CH. 25: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

SEC. 1: THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

BACKGROUND

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – A PERIOD OF INCREASED OUTPUT OF MACHINE MADE GOODS

• - THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN THE 1700’S

• 1700 – SMALL FARMS DOT THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE BUT EVENTUALLY THEY WERE BOUGHT OUT BY LARGE LANDOWNERS WHO CREATED LARGER FARMS

BACKGROUND

• ENCLOSURES – LARGER FIELDS ON LARGE FARMS ENCLOSED BY HEDGES OR FENCES

JETHRO TULL

• SEED DRILL (1701)– INVENTED BY JETHRO TULL (?), IT ENABLED FARMERS TO PLANT SEED MORE ECONOMICALLY AND LED TO GREATER CROP YIELDS

HISTORY

• - CROP ROTATION ALSO ALLOWED LANDS TO REGAIN NUTRIENTS WHICH LED TO GREATER YIELDS

• - LARGE FARMS USING BETTER TECHNOLOGY PUT SMALL FARMERS OUT OF WORK. THESE OUT OF WORK FARMERS WOULD BE FUTURE FACTORY WORKERS

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• INDUSTRIALIZATION – THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING MACHINE PRODUCTION OF GOODS

• - ENGLAND WAS ABLE TO TAKE THE LEAD IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BECAUSE THEY HAD THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

FACTORS

• FACTORS OF PRODUCTION – THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO PRODUCE GOODS AND SERVICES THAT THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION REQUIRED.

• - SUCH AS LAND, NATURAL RESOURCES, LABOR, AND CAPITAL (WEALTH FOR INVESTMENT AND LOANS). ENGLAND ALSO HAD RIVERS FOR INLAND TRANSPORTATION AND EXCELLENT MERCHANT SHIPS.

• - THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN WITH IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE BUT INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGAN WITH THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

TEXTILES

• TEXTILES – CLOTHES, BLANKETS, RUGS, TOWELS, ETC

• - SOON TEXTILE FACTORIES WERE BUILT. MOST WERE NEAR RIVERS SO THAT WATER COULD BE USED TO POWER MACHINES

HISTORY

• - THE COTTON FOR BRITISH TEXTILES CAME LARGELY FROM INDIA, A BRITISH COLONY

• - THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LED TO OTHER INVENTIONS AS WELL

• - COAL POWER LED TO THE INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE

INVENTIONS

• JAMES WATT – INVENTED THE STEAM ENGINE

• ROBERT FULTON – USED THE STEAM ENGINE TO BUILD THE FIRST STEAM SHIP

INVENTIONS

• - OLD DIRT ROADS WERE REPLACED BY ROCK AND GRAVEL ROADS, GRADED FOR DRAINAGE, THAT COULD BE USED EVEN DURING RAIN

ADVANCES

• - RAILROADS WERE EVENTUALLY SET UP USING STEAM POWERED ENGINES TO TRANSPORT GOODS MORE QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY THAN BEFORE

• - THE RAILROADS TRANSFORMED LIFE IN ENGLAND BY MOVING RAW MATERIALS, FINISHED PRODUCTS, AND PEOPLE VERY QUICKLY

SEC. 2: INDUSTRIALIZATION

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• - WHILE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BROUGHT WEALTH TO ENGLAND, IT ALSO BROUGHT PROBLEMS:

• 1. UNHEALTHY WORKING CONDITIONS• 2. AIR AND WATER POLLUTION• 3. CHILD LABOR• 4. RISING CLASS TENSIONS

CHILD LABOR

CHILD LABOR

CITIES

• - FROM 1800-1850 MANY PEOPLE LEFT THE RURAL AREAS SEEKING JOBS IN THE CITIES. IN ENGLAND, CITIES OF 100,000 OR MORE INHABITANTS ROSE FROM 22 TO 47

CITIES

• URBANIZATION – CITY BUILDING AND MOVEMENT TO THE CITIES

• - LIVING CONDITIONS AND WORKING CONDITIONS – READ P. 724-725

CLASS

• MIDDLE CLASS – A SOCIAL CLASS MADE UP OF SKILLED WORKERS, PROFESSIONALS, BUSINESS PEOPLE, AND WEALTHY FARMERS

• - IN THE PAST, LAND OWNERS AND ARISTOCRATS HAD THE WEALTH, BUT NOW FACTORY OWNERS WERE GROWING WEALTHIER THAN EITHER OF THOSE GROUPS

CLASS

• WORKING CLASS – LABORERS SAW LITTLE IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR LIVING CONDITIONS

• - MANY LOST THEIR JOBS AS THEY WERE REPLACED BY MACHINES

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• 1. PROVIDED JOBS• 2. CREATED WEALTH FOR THE NATIONS• 3. INCREASED THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS• 4. IMPROVED THE STANDARD OF LIVING• 5. FOSTERED TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS AND INVENTION

