation-State—nation with its own
independent government▫1815: Only France, England and Spain are
nation-states▫Liberals and radicals support nationalism▫3 types of nationalist movements:Unification: Merges culturally similar landsSeparation: Splits off culturally distinct groupsState-building: Binds separate cultures into one
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power•Greeks Gain
Independence▫Balkans—region
controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s.
▫Rebel against Ottomans in 1821
▫Popular support for revolution
-Britain, France, and Russia contribute▫1830: Independence
Continued•1830s: Uprisings Crushed
▫Old order breaks down▫Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and
nationalists launch revolts▫Mid-1830s: Conservatives back in control
•1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite▫Ethnic uprisings (Esp. in Austrian Empire)▫Liberals hold power for short time, but
conservative status-quo restored (Prussian and Austrian armies restore monarchy).
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
•Austria▫1866:-Defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)-Hungarian nationalism -Empire split into Austria and Hungary
-Still ruled by emperor•Russia
▫Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism
Italian Unification▫ Camillo di Cavour—
prime minister of Sardinia in 1852
-Wins Austrian-controlled Italian land
-Helps nationalist rebels in southern Italy▫ Giuseppe Garibaldi
-Red shirts-Victor Emmanuel
rules as king after unification
German Unification• Prussia Leads German Unification
-Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany
-mainly German population-powerful army-liberal constitution
• Bismarck -Junkers: Conservative wealthy landowners
— support Prussian Wilhelm I-Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister
-Realpolitik:power politics without idealism
-Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
Continued
•Prussia Expands-Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain
two provinces•Seven Weeks War
-Provoke war w/ Austria-Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany-Eastern and western Prussia joined
•The Franco-Prussian War-Provoke war with France to unite all Germans-Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles-United Germany w/ Prussian dominance
Effects•Balance Is Lost
-In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:
Austria Prussia Britain France Russia
-By 1871, Britain and Germany more powerful-Austria and Russia weaker militarily and economically