Ch 3 Biochemistry

Sec. 1: Carbon CompoundsOrganic molecules: made primarily

of carbon atoms Inorganic molecules: not made of

carbon (few exceptions)

Carbon

Carbon is a very useful element because:

1. It can form up to 4 bonds

2. Can bond to itself

3. Allows carbon to form many shapes

Functional groups

Functional groups: groups of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose

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Large Carbon Molecules

Many carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called Monomers

Polymer: molecules consisting of repeating, linked monomers

Macromolecules: large polymers

4 major macromolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Condensation reactionsCondensation

reactions: reactions that link monomers together to make polymers

Why condensation? What is condensation?

Water produced during condensation reactions

Hydrolysis reaction

Reactions that break polymers down to monomers

Water is used Hydro- water Lysis- break down

Energy currency Life processes

require constant supplies of energy

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): main energy containg molecule for living things

Energy comes from bonds between phosphate groups

Molecules of life

Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Sugars Why are sugars useful?

Main energy molecule for living things

Monomer: Monosaccharide Glucose Fructose Galactose

Isomers: same formulas, but different orientations

Polymers of Carbohydrates Disaccharides: ? Polysaccharides: ?

Glycogen (animal sugar storage) Starch (plants) cellulose

Proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogenMonomer: amino acid Write examples of amino acids (See

p 56-57)Dipeptide: ?Polypeptide:? Shape influenced by temp and

solventsEnzymes: proteins that act as

biological catalysts (?)

Enzymes Reactions depend on physical fit b/w

enzyme and its specific substrateSubstrate: reactant being catalyzedActive site: fold on enzyme that fits

together with substrate

Lipids

Large, nonpolar molecules

Do not dissolve in water

Phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments

Long hydrocarbon chains

Lipids worksheet

Nucleic acids

Store and transfer important information Two types

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Monomer: nucleotide 3 parts

Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar Nitrogenous base

Draw a nucleotide