ALSO

• 1. IMPROVED DIETS• 2. BETTER HOUSING• 3. CHEAPER CLOTHING• 4. EXPANDED EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

WORKERS

• - FOR WORKERS IT TOOK LONGER TO SEE IMPROVEMENTS TO THEIR LIVES, BUT EVENTUALLY THEY WON

• 1. HIGHER WAGES• 2. SHORTER HOURS• 3. BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS• 4. FORMATION OF LABOR UNIONS

MILLS

• CASE STUDY: THE MILLS OF MANCHESTER – P. 726-727

SEC.3: INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIZATION

• - GREAT BRITAIN WAS ABLE TO INDUSTRIALIZE BECAUSE IT HAD THE PERFECT CONDITIONS. SOON, CONTINENTAL EUROPE AND AMERICA FOLLOWED

• - THE US HAD MANY OF THE SAME CONDITIONS AS GREAT BRITAIN FOR AN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• - GREAT BRITAIN TRIED TO KEEP INDUSTRIALIZATION SECRETS TO ITSELF BUT EVENTUALLY A TEXTILE FACTORY WAS BUILT IN LOWELL, MASS IN 1813

USA

• - UNTIL THE CIVIL WAR, THE US REMAINED LARGELY AGRICULTURAL

• - AFTER THE CIVIL WAR THE US EXPERIENCED A TECHNOLOGY BOOM AS BRITAIN HAD (LIGHTBULB, TELEPHONE)

• - THE US HAD PLENTIFUL NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS OIL, COAL, AND IRON ORE

RAILROADS

• - RAILROADS ALSO PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN HELPING CITIES LIKE MINNEAPOLIS AND CHICAGO GROW SINCE THEY WERE LOCATED ALONG RAILROAD LINES

CITIES

CORPORATIONS

• - BUILDING A LARGE BUSINESS REQUIRED A LOT OF MONEY. TO GAIN MONEY, MANY ENTREPRENEURS SOLD STOCK

• STOCK – CERTAIN RIGHTS OF OWNERSHIP

BUSINESS

• CORPORATION – A BUSINESS OWNED BY STOCKHOLDERS• - STOCKHOLDERS SHARE IN THE PROFITS BUT ARE NOT

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DEBT• - AS STOCKHOLDERS WANTED TO MAKE MONEY, CORPORATIONS

WORKED HARD TO INCREASE PRODUCTION AND DECREASE COSTS. OFTEN TIMES THIS AFFECTED LABORERS IN A BAD WAY

• - STOCKHOLDERS EARNED PROFITS AND CORPORATE LEADERS MADE A FORTUNE

EUROPE

• INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE – READ P. 731-732• - THE NATIONS OF EUROPE AND THE US GREW VERY STRONG

DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION BUT NON-INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS IN ASIA AND AFRICA REMAINED AGRICULTURAL AND WEAK. THIS LED TO A LARGE GAP BETWEEN WEALTHY NATIONS AND POOR NATIONS

• - IN ADDITION, IMPERIALISM HURT POOR NATIONS

IMPERIALISM

• IMPERIALISM – TAKING OVER WEAKER NATIONS FOR ITS NATURAL RESOURCES

• - THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION EVENTUALLY LED TO SOCIAL REFORM

SEC. 4: REFORMING THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD

BACKGROUND

• - IN THE 1800’S THERE WERE TWO DIFFERENT VIEWS ABOUT THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN INDUSTRY

• 1. BUSINESS LEADERS BELIEVED THAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD STAY OUT OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

• 2. REFORMERS BELIEVED GOVERNMENT NEEDED TO PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS FOR THE POOR

HAND OFF!

• LAISSEZ FAIRE – REFERS TO THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF LETTING OWNERS OF INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS SET THE WORKING CONDITIONS WITHOUT INTERFERENCE

• - THE POLICY FAVORS A FREE MARKET UNREGULATED BY GOVERNMENT

STUFF

• - IT IS FRENCH FOR “LET DO”• - SUPPORTERS BELIEVE THAT GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

(E.G. TARIFFS) ONLY INTERFERE WITH THE PRODUCTION OF WEALTH

• - THEY BELIEVE THAT FREE TRADE WOULD INCREASE THE FLOW OF COMMERCE IN THE WORLD MARKET

STUFF

• ADAM SMITH – A PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, HE DEFENDED FREE MARKETS BASED ON THREE NATURAL LAWS:

LAWS

• 1. THE LAW OF SELF-INTEREST – PEOPLE WORK FOR THEIR OWN GOOD

• 2. THE LAW OF COMPETITION – COMPETITION FORCES PEOPLE TO MAKE A BETTER PRODUCT

• 3. THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND – ENOUGH GOODS WOULD BE PRODUCED AT THE LOWEST PRICE TO MEET DEMAND IN A MARKET ECONOMY

CAPITALISM

• CAPITALISM – AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ARE PRIVATELY OWNED AND MONEY IS INVESTED IN BUSINESS VENTURES TO MAKE A PROFIT

CAPITALISM

• - MANY 1800’S CAPITALISTS OPPOSED A MINIMUM WAGE OR ANY GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TO HELP POOR WORKERS THAT WOULD AFFECT PROFITS

UTILITARIANISM

• UTILITARIANISM – A PHILOSOPHY THAT BELIEVES THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD TRY TO PROMOTE THE GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE

UTILITARIANISM

• - THIS PHILOSOPHY BELIEVES THAT PEOPLE SHOULD BE ABLE TO PURSUE BUSINESS WITHOUT STATE INTERFERENCE, BUT THAT WORKERS SHOULD NOT BE LEFT TO LIVE DEPRAVED LIVES BORDERING ON STARVATION

• - THEY BELIEVED THAT CAPITALISM WAS GOOD BUT IT COULD NOT BE UNREGULATED

SOCIALISM

• SOCIALISM – THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ARE OWNED BY THE PUBLIC AND OPERATE FOR THE WELFARE OF ALL

SOCIALISM

• - SOCIALISTS BELIEVE THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD PLAN THE ECONOMY RATHER THAN DEPENDING ON FREE-MARKET CAPITALISM TO DO THE JOB

• - THEY BELIEVE THAT GOVERNMENT CONTROL AND PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF FACTORIES, MINES, RAILROADS, AND OTHER KEY INDUSTRIES WOULD END POVERTY AND PROMOTE EQUALITY

KARL MARX

• KARL MARX – A GERMAN JOURNALIST WHO INTRODUCED A RADICAL TYPE OF SOCIALISM CALLED MARXISM

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

• FRIEDRICH ENGELS – CO-WROTE THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO WITH MARX

• - THEY BELIEVED THAT HUMAN SOCIETIES HAVE ALWAYS BEEN DIVIDED INTO TWO WARRING CLASSES: THE HAVES (EMPLOYERS) AND THE HAVE NOTS (WORKERS)

MARX

• “THE WORKING CLASS HAS NOTHING TO LOSE BUT THEIR CHAINS. THEY HAVE A WORLD TO WIN. WORKINGMEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”

• - MARX BELIEVED THAT THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM WOULD DESTROY ITSELF. THAT WORKERS WOULD REVOLT AND TAKE OVER FACTORIES FROM OWNERS

• - WORKERS, SHARING PROFITS, WOULD BRING EQUALITY FOR ALL PEOPLE• - THE WORKERS WOULD EVENTUALLY CONTROL THE GOVERNMENT AND A

CLASSLESS SOCIETY WOULD DEVELOP

COMMUNISM

• COMMUNISM – A FORM OF COMPLETE SOCIALISM IN WHICH THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION – ALL LANDS, MINES, FACTORIES, RAILROADS, AND BUSINESS, WOULD BE OWNED BY THE PEOPLE

COMMUNISM

• - INITIALLY MARX’S IDEAS DREW LITTLE ATTENTION. BUT IN THE 1900’S, REVOLTS IN RUSSIA AND CHINA WOULD LEAD TO THE RISE OF COMMUNISM.

• - MARX WAS WRONG IN HIS PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE FALL OF CAPITALISM SO COMMUNISM NEVER REALLY CAUGHT ON WORLD-WIDE

• WORKERS WANTED REFORM TO CHANGE THE LOW WAGES, LONG HOURS, AND DANGEROUS CONDITIONS OF THEIR JOBS

CHANGE

• UNIONS – WORKERS JOINED TOGETHER VOLUNTARILY INTO LABOR ASSOCIATIONS TO PRESS FOR REFORMS

• - UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS OF A PARTICULAR TRADE. UNIONS ACTED AS A BARGAINER BETWEEN WORKERS AND EMPLOYERS

CHANGE

• STRIKE – REFUSE TO WORK. WORKERS OCCASIONALLY USED THIS TACTIC TO WIN BETTER CONDITIONS

• - AT FIRST UNIONS FACED MANY HURDLES WITH EMPLOYERS AND THE GOVERNMENT. THEY WERE VERY UNPOPULAR, BUT SOON BECAME ACCEPTED AND MOST WORKERS BELONGED TO A UNION

CHANGE

• - UNIONS WERE ABLE TO GET CHILD LABOR LAWS PASSED AS WELL AS LAWS THAT PROTECTED WOMEN IN THE FACTORIES

• - THE REFORM MOVEMENT EVENTUALLY LED TO THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY BOTH IN THE BRITISH COLONIES AND IN THE US AND ALSO TO GREATER RIGHTS FOR WOMEN INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO VOTE

• - REFORM ALSO LED TO FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR ALL

THE END